PSY100- chapter 6 & 7

After being verbally threatened by a person in a passing car, Teresa was asked if she recognized the man who was driving the car. Several hours later, Teresa mistakenly recalled that the driver was male rather than female. Teresa's experience BEST illustrates:

the misinformation effect.

Johnny is "hammering" the nail in with his toy hammer as his father is hammering the deck boards. His behavior is a clear example of:

modeling

Whenever Rachel gets blue, she immediately is flooded with thoughts of failed relationships and missed chances. Rachel's experience BEST illustrates _____ memory.

mood-congruent

When a 4-year-old girl suddenly picks up her toy ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, it is likely that she has seen someone playing a real electric guitar in the same manner. Thus, she has learned via:

observation

Four-year-old Mia watched her mother sing while she was brushing her hair. The next day, Mia's mother saw Mia singing while brushing her dog. Mia acquired the behavior through _____ learning.

observational

Studies show that a significant number of children who are victims of child abuse become child abusers themselves. This unfortunate incidence is learned through _____, and the _____ in the brain support this type of observational learning.

observational learning; mirror neurons

Episodic memory is exemplified by one's memory for:

one's first kiss.

To reduce the disruptive behavior of some children, a teacher might slap the desk with a ruler to startle them. The sound of the slap is a(n) _____ punishment.

positive

You have been working nights and weekends to get a project completed at work. You are successful, and a couple of weeks later you come into work and your boss presents you with a bonus check. This BEST illustrates the value of _____ reinforcement.

positive

It's evening and we're mentally replaying the day's events. We picture our facial expressions as we listened to a friend's tale of woe. Because we were unable to see these expressions at the time, our recall necessarily illustrates:

reconsolidation

When they are retrieved, memories are often altered before they are stored again. This process is called:

reconsolidation

A memory _____ is lasting physical changes in the brain as a memory forms.

trace

The retention of encoded information over time is called:

storage

In classical conditioning, the _____ stimulus naturally and automatically triggers a response.

unconditioned

In classical conditioning, an event that naturally and automatically triggers a response is called a(n):

unconditioned stimulus (US)

For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a _____ schedule.

variable-ratio

Children as young as _____ months of age can imitate novel expressions and gestures.

8

A group of 50-year-old adults is asked to think about their high school classmates. Although they have difficulty recalling their classmates, when presented with their yearbooks they can recognize about _____ percent of their pictures and names.

90

Every time Martin opens the cabinet door where he stores his dog's treats, his dog begins to bark in anticipation of getting a treat. This is an example of:

associative learning.

Sean takes his 1-year-old son, James, out for a walk. James reaches over to touch a red flower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, James' mother brings home some red flowers. She removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. James cries loudly as soon as he sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned response in this example?

crying to the bee sting

Walter was bitten by a dog when he was 5 years old. To this day, he is fearful of dogs; however, he is not frightened of cats. This reaction BEST illustrates:

discrimination

After being bitten by his neighbor's dog, Miguel experienced fear at the sight of that dog but not at the sight of other dogs. This BEST illustrates the process of:

discrimination.

Ruben is reading the descriptions of some of the psychology courses in his college's course catalog. The description of one course reads in part, "A introduction to the processes whereby new and enduring behavior and information is acquired through experience." This course is MOST likely titled:

The Psychology of Learning.

According to psychologists, memory refers to all of the following EXCEPT:

changes in behavior.

Lightning is associated with thunder and always precedes it. Thus, when we see lightning, we often anticipate that we will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of:

classical conditioning.

When Juan was a child, he was attacked by a swarm of hornets in his backyard. Now, every time he hears the sound of hornets, he immediately becomes frightened. This is an example of:

classical conditioning.

We remember exciting or shocking events for a long time due to activation of the limbic system's _____.

amygdala

Tarik has a chemistry test in two days. He has to memorize the elements on the periodic table, so he writes them on index cards. He keeps the cards with him at all times and periodically reads through them. Tarik is using _____ to encode information for storage.

distributed practice

Freddy met a woman in the library and immediately thought he knew her. He asked, "Have I met you before?" She replied, "No," and walked away, assuming he was trying to ask her out. This could have been an example of:

déjà vu.

