Unit 13 - Study Guide

today, many forms of ___ are outed as effective treatments for a variety of complaints

alternative therapy

xanax and Ativan are classified as

anti anxiety drugs

drugs that are prescribed to alleviate depression are called

antidepressant drugs

this therapy was developed by

Aaron beck

the debate over the effectiveness of psychotherapy began with a study by

Hans eysenck

the technique of systematic desensitization has been most fully developed by the therapist

Joseph Wolpe

to guard against the placebo effect and normal recovery, neither the patients nor the staff involved in a study may be aware of which condition a given individual this is called

a double blind study

roger's technique of restating and clarifying what a person is saying is called

active listening

equally effective in calming anxious people and energizing depressed people is ___, which has positive side effects.

aerobic exercise

in this type of group, therapists focus on improving ___ within the family

communication

Research evidence ____ ECT's effectiveness with such patients.

confirms

psychoanalysts attempt to bring repressed feelings into ____ where they can be dealt with

conscious awareness

aside from testimonials, there is very little evidence based on ___ research for such therapies

controlled

in hopes of better assessing psychotherapy's effectiveness, psychologists have turned to

controlled research studies

this technique, in which a new, incompatible response is substituted for a maladaptive one, is called

counterconditioning

this is particularly significant when the therapist and client are from different

cultures

thanks to these therapies, the number of residents in mental hospitals has

decreased sharply

another effective drug in the control of mania was originally used to treat epilepsy; it is

depakote

ECT is most often used with patients suffering from severe ____.

depression

one variety of cognitive therapy attempts to reverse the catastrophizing beliefs often associated with ___ by helping clients see their irrationalities.

depression

students trained to ____ their negative thoughts are less likely to experience future depression

dispute

generally speaking, psychotherapists' personal values (do/do not) influence their therapy

do

in the long run, aversive condition

does not work

the antipsychotic drugs work by cooking the receptor sites for the neurotransmitter

dopamine

the most widely used biomedical treatments are

drug therapies

Today, most psychosurgery has been replaced by the use of ____ or some other form of treatment.

drugs

some therapists blend several psychotherapy techniques and so are said to take an

electric approach

the therapeutic technique in which the patient receives an electric shock to the brain is referred to as ____, abbreviated as ECT

electroconvulsive therapy

in one study of depression treatment, the most effective therapists were those who were perceived as most

empathic and caring

therapies that are not supported by scientific evidence should be avoided. these include:

energy, recovered memory, and rebirthing therapies, as well as facilitated communication and crisis debriefing

clinical decision making that integrates research with clinical expertise and patient preferences is

evidence based practice

they are increasingly being used to treat

anxiety disorders

the assumption behind this technique is that one cannot simultaneously be

anxious and relaxed

reinforcing desired behaviors and withholding reinforcement for undesired behaviors are key aspects of

behavior modification

state two criticisms of behavior modification

behavior modification is criticized because the desired behavior may stop when the rewards are stopped. Also, critics contend that one person should not be allowed to control another

With phobias, compulsions, and other specific behavior problems, _____ therapies have been the most effective.

behavioral conditioning therapies

clients' and therapists' perceptions therapy's. effectiveness may be inflated by their ___ that a treatment works

belief

one widely used technique of behavior therapy is

exposure therapies

two examples of this technique are

exposure therapy and aversive conditioning

this therapy, called ____, has proven somewhat effective as a treatment for nonmilitary post traumatic stress disorder

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing

the type of group interaction that focuses on the fact that we live and grow in relation to others is

family therapy

however, skeptics point to evidence that ____ is just as effective as triggered eye movements in producing beneficial results

finger tapping

the American psychological association suggests that a person should seek help when he or she has feelings of

hopelessness, a deep and lasting depression, disruptive fears, sudden mood shifts, and compulsive rituals, for example

in North America, Europe, and Australia, most therapists reflect their culture's

individualism

the goal of freud's psychoanalysis, which is based on his personality theory, is to help the parent gain

insight

while this approach aims to help people gain ____ into the roots of their difficulties, it focuses on current relationships rather than on past hurts

insight

a brief alternative to psychodynamic therapy that has proven effective with depressed patients is

interpersonal psychotherapy

insight is facilitated by the analyst's ____ of the meaning of such omissions, of dreams, and of other information revealed during therapy sessions

