Unit 13

Some depressive symptoms and disorders can be relieved by:

-aerobic exercise -adequate sleep -light exposure -social connection -anti-rumination -nutritional supplements

Common ingredients for various therapies

-hope for demoralized people -a new perspective -an empathic, trusting, and caring relationship

Aaron Beck

1921-present; Field: cognitive; Contributions: father of Cognitive Therapy, created Beck Scales-depression inventory, hopelessness scale, suicidal ideation, anxiety inventory, and youth inventories. Sought to reverse clients' catastrophizing beliefs about themselves.~ Beck's theory of depression

Interpersonal psychotherapy

A form of psychotherapy that focuses on helping clients improve current relationships

Client-centered therapy

A humanistic therapy based on Carl Roger's beliefs that an individual has an unlimited capacity for psychological growth and will continue to grow unless barriers are placed in the way.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)~ seeks to make people aware of their irrational negative thinking, and to replace it with new ways of mor positive thinking.

Meta analysis

A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

Magnetic stimulation

A procedure in which a pulsating magnetic coil is placed of prefrontal regions of the brain to treat depression with minimal side effects. ~ repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

Dream analysis

A psychoanalytic technique in which the therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of the client's dreams.

Clinical psychologists

A psychologist who diagnoses and treats people with emotional disturbances

Psychoanalytic theory

A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior

Clinical or psychiatric social workers

A two-year Master of Social Work graduate program plus postgraduate supervision prepares some social workers to offer psychotherapy, mostly to people with everyday personal and family problems

Aversive conditioning

A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

Systematic desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

Operant conditioning

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.

Psychoanalysis

A type of psychotherapy originated by Sigmund Freud in which free association, dream interpretation, and analysis of resistance and transference are used to explore repressed or unconscious impulses, anxieties, and internal conflicts.

Insight therapies

A variety of therapies which aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses. Psychoanalytic and humanistic therapies are often referred to as insight therapies.

Eclectic approach

An approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

Exposure therapy

An approach to treatment that involves confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in the emotional response

Token economy

An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats.

SSRI

Anti depressant drugs such as Prozac , Zoloft, and Paxil

Client-centered

Assumed problem: barriers to self understanding and self acceptance Therapy aims: personal growth through self insight Method: active listening and unconditional positive regard

Behavior

Assumed problem: maladaptive behaviors Therapy aims: extinction of maladaptive behaviors, and relearning of more adaptive behaviors Method: counter conditioning, exposure, desensitization, aversive conditioning, and operant conditioning.

Cognitive:

Assumed problem: negative, self defeating thoughts Therapy aims: healthier thinking and self talk Method: reveal and reverse self blaming

Family:

Assumed problem: stressful relationships Therapy aims: relationship healing Method: understanding family social system; exploring roles; improving communication

Psychodynamic

Assumed problem: unconscious forces and childhood experiences Therapy aims: reduced anxiety through self insight Method: analysis and interpretation

Mary Cover Jones

Behavior "mother of behavior therapy"; used classical conditioning to help "Peter" overcome fear of rabbits

Genuiness, acceptance, empathy

Carl roger's factors that he encourages therapists to exhibit so clients can deepen their self-understanding and self-acceptance

Evidence based practice

Clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

Antidepressant drugs

Drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters. Increase the availability of norepinephrine and seretonin. Includes: -Prozac (fluoxetine) -partially blocks the reabsorption and removal of serotonin from synapses. -Zoloft -Paxil ~all of these are called selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors (SSRI) side effects of some antidepressants: Dry mouth, weight gain, hypertension, dizziness

Antipsychotic drugs

Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder Includes: -chlorpromazine (Thorazine) ~they are most beneficial to people experiencing the positive symptoms of schizophrenia (auditory hallucinations, and paranoia) - long term use can lead to tar dive dyskinesia -

Active listening

Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.

Free association

In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

Interpretation

In psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

Resistance

In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.

Transference

In psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent).

Hans Eysenck

Launched a spiritual debate, he summarized studies showing 2/3 of those receiving psychotherapy for no psychotic disorders improved markedly.

Counselors

Pastoral counselors or abuse counselors work with problems arising from family relations, spouse and child abusers and their victims, and substance abusers.

Psychiatrists

Physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders

Biomedical therapy

Prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system

Behavior modification

Reinforcing desired behaviors, and withholding reinforcement or enacting punishment for undesired behaviors.

Stress inoculation training

Teaching people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations~ by Donald Meichenbaum

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity.

Resilience

The personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma.

Therapeutic alliance

The relationship between therapist and patient that helps many patients feel hopeful and supported.

Psychotherapy

Treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

Latent content

Underlying meaning of a dream

Insight

When analyst note your resistances they interpret their meaning and provide insight into your underlying wishes, feelings, and conflicts.

Counter conditioning

a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.

Electroconvulsive therapy

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

Unconditional positive regard

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed to be conducive to developing self-awareness and self-acceptance. To listen more accurately you should paraphrase, invite clarification, and reflect feelings.

Mood-stabilizing drugs

a medication used in the treatment of mood disorders, particularly bipolar disorder, that is effective in preventing and treating pathological shifts in mood Include: Lithium ~bipolar Depakote

Lobotomy

a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. the procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain ~now mostly used for OCD

Progressive relaxation

a technique of learning to relax by focusing on relaxing each of the body's muscle groups in turn~ has to do with systematic desensitization.

Virtual reality exposure therapy

an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking

Anti anxiety drugs

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation Include: Xanax Ativan ~depress central nervous system activity D-cycloserine - acts upon a receptor that facilitates the extinction of learned fears. Drug enhances the benefits of exposure therapy and helps relieve symptoms of PTSD and OCD.

Light exposure therapy

exposing patients to light tends to relieve depression symptoms, seasonal affectiveness disorder

Aggressive rational-emotive therapy

how sharply therapists can differ, and how those differences can affect their view of a healthy person~Albert Ellis

Tardive dyskinesia

involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target D2 dopamine receptors

Atypical antipsychotics

patients exhibiting the negative symptoms of schizophrenia often do not respond well to conventional antipsychotic drugs. Newer atypical antipsychotics target both dopamine and serotonin receptors. Includes: -Clozaril (clozapine)

Non directive therapy

refrains from directing the client toward certain insights, focus on one's conscious self-perceptions, listen without judging or interpreting

Psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

Humanistic perspective

the psychological view that stresses the human capacity for self-fulfillment and the importance of consciousness, self-awareness,and the freedom to make choices. Try to provide clients with new insights to help them reduce their inner conflicts. Contains insight therapies and client-centered therapies.

Psychopharmacology

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

Regression toward the mean

the tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average.

Psychodynamic therapy

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

therapy for PTSD that involves eye tracking of a visual target while holding images of the traumatic experience in mind~ Francine Shapiro

Behavior therapy

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors. ~such as classical conditioning

Cognitive therapy

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Family therapy

therapy that treats the family as a system. views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication

Mary Lee Smith

used metaanalysis to find that psychotherapy was effective for a whole range of problems and addiction; patient improved more than did 80% of no treatment controls