Unit 10 MC & Free Response Questions

In Brad Bushman and Roy Baumeister's research, how did people with unrealistically high self-esteem react when they were criticized? a. They became exceptionally aggressive. b. Many were more receptive to the criticism. c. Some became easily depressed. d. Most worked harder to do better the next time. e. They quit the task without completing it.

A

What did Sigmund Freud call his theory of personality and the associated treatment techniques? a. Psychoanalysis b. Humanism c. The self-concept d. Psychosexual stages e. Free association

A

Which term is defined as all the thoughts and feelings we have in response to the question,"Who am I?" a. Self-concept b. Ideal self c. Self-esteem d. Empathy e. Self-acceptance

A

Maylin has a negative attitude and is disrespectful to her peers. She is unhappy at work and has not been performing at her job as well as in the past. Unfortunately, Maylin blames her co-workers for mistakes that have been made and feels as if the world is against her. A. Explain how each of the following psychological concepts might explain Maylin's negative or unpleasant behavior. • Self-serving bias • Displacement B. Explain how each of the following psychological concepts might help Maylin become more positive in her daily life. • Self-actualization • Sublimation • Unconditional positive regard

A. • Maylin's self-serving bias could be contributing to the fact that she blames her co-workers for her mistakes. • The displacement defense mechanism could be why Maylin is redirecting her aggressive impulse as disrespect to her peers. B. • Mayling can use self-actualization to discover her potential, instead of declining in performance. • The sublimation defense mechanism could help her redirect aggressive impulses into something acceptable such as cutting or stapling papers. • Maylin can use unconditional positive regard to accept the shortcomings of her peers.

Alejandro has joined an online dating service in an attempt to meet some new people. He met a woman named Sakura through the website and agreed to go out on a date with her because they have many things in common. Explain how the following concepts could relate to Alejandro and Sakura's date: • Self-concept • Self-efficacy • Extraversion/introversion • Spotlight effect

Alejandro's self-concept could be similar to Sakura's self-concept, which could be why they have so many traits in common. Alejandro's self-efficacy is high enough for him to see himself competent enough to ask Sakura on a date. Alejandro and Sakura might be more of extroverts because of their willingness to go on a date with another person. Both Alejandro and Sakura could experience the spotlight effect, causing them to stress over minute details such as a strand of stray hair.

According to Carl Rogers, when we are in a good marriage, a close family, or an intimate friendship, we are free to be spontaneous without fearing the loss of others' esteem. What did he call this accepting attitude? a. A peak experience b. Unconditional positive regard c. Self-transcendence d. Humanistic psychology e. Our self-concept

B

Athletes who often privately credit their victories to their own abilities, and their losses to bad breaks, lousy officiating, or the other team's exceptional performance, are exhibiting which psychological concept? a. A low self-esteem b. The self-serving bias c. Pessimism d. The spotlight effect e. Incompetence

B

Critics of humanistic psychology have suggested that this theory fails to appreciate the reality of our human capacity for which of the following? a. Empathy b. Love c. Negativity d. Evil e. Laziness

B

Someone from a collectivist culture is more likely to do what? a. Develop a strong sense of self b. Give priority to group goals c. Form casual, often temporary relationships d. Achieve personal goals e. Focus on how they are different from the group

B

According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following defense mechanisms buries threatening or upsetting events in the unconscious? a. Regression b. Displacement c. Repression d. Projection e. Rationalization

C

Children's TV-viewing habits (past behavior) influence their viewing preferences (internal personal factor), which influence how television (environmental factor) affects their current behavior. What is this an example of? a. Personal control b. Learned helplessness c. Reciprocal determinism d. The Big Five traits e. Implicit learning

C

What did Abraham Maslow call the process of fulfilling our potential? a. Love needs b. Self-esteem c. Self-actualization d. Self-transcendence e. Hierarchy of needs

C

Amy was sure everyone noticed how nervous she was when she spoke in front of the entire school, but later no one that she talked to mentioned it. What is the term for the belief that others are always noticing and evaluating us more than they really are? a. Self-monitoring b. Self-schemas c. Possible selves d. The spotlight effect e. The social-cognitive perspective

D

A question on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) such as "I get angry sometimes" is included to determine what about the test-taker? a. Whether the person has a personality disorder. b. If the person needs immediate help for anger management. c. If the person is more extraverted than introverted. d. Whether the person has a stronger id or superego. e. If the person is answering the questions truthfully.

E

Albert Bandura proposed the social-cognitive perspective, which a. explains the nature-nurture debate. b. predicts human behavior. c. focuses on how our environment controls us. d. explains human motivation. e. emphasizes the interaction of our traits with our situations.

E

Which term describes questionnaires that cover a wide range of feelings and behaviors and are designed to assess several traits? a. Factor analysis studies b. Peer reports c. Achievement tests d. Cognition tests e. Personality inventories

E

One important difference between psychological perspectives on personality involves how each perspective tries to measure personality. Briefly explain how each of the following perspectives views personality measurement, using appropriate psychological terminology. • Psychodynamic perspective • Humanistic perspective • Trait theorists

The psychodynamic perspective views the goal of personality measurement as revealing the unconscious conflicts and impulses that drive and create our personality. Projective tests (such as the TAT or Rorschach test) are used to allow individuals to "project" their unconscious desires and impulses on to the test so that they are revealed to the therapist and client. Humanistic theorists are skeptical about attempts to measure personality. They view personality tests and other attempts at measuring and quantifying personality as potentially depersonalizing, reducing the complexity of a person to one of a few generalized categories. Trait theorists attempt to measure personality through personality inventories, such as the MMPI. They are most interested in knowing where a person fits on each of the Big Five personality factors.