Unit 13 - Study Guide
today, many forms of ___ are outed as effective treatments for a variety of complaints
alternative therapy
xanax and Ativan are classified as
anti anxiety drugs
drugs that are prescribed to alleviate depression are called
antidepressant drugs
this therapy was developed by
Aaron beck
the debate over the effectiveness of psychotherapy began with a study by
Hans eysenck
the technique of systematic desensitization has been most fully developed by the therapist
Joseph Wolpe
to guard against the placebo effect and normal recovery, neither the patients nor the staff involved in a study may be aware of which condition a given individual this is called
a double blind study
roger's technique of restating and clarifying what a person is saying is called
active listening
equally effective in calming anxious people and energizing depressed people is ___, which has positive side effects.
aerobic exercise
in this type of group, therapists focus on improving ___ within the family
communication
Research evidence ____ ECT's effectiveness with such patients.
confirms
psychoanalysts attempt to bring repressed feelings into ____ where they can be dealt with
conscious awareness
aside from testimonials, there is very little evidence based on ___ research for such therapies
controlled
in hopes of better assessing psychotherapy's effectiveness, psychologists have turned to
controlled research studies
this technique, in which a new, incompatible response is substituted for a maladaptive one, is called
counterconditioning
this is particularly significant when the therapist and client are from different
cultures
thanks to these therapies, the number of residents in mental hospitals has
decreased sharply
another effective drug in the control of mania was originally used to treat epilepsy; it is
depakote
ECT is most often used with patients suffering from severe ____.
depression
one variety of cognitive therapy attempts to reverse the catastrophizing beliefs often associated with ___ by helping clients see their irrationalities.
depression
students trained to ____ their negative thoughts are less likely to experience future depression
dispute
generally speaking, psychotherapists' personal values (do/do not) influence their therapy
do
in the long run, aversive condition
does not work
the antipsychotic drugs work by cooking the receptor sites for the neurotransmitter
dopamine
the most widely used biomedical treatments are
drug therapies
Today, most psychosurgery has been replaced by the use of ____ or some other form of treatment.
drugs
some therapists blend several psychotherapy techniques and so are said to take an
electric approach
the therapeutic technique in which the patient receives an electric shock to the brain is referred to as ____, abbreviated as ECT
electroconvulsive therapy
in one study of depression treatment, the most effective therapists were those who were perceived as most
empathic and caring
therapies that are not supported by scientific evidence should be avoided. these include:
energy, recovered memory, and rebirthing therapies, as well as facilitated communication and crisis debriefing
clinical decision making that integrates research with clinical expertise and patient preferences is
evidence based practice
they are increasingly being used to treat
anxiety disorders
the assumption behind this technique is that one cannot simultaneously be
anxious and relaxed
reinforcing desired behaviors and withholding reinforcement for undesired behaviors are key aspects of
behavior modification
state two criticisms of behavior modification
behavior modification is criticized because the desired behavior may stop when the rewards are stopped. Also, critics contend that one person should not be allowed to control another
With phobias, compulsions, and other specific behavior problems, _____ therapies have been the most effective.
behavioral conditioning therapies
clients' and therapists' perceptions therapy's. effectiveness may be inflated by their ___ that a treatment works
belief
one widely used technique of behavior therapy is
exposure therapies
two examples of this technique are
exposure therapy and aversive conditioning
this therapy, called ____, has proven somewhat effective as a treatment for nonmilitary post traumatic stress disorder
eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
the type of group interaction that focuses on the fact that we live and grow in relation to others is
family therapy
however, skeptics point to evidence that ____ is just as effective as triggered eye movements in producing beneficial results
finger tapping
the American psychological association suggests that a person should seek help when he or she has feelings of
hopelessness, a deep and lasting depression, disruptive fears, sudden mood shifts, and compulsive rituals, for example
in North America, Europe, and Australia, most therapists reflect their culture's
individualism
the goal of freud's psychoanalysis, which is based on his personality theory, is to help the parent gain
insight
while this approach aims to help people gain ____ into the roots of their difficulties, it focuses on current relationships rather than on past hurts
insight
a brief alternative to psychodynamic therapy that has proven effective with depressed patients is
interpersonal psychotherapy
insight is facilitated by the analyst's ____ of the meaning of such omissions, of dreams, and of other information revealed during therapy sessions
interpretation
in contrast to earlier times, most therapy today (is/is not) provided by psychiatrists
is not
freud referred to the hidden meaning of a dream as its
latent content
this type of therapy is appropriate for disorders that are
learned
behavior therapy applies principles of ___ to eliminate troubling behaviors
learning
to stabilize the mood swings of a bipolar disorder, the simple salt ____ is often prescribed
lithium
in the 1930's Moniz developed an operation called the
lobotomy
a statistical technique that makes it possible to combine the results of many different psychoterapy outcome studies is called
meta analysis
differences in values may help explain that reluctance of some ____ populations to use mental health services
minority
increased serotonin promotes ____, the development of new brain cells
neurogenesis
comparisons of the effectiveness of different forms of therapy reveal ____ differences, that the type of therapy provider does not matter, and that whether therapy is provided by an individual therapist or within a group does not make a difference
no clear
three tips for listening more actively in your own relationships are to
paraphrase, invite clarification and reflect feelings
give three reasons that client testimonials are not persuasive evidence for psychotherapy's effective ness.