The extensive rehearsal necessary to encode nonsense syllables BEST illustrates:

effortful processing.

Juanita was daydreaming about her college plans during a boring lecture on the history of computers. She doesn't remember that ENIAC was the first functioning digital computer because she wasn't paying attention. Juanita's poor memory is BEST explained in terms of _____ failure.

encoding

The processing of information into the memory system is called _____.

encoding

An experimenter visits a preschool with a big box of magic markers and paper. The children are told that they can draw as many pictures as they want. The children enjoy the task very much. On another visit, the children were told that, for every picture they drew, they would earn a prize. Two weeks later when the experimenter returned, he offered up the markers and paper for play but said that no prizes would be given. The children played very little with the markers because:

excessive rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation.

Money is to _____ reward as enjoyment of an activity is to intrinsic reward.

extrinsic

Kirsten is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely due to the fact that her _____, which is involved in storing explicit memories, was not fully developed at that age.

hippocampus

Lara is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely due to the fact that her _____, which is involved in storing explicit memories, was not fully developed at that age.

hippocampus

By age _____ months, infants will imitate acts modeled on television.

14

While auditory sensory memory can last for _____, visual sensory memory lasts for _____.

3 to 4 seconds; one-quarter of a second

Approximately _____ percent of U.S. network and cable television programs feature violence.

60

_____ refers to our tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood.

Mood-congruent memory

_____ reinforcement involves any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

Positive

Tina's goal is to raise children who enjoy playing musical instruments. Given what you know about observational learning, which strategy would you recommend to her?

Tina should play her own musical instrument in front of her children.

Which statement is the BEST example of a flashbulb memory?

You remember exactly what you were doing when you heard about the Sandy Hook school shootings in Newtown, Connecticut in 2012.

Many people can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they heard news of the Sandy Hook school shootings in Newtown, Connecticut in 2012. This BEST illustrates _____ memory.

flashbulb

Some patients with anterograde amnesia have learned how to spot hard-to-find figures in the Where's Waldo? series without any conscious awareness that they can do so. This BEST illustrates their retention of _____ memories.

implicit

Ty's mother is frustrated that he will not spend the time on his schoolwork that he does practicing and playing baseball. Ty will spend hours practicing in the hot sun every summer day without a coach telling him to do so. Ty's dedication to baseball can be explained by:

intrinsic motivation.

Latent learning is:

learning that is not demonstrated until there is an incentive to perform the behavior.

Mrs. Alvarez cannot consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would cause her too much anxiety. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates _____.

repression

Operant behavior produces events in the environment, whereas _____ behavior occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus.

respondent

Melissa adequately studied for her short-answer psychology exam. However, while taking the final she could not remember the material she previously retained. According to the computer information-processing model of memory Melissa is having difficulty with _____.

retrieval

When you encode a piece of target information, other bits of information become associated with it. The bits of information connected with the target information are known as:

retrieval cues.

When learning occurs in the Aplysia snail, the snail releases more of the neurotransmitter _____ at certain synapses.

serotonin

Animals can be trained to perform many behaviors through _____; that is, by providing well-timed rewards as the animals progressively better approximate the desired behaviors.

shaping

A guest will be spending time in Mrs. Bartos' classroom. To make sure her students imitate this guest's prosocial behaviors, Mrs. Bartos should pick someone who the children think is:

similar to them.

Several months after watching a science fiction movie about space travel and alien abduction, Daniel began to remember that aliens had abducted him and had subjected him to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall BEST illustrates _____ amnesia.

source

Recalling something that you had once merely imagined happening as something you had directly experienced BEST illustrates:

source amnesia.

Frank takes his 1-year-old son, Jaleel, out for a walk. Jaleel reaches over to touch a red flower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, Jaleel's mother brings home some red flowers. She removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. Jaleel cries loudly as soon as he sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus in this example?

the bee sting

Ebbinghaus is associated with:

the forgetting curve.

Which list contains an item that does NOT fit?

voluntary, respondent behavior, classical conditioning