Unit 2

Pericoles

495-429 BC; famous orator, general, and statesman during the Golden Age of Athens

Aristocracy

A form of government in which political power is held by the most qualified individuals who have no interest in monetary gain; socially higher class of citizens who hold elite status

Democracy

A form of government in which political power is held by the people. Created by ancient Greeks.

Which accurately identifies events in the life of Alexander the Great?

Alexander the Great founded the city of Alexandria in Egypt after defeating the Persian army.

The birthplace of Western civilization.

Ancient Greece

Which accurately describes how ancient Greece influenced later civilizations?

Ancient Greece established a court system based on a trial by one's peers, now used in the United States.

Which best describes ancient Greece's influence on modern government?

Greeks implemented a direct democracy in Athens, in which citizens voted on policies.

What was a major contribution of Athenian leader Pericles to government?

He helped Athens move to a direct democracy in which citizens directly voted on decisions themselves

How did the Roman Empire contribute to modern-day legal systems?

Latin terms such as pro bono and affidavit are still used in the US legal system.

Which best describes ancient literary works from the Greek Empire?

Literary works from the Greek Empire include Plato's Republic and Homer's Iliad.

Which best describes the inspiration for Homer's epic poem, the Iliad?

Mycenaean Greeks launching a historic invasion of Troy, known as the Trojan War.

Which accurately describes cultivation practices of Phoenicia?

Phoenicia was known for its bright purple dye made from certain shellfish.

Which option most accurately describes the writing system of the Phoenicians, in which one symbol represented one sound?

Phonetic

Which accurately describes the Roman Empire's system of government prior to Julius Caesar?

Rome used a representative system of government, including two consuls, a senate, and assemblies.

Which best describes how Sparta's culture influenced the city-state's government?

Sparta was a society based on being prepared for war, and its government was also based on this concept.

Hellenic

The Greek-language word for Greece, in Greek Hellas, also meaning Greek culture.

Which accurately describes architectural achievements of the Roman Empire?

The Romans built massive concrete structures like the Pantheon and Coliseum.

How did the Roman Empire's system of government influence later societies?

The Romans encouraged welfare and subsidized food for the poor, which are ideas now used in Western Europe.

Which accurately describes the Roman Empire's influence on modern Western governments?

The Romans invented a law code detailing the rights and duties of citizens and defined the legal process.

How did the Roman Empire influence English, Spanish, Italian, and French languages?

The Romans spoke Latin, which influenced later Romance languages.

Ancient Greeks

They settled in 2100 BC and promoted a culture of learning and intellectual pursuits in ancient world. They developed sophisticated ideas of ethics and systems of democracy, law, government. They devised base-60 number system; Euclid and Pythagoras They developed mathematics and geometry existence defined by philosophers like Socrates and Plato; philosopher Aristotle also an astronomer developed democratic principles of government and law adopted by modern republics; basis for modern democratic governments such as the United States

Philosophy

Wisdom and truth through the use of knowledge, logic, and critical thinking. Birthed in ancient greece.

progressive tax

a tax in which the amount of income taxed increases with higher incomes

Ancient Egyptians

established around 4500 BC; recorded history began around 3100 BC agriculture, economy, and political stability dependent on the annual Nile floods pyramids and Sphinx engineered and built between 2589 and 2504 BC during Old Kingdom taken by Alexander the Great in 323 BC; established Macedonian Greek Ptolemaic dynasty great library in Alexandria founded by King Ptolemy I; mix of Greek and Egyptian works Hellenic and Pharaonic traditions combined by Greeks; Greek kings defined themselves as gods similar to pharaohs, with temples and statues built in their honor introduction of currency (coinage) by Greeks became a sought-after region by the Romans as they expanded their empire Roman province from 30 BC to AD 641; Egyptian art adopted Greco-Roman style Roman persecution of Egyptian Jews (and later Christians) who did not follow Roman polytheistic religion Egyptian science, medicine, and mathematics influences on Greeks and Romans, and later on modern cultures and societies

Ancient Romans

established in 753 BC; became mightiest military superpower in ancient world sophisticated architects and artists; developed arches, columns, domes, sculptures, mosaics efficient highway systems stretching thousands of miles; improved trade and military conquest city planning including the design of aqueducts and sewer systems mass entertainment: stadiums, amphitheaters created the Julian calendar, including the names of the current months Latin language influence on other languages: English, Spanish, Italian, French, Portuguese adapted Greek principles of religion and government, created law code still in use today Latin terms such as pro bono, habeas corpus, affidavit still used in US legal system developed innovative and efficient bureaucracy (Republic and Senate) to administrate vast Roman Empire, which is modeled today in many nations such as the United States adopted Christianity as its religion, spread throughout the empire

tyranny

form of government in which political power is held by a single ruler

timocracy

government based on principles of military glory; rulers include military personnel

Obliarchy

government is ruled by a small group; leaders are wealthy property owners

Ancient Greek agriculture

grew wheat, millet, barley, olives, chickpeas, figs, and lentils livestock included sheep, goats, pigs, chickens, and geese limited agricultural space few advances in irrigation, soil improvements, or animal husbandry established farming colonies to increase agricultural stores Known for olives, olive oil, and sheep.

Ancient Macedonians

history begins in the Balkans north of Greece around 800 BC inhabited by the Mackednoi tribe; first to call themselves "Hellenes," a term later applied to all Greeks Macedonian Philip II comes to rule Greek Empire in 338 BC, absorbed Greek culture Philip II's son, Alexander the Great, spread Greek knowledge and culture throughout empire Alexander the Great conquered Persian Empire in Asia; Macedonia became world's largest empire Greek literature, philosophy, and advancements in science spread through conquered lands Alexander established Alexandria and Macedonian-Greek Ptolemaic Dynasty in Egypt after death of Alexander the Great, civil war erupted; Macedonian generals fought over land and opportunity to rule Macedonian stability under Antigonus II Gonatas conquered by Roman legions in 146 BC; improved Macedonian economy

Prior to Julius Caesar, what three sections divided the Roman Empire's government?

magistrates, senate, and tribunes

Meritocracy

organization or system in which leadership is based on intelligence and ability

Ephoroi

overseer officials in Sparta and other Peloponnesian states who were elected and shared power with the kings

Republic

political state in which power is held by the people through elected representatives Created by Ancient Rome.

Ancient Greek religion

polytheistic pantheon of gods and goddesses

Ancient Minoans

rose around 2200 BC on island of Crete; considered first advanced European civilization capital of Knossos possibly destroyed by Santorini volcano eruption in 1650 BC extensive trade with Greeks due to Crete's strategic location in Eastern Mediterranean heavy Greek influence in engineering, architecture, and government of city-states Crete conquered by Roman Empire in 69 BC; later became Byzantine possession

Peloponnesian War

series of wars between the Peloponnesian League and Athens in 431-404 BC

The law of the 12 tables

the first laws written down in Rome

Bicameral

two-chamber legislature