people often enter therapy in crisis. When the cris passes, they may attribute their improvement to the therapy. Clients, who may need to believe the therapy was worth the effort, may overestimate its effectiveness. Clients generally find positive things to say about their therapists, even if their problems remain
these drugs can also cause
physiological dependence
the key seems to be in the person's relining traumatic memories in a
placebo effect
this phenomenon is called the
placebo effect
one effect of antipsychotic drugs such as chlorpromazine is to help those experiencing _____ symptoms of schizophrenia by decreasing their responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli
positive symptoms
in aversive conditioning, the therapist attempts to substitute a negative response for one that is currently (positive/negative) to a harmful stimulus
postive
biomedical therapies include the use of ____ and ____ that act directly on the patient's nervous system
prescribed medications and medical procedures
anti anxiety drugs have been criticized for mere reducing symptoms, rather than resolving underlying ____
problems
the second step involves training in
progressive relaxation
state some responses of proponents of behavior modification
proponents of behavior modification contend that some clients request this therapy and that the behaviors will persist if the patients are properly weaned from the tokens. Also, control already exists.
critics point out that psychoanalysts' interpretations are hard to ____ or _____ and that therapy takes a long time and is very expensive
prove or disprove
therapists who are influenced by freud's psychoanalysis but who talk to the patient face to face are
psychodynamic therapists.
these drugs work by increasing levels of
norepinephrine or serotonin
in addition, they work with patients only _____ and for only a few weeks or months
once a week
therapies that influence behavior by controlling its consequences are based on principles of
operant conditioning
clinicians tend to ___ the effectiveness of psychotherapy
overestimate
mental health therapies are classified as either
psychological therapies or biomedical therapies
when used in combination with _____, these drugs can help people cope with frightening situations
psychological therapy
the field that studies the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior is
psychophamacology
the biomedical therapy in which a portion of brain tissue is removed or destroyed is called
psychosurgery
psychological therapy is more commonly called
psychotherapy
closely related to this approach is ____, which attempts to combine methods into a single, coherent system
psychotherapy integration
in the best studies of the effectiveness of therapy, researchers randomly assign people on a waiting list to therapy or no therapy and later evaluate everyone. these are
randomized clinical trials
another pennon that may inflate their perceptions of therapy's effectiveness is called the ___, which is the tendency for unusual events or motions to return to their average state
regression toward the wean
in the final step, the person is trained to associate the ____ with the ___
relaxed state with the anxiety arousing stimuli
another area of potential value conflict is
religion
Another gentler procedure called ____ aims to treat depression by presenting pulses through a magnetic coil held close to a person's skull above the right eyebrow.