interpretation

in contrast to earlier times, most therapy today (is/is not) provided by psychiatrists

is not

freud referred to the hidden meaning of a dream as its

latent content

this type of therapy is appropriate for disorders that are

learned

behavior therapy applies principles of ___ to eliminate troubling behaviors

learning

to stabilize the mood swings of a bipolar disorder, the simple salt ____ is often prescribed

lithium

in the 1930's Moniz developed an operation called the

lobotomy

a statistical technique that makes it possible to combine the results of many different psychoterapy outcome studies is called

meta analysis

differences in values may help explain that reluctance of some ____ populations to use mental health services

minority

increased serotonin promotes ____, the development of new brain cells

neurogenesis

comparisons of the effectiveness of different forms of therapy reveal ____ differences, that the type of therapy provider does not matter, and that whether therapy is provided by an individual therapist or within a group does not make a difference

no clear

three tips for listening more actively in your own relationships are to

paraphrase, invite clarification and reflect feelings

give three reasons that client testimonials are not persuasive evidence for psychotherapy's effective ness.

people often enter therapy in crisis. When the cris passes, they may attribute their improvement to the therapy. Clients, who may need to believe the therapy was worth the effort, may overestimate its effectiveness. Clients generally find positive things to say about their therapists, even if their problems remain

these drugs can also cause

physiological dependence

the key seems to be in the person's relining traumatic memories in a

placebo effect

this phenomenon is called the

placebo effect

one effect of antipsychotic drugs such as chlorpromazine is to help those experiencing _____ symptoms of schizophrenia by decreasing their responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli

positive symptoms

in aversive conditioning, the therapist attempts to substitute a negative response for one that is currently (positive/negative) to a harmful stimulus

postive

biomedical therapies include the use of ____ and ____ that act directly on the patient's nervous system

prescribed medications and medical procedures

anti anxiety drugs have been criticized for mere reducing symptoms, rather than resolving underlying ____

problems

the second step involves training in

progressive relaxation

state some responses of proponents of behavior modification

proponents of behavior modification contend that some clients request this therapy and that the behaviors will persist if the patients are properly weaned from the tokens. Also, control already exists.

critics point out that psychoanalysts' interpretations are hard to ____ or _____ and that therapy takes a long time and is very expensive

prove or disprove

therapists who are influenced by freud's psychoanalysis but who talk to the patient face to face are

psychodynamic therapists.

these drugs work by increasing levels of

norepinephrine or serotonin

in addition, they work with patients only _____ and for only a few weeks or months

once a week

therapies that influence behavior by controlling its consequences are based on principles of

operant conditioning

clinicians tend to ___ the effectiveness of psychotherapy

overestimate

mental health therapies are classified as either

psychological therapies or biomedical therapies

when used in combination with _____, these drugs can help people cope with frightening situations

psychological therapy

the field that studies the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior is

psychophamacology

the biomedical therapy in which a portion of brain tissue is removed or destroyed is called

psychosurgery

psychological therapy is more commonly called

psychotherapy

closely related to this approach is ____, which attempts to combine methods into a single, coherent system

psychotherapy integration

in the best studies of the effectiveness of therapy, researchers randomly assign people on a waiting list to therapy or no therapy and later evaluate everyone. these are

randomized clinical trials

another pennon that may inflate their perceptions of therapy's effectiveness is called the ___, which is the tendency for unusual events or motions to return to their average state

regression toward the wean

in the final step, the person is trained to associate the ____ with the ___

relaxed state with the anxiety arousing stimuli

another area of potential value conflict is

religion

Another gentler procedure called ____ aims to treat depression by presenting pulses through a magnetic coil held close to a person's skull above the right eyebrow.

