Unit 2

A patient has skin that is slightly blue in color. A likely treatment for this person might be ________. encouraging the patient to eat more orange colored vegetables (rich in beta carotene) giving the patient supplemental oxygen by mask exposing the patient to more sunlight. increasing fluids through IV therapy

A patient has skin that is slightly blue in color. A likely treatment for this person might be ________.

What are the most important factors influencing hair growth? nutrition and hormones sex and hormones age and glandular products the size and number of hair follicles

nutrition and hormones

Cell division would be most common among cells in which of the labeled layers?

D Cells migrate upwards through the epidermis after being generated by mitosis in the stratum basale.

Which skin pigment is made in the skin as a natural defense against UV radiation? carotene melanin keratin hemoglobin

Melanin Melanin is the only one of the three pigments (melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin) that contribute to skin color that is actually produced in the skin itself.

Pigment can be found in several layers of the epidermis. In which layers would you expect to find the cells that produce melanin? stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum basale stratum lucidum

Stratum basale Between 10 and 25% of the cells in the stratum basale are melanocytes that produce the melanin.

Which of these is NOT a function of the layer at D? to store energy to insulate the body from heat loss to supply cells to replace those lost from the epidermis to loosely connect the skin to underlying tissue

To supply cells to replace those lost from the epidermis The hypodermis does not perform this function. Cells to replace those lost in the epidermis are provided by the basal cells of the epidermis itself.

If a large number of whiteheads appear on the skin of the forehead, which of the following would result? fine hairs on the forehead would become brittle the forehead's skin would become dry bacteria on the forehead's skin would grow and multiply freely all of the above

all of the above

The arrector pili muscle's predominant, useful function in humans is to ________. stimulating faster hair growth preventing germs from entering the hair shaft provide warmth by making the hair stand on end assisting in the release of sebum from nearby sebaceous glands

assisting in the release sebum from nearby sebaceous glands

Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss? through blood analysis by using the "rule of nines" by measuring urinary output and fluid intake by observing the tissues that are usually moist

by using the "rule of nines"

What is the structure indicated by label E? a hair root the hypodermis a dermal papilla the stratum corneum

a dermal papilla Dermal papillae are projections of the dermis that form indentations in the overlying epidermis.

Which skin-color-associated, pigment-producing cell is located in the labeled layer D? fibroblast melanocyte tactile (Merkel) cell keratinocyte

melanocyte Melanocytes within the stratum basale produce the pigment melanin, which is deposited within the deeper layers of the epidermis.

Which of these glands is properly matched with its mode of secretion? A; holocrine A; merocrine C; apocrine C; holocrine

A; holocrine The gland at A secretes an oily material rich in lipids but does not do it through the use of vesicles and exocytosis.

A Caucasian patient with pale skin is treated for low blood pressure with medication that elevates the blood pressure; however, the skin's pallor does not change. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the pallor in this patient? respiratory disease that results in the blood being poorly oxygenated the presence of hematomas in the skin hypertension caused by excessive use of the medication Anemia

Anemia Red blood cells (RBCs) help give blood its color. Anemia is a set of signs and symptoms that appear when a person does not have enough healthy RBCs. Pallor, or paleness, is a sign/symptom of anemia because the blood vessels in the dermal layer lack normal RBCs.

Layer B is composed primarily of __________. simple squamous epithelium areolar connective tissue dense regular connective tissue dense irregular connective tissue SubmitMy AnswersGive Up Correct

Areolar connective tissue The loose connective tissue within the papillary layer of the dermis is rich in blood vessels and cells that function in the body's defenses.

The structural unit of spongy bone is called ________. A) osteons B) lamellar bone C) trabeculae D) osseous lamellae

C) trabeculae

The skin is permeable to organic solvents, such as acetone or turpentine, because they ________. can dissolve the lipid bilayers of epidermal and dermal cell plasma membranes are small molecules that bypass skin cells and therefore directly enter the blood solubilize the skin's keratin filaments solubilize the skin's collagen fibers

Can dissolve the lipid bilayers of epidermal and dermal cell plasma membranes Organic solvents are carbon-based substances that are capable of dissolving or dispersing one or more other substances like the phospholipids of the plasma membrane.

Layers B and C collectively form the __________. epidermis subcutaneous layer dermis hypodermis

Dermis Although layers B and C can be distinguished based on their structural components, they form a continuous layer of the skin termed the dermis.

Joe just burned himself on a hot pot. and the burn is quite painful. Joe's burn would best be described as a third-degree burn. True False

False

The skin is not able to receive stimuli because the cells of the epidermis are not living and therefore there are no sensory receptors in the skin. True False

False

Thick skin has a more extensive dermal layer than thin skin. True False

False

When a patient is said to have "third-degree burns," this indicates that the patient has burns that cover approximately one-third or more of the body. True or False

False

When an individual is exposed to extremely low air temperatures, the dermal blood vessels will dilate so that blood and heat will be dissipated. True or False

False

Keratin protects skin cell DNA from the damaging effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Is this statement true or false? True False

False Keratin helps to provide a water barrier for the integument. Melanin absorbs and dissipates the harmful UV rays that can damage the DNA of your skin cells. Keratin is a fibrous protein that helps to protect skin from abrasion.