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
overall, the results o such analyses indicate that psychotherapy is
so somewhat effective
as a rule, psychotherapy is most effective with problems that are
specific
although people with depression often improve after one month on antidepressants, studies demonstrate that a large percentage of the effectiveness is due to
spontaneous recovery or a placebo effect
training people to restructure their thinking in stressful situation is the goal of
stress inoculation training
long term use of antipsychotic drugs can produce ____, which involved involuntary movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and limbs
tardine dyskinesia
these therapists focus on ____ across important relationships
themes
The emotional bond between therapist and client -- the ____ -- is a key aspect of effective therapy
therapeutic alliance
a recent approach to therapy promotes ____ change, which includes regular aerobic exercise, adequate sleep, light exposure, social connection, anti-rumination, and nutritional supplementation
therapeutic life style
one application of this form of therapy to institutional settings is the ____, in which desired behaviors are rewarded.
token economy
when strong feelings, similar to those experienced in other important relationships, are developed toward the therapist, ____ has occurred
transference
in one popular alternative therapy, a therapist triggers eye movements in patients while they imagine
traumatic euenis
it showed that the rate of improvement for those who received therapy (was/was not) higher than the rate for those who did not
was not
therapists who teach people new, more constructive ways of thinking are using
cognitive therapy
humanistic therapies attempt to help people meet their potential for
self fulfillment
the atypical antipsychotics also target
serotonin receptors
Other studies have demonstrated that depression may be effectively treated with ____ therapy.
cognitive
even better is to use drugs, which work bottom up, in conjunction with ____, which work top down
cognitive behavioral therapy
treatment that combines an attack on negative thinking with efforts to modify behavior is down as
cognitive behavioral therapy
as noted earlier, therapy involving changing the brain's functioning is referred to as
biomedical therapy
the relative success of this ___ approach seems to confirm that everything psychological is also biological and that we are all social creatures
biopsychosocial
these drugs depress activity in the
central nervous system
one cluster of behavior therapies is based on the principles of _____, as developed in Pavolv's experiments
classical conditioning
the humanistic therapy on Rogers' theory is called ____, which is described as non directive therapy because the therapist does not interpret the person's problems
client centered therapy
freud's technique in which a patient says whatever comes to mind is called
free association
This procedure may work by energizing the brain's left ____, which is relatively inactive in depressed patients.
frontal lobe
in this procedure, the ___ of the brain is disconnected from the rest of the brain
frontal lobe
to promote growth in clients, Rogerian therapists exhibit
genuineness, acceptance and empathy
list several advantages of group therapy
group therapy saves therapists time and clients money the social context of group therapy allows people to discover that others have similar problems and to try out new ways of behaving
the first step in systematic desensitization is the construction of a ___ of anxiety-arousing stimuli
hierarchy
all forms of psychotherapy offer three benefits:
hope for demoralized people a new perspective on oneself and a relationship that is Caring, trusting, and empathic
freud assumed that many psychological problems originate in childhood impulses and conflicts that have been
repressed
when, in the corse of therapy, a person omits shameful or embarrassing material ____ is occurring
resistance
a majority of psychotherapy clients express ___ with their therapy
satisfaction
for example who suffer from the wintertime form of depression called ___, therapy may be beneficial
seasonal affective disorder, timed light exposure therapy
Unlike ECT, this procedure produces no ___, ___ loss, or other side effects.
seizures; memory loss
one example of this type of drug is fluoxetine, which works by blocking the reabsorption and removal of serotonin from synapses and is called
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor drug
Given a nonjudgemental environment that provides _____, patients are better able to accept themselves as they are and tend to feel valued and whole
unconditional positive regard
one reason clinicians' perceptions of the effectiveness of psychotherapy are inaccurate is that clients justify entering therapy by emphasizing their ___ and justify leaving therapy by emphasizing their well being
unhappiness
the mechanism by which ECT works is
unknown
list several ways that humanistic therapy differs from psychoanalysis
unlike psychoanalysis, humanistic therapy is focused on the present and future instead of the past, on conscious rather than unconscious process, or promoting growth and fulfillment instead of curing illness and helping clients take immediate responsibility for their feelings and actions rather than on uncovering the obstacles to doing so
in this technique, a person's unwanted behaviors become associated with
unpleasant feelings
a gentler alternative is a chest implant that intermittently stimulates the
vagus nerve
for those who are unable to visual imagine an anxiety-arousing situation, or too afraid or embarrassed to do so, ____ is a therapy that offers a promising alternative
virtual reality exposure
contrast the assumptions of the behavior therapies with those of psychoanalysis and humanistic therapy
whereas psychoanalysis and humanistic therapies assume that problems diminish as self awareness grows, therapists doubt that self awareness is the key. instead of looking for the inner cause of unwanted behaviors, behavior therapy applies learning principles to directly attack the unwanted behavior itself