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

overall, the results o such analyses indicate that psychotherapy is

so somewhat effective

as a rule, psychotherapy is most effective with problems that are

specific

although people with depression often improve after one month on antidepressants, studies demonstrate that a large percentage of the effectiveness is due to

spontaneous recovery or a placebo effect

training people to restructure their thinking in stressful situation is the goal of

stress inoculation training

long term use of antipsychotic drugs can produce ____, which involved involuntary movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and limbs

tardine dyskinesia

these therapists focus on ____ across important relationships

themes

The emotional bond between therapist and client -- the ____ -- is a key aspect of effective therapy

therapeutic alliance

a recent approach to therapy promotes ____ change, which includes regular aerobic exercise, adequate sleep, light exposure, social connection, anti-rumination, and nutritional supplementation

therapeutic life style

one application of this form of therapy to institutional settings is the ____, in which desired behaviors are rewarded.

token economy

when strong feelings, similar to those experienced in other important relationships, are developed toward the therapist, ____ has occurred

transference

in one popular alternative therapy, a therapist triggers eye movements in patients while they imagine

traumatic euenis

it showed that the rate of improvement for those who received therapy (was/was not) higher than the rate for those who did not

was not

therapists who teach people new, more constructive ways of thinking are using

cognitive therapy

humanistic therapies attempt to help people meet their potential for

self fulfillment

the atypical antipsychotics also target

serotonin receptors

Other studies have demonstrated that depression may be effectively treated with ____ therapy.

cognitive

even better is to use drugs, which work bottom up, in conjunction with ____, which work top down

cognitive behavioral therapy

treatment that combines an attack on negative thinking with efforts to modify behavior is down as

cognitive behavioral therapy

as noted earlier, therapy involving changing the brain's functioning is referred to as

biomedical therapy

the relative success of this ___ approach seems to confirm that everything psychological is also biological and that we are all social creatures

biopsychosocial

these drugs depress activity in the

central nervous system

one cluster of behavior therapies is based on the principles of _____, as developed in Pavolv's experiments

classical conditioning

the humanistic therapy on Rogers' theory is called ____, which is described as non directive therapy because the therapist does not interpret the person's problems

client centered therapy

freud's technique in which a patient says whatever comes to mind is called

free association

This procedure may work by energizing the brain's left ____, which is relatively inactive in depressed patients.

frontal lobe

in this procedure, the ___ of the brain is disconnected from the rest of the brain

frontal lobe

to promote growth in clients, Rogerian therapists exhibit

genuineness, acceptance and empathy

list several advantages of group therapy

group therapy saves therapists time and clients money the social context of group therapy allows people to discover that others have similar problems and to try out new ways of behaving

the first step in systematic desensitization is the construction of a ___ of anxiety-arousing stimuli

hierarchy

all forms of psychotherapy offer three benefits:

hope for demoralized people a new perspective on oneself and a relationship that is Caring, trusting, and empathic

freud assumed that many psychological problems originate in childhood impulses and conflicts that have been

repressed

when, in the corse of therapy, a person omits shameful or embarrassing material ____ is occurring

resistance

a majority of psychotherapy clients express ___ with their therapy

satisfaction

for example who suffer from the wintertime form of depression called ___, therapy may be beneficial

seasonal affective disorder, timed light exposure therapy

Unlike ECT, this procedure produces no ___, ___ loss, or other side effects.

seizures; memory loss

one example of this type of drug is fluoxetine, which works by blocking the reabsorption and removal of serotonin from synapses and is called

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor drug

Given a nonjudgemental environment that provides _____, patients are better able to accept themselves as they are and tend to feel valued and whole

unconditional positive regard

one reason clinicians' perceptions of the effectiveness of psychotherapy are inaccurate is that clients justify entering therapy by emphasizing their ___ and justify leaving therapy by emphasizing their well being

unhappiness

the mechanism by which ECT works is

unknown

list several ways that humanistic therapy differs from psychoanalysis

unlike psychoanalysis, humanistic therapy is focused on the present and future instead of the past, on conscious rather than unconscious process, or promoting growth and fulfillment instead of curing illness and helping clients take immediate responsibility for their feelings and actions rather than on uncovering the obstacles to doing so

in this technique, a person's unwanted behaviors become associated with

unpleasant feelings

a gentler alternative is a chest implant that intermittently stimulates the

vagus nerve

for those who are unable to visual imagine an anxiety-arousing situation, or too afraid or embarrassed to do so, ____ is a therapy that offers a promising alternative

virtual reality exposure

contrast the assumptions of the behavior therapies with those of psychoanalysis and humanistic therapy

whereas psychoanalysis and humanistic therapies assume that problems diminish as self awareness grows, therapists doubt that self awareness is the key. instead of looking for the inner cause of unwanted behaviors, behavior therapy applies learning principles to directly attack the unwanted behavior itself