In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin? The cells of the epidermis store glucose as glycogen for energy. It absorbs vitamin C so that the skin will not be subject to diseases. It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.

It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.

What is the most common cell type in the epidermis? fibroblasts keratinocytes macrophages dendritic cells

Keratinocytes Keratinocytes are the primary cells that form the stratified layers of the epidermis.

Which layer is composed primarily of dense irregular connective tissue?

Layer C consists primarily of dense, interwoven fibers of collagen designed to resist tearing from any direction.

Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer. Basal cell carcinomas are the least common but most malignant. Most tumors that arise on the skin are malignant. Squamous cell carcinomas arise from the stratum corneum. Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.

Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.

Which type of cell is NOT found in the epidermis? dendritic cells keratinocytes pain receptors melanocytes

Pain receptors Pain receptors are found deeper in the papillary layer of the dermis.

Which of the following is NOT a layer of the epidermis? stratum corneum basal layer stratum granulosum reticular layer

Reticular layer There isn't a stratum reticulum. The epidermis of thick skin consists of 5 layers. From deep to superficial, these layers are stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum. (Study tip: Try the mnemonic BSGLC--Betty's Skin Glows Like Candles.) Thin skin lacks the stratum lucidum; thus, it consists of only the four major layers.

During cold weather, blood vessels located in the dermis undergo vasoconstriction restricting blood flow into the skin. This produces additional body heat by routing blood to what effector organ? skeletal muscle smooth muscle brain cardiac muscle

Skeletal muscle

Which stratum of the epidermis contains the stem cells responsible for regenerating the more superficial layers? stratum corneum stratum basale stratum spinosum stratum granulosum

Stratum basale The stratum basale is the deepest layer of the epidermis and consists of one layer of actively mitotic stem cells. The stem cells in this layer generate the cells that will migrate to the more superficial layers: spinosum, granulosum, and corneum.

Which structure is a type of sweat gland?

Structure C is an eccrine gland, the most abundant type of sweat (sudoriferous) gland.

Which of the following correctly describes a common feature of all structures labeled A through D in the figure? Section of the integument with labeled accessory structures. Structures A, B, C, and D are all various types of glands. Structures A, B, C, and D are located in the dermis. Structures A, B, C, and D are composed primarily of smooth muscle. All the listed statements correctly describe structures A, B, C, and D.

Structures A, B, C, and D are located in the dermis. Each of the labeled structures is located within the dermal layer of the skin.

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? Keratinocytes produce a fibrous protein to protect the epidermis. Tactile cells anchor the skin to the body. Langerhans cells activate the immune system. Melanin provides protection against ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

Tactile cells anchor the skin to the body. This is the incorrect statement. Tactile cells, in conjunction with their sensory nerve endings, function as touch receptors. The hypodermis, not tactile cells, anchors skin to the body.

The source of the fluid that accumulates in a blister is________. water that is absorbed from the environment into the skin water that is squeezed out of the overlying epidermal cells the plasma of the blood flowing through the numerous dermal blood vessels none of the above

The plasma of the blood flowing through the numerous dermal blood vessels The epidermis is avascular but highly innervated; the underlying dermis lacks the number of nerve endings but is rich in blood vessels.

A physician is often able to detect homeostatic imbalances in the body by observing changes in the skin color. True or False

True

Hair growth and density are influenced by hormones, nutrition, and, in some cases, lifestyle. True or False

True

The apocrine sweat glands are fairly unimportant in thermoregulation. True or False

True

The vomer forms part of the nasal septum. True or False

True

A Cell of this layer are dead and do not participate in mitosis.

Which of these epidermal layers would be LEAST likely to develop cancer?

A surgeon opens her patient by cutting the integument parallel to the cleavage lines of the dermis (tension lines). This will result in ________. greater chance of infection less chance for infection faster healing of the skin and less scarring slowed healing and grater scarring

faster healing of the skin and less scarring

Which layer of the epidermis will be supplied with the highest levels of oxygen from the blood? stratum basale stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum corneum

stratum basale

Which layer of skin is LEAST protected by melanin? stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum corneum stratum basale

stratum corneum

Which of the following terms describes layer D? reticular subcutaneous papillary epidermal

subcutaneous The hypodermis ("under the skin") layer is also referred to as the subcutaneous region.

William has a cut that is superficial, painful but not bleeding. Based on this information you would predict that the cut has penetrated to ________. the papillary layer but not the reticular layer the subcutaneous layer, but no deeper the stratum corneum but not the stratum granulosum the stratum basale but not the dermal layers

the stratum basale but not the dermal layers

What feature of the prickle cells in layer C causes them to have pointy projections after tissue preparation? glycolipids that make the layer waterproof their desmosome attachments pulling by shrunken keratin fibers between the cells the rigidity of the cell membrane

their desmosome attachments Cells typically shrink during tissue preparation, and since these cells are attached by desmosomes, the membranes are pulled slightly outward.