Unit 2: Chemistry

At the time of writing, how many elements have been discovered?

117

According to the diagonal rule, which sub-level should begin to fill after the 5s sub-level is filled?

4d

A brilliant young German named ___________ proved mathematically that there was a direct relationship between matter and energy.

Albert Einstein

In the 1770s, two French scientists, __________ and Joseph Louis Proust, performed careful experiments with matter and began to question conventional thinking about the atom.

Antoine Lavoisier

The ___ principle is a principle of quantum mechanics that states that an electron always occupies the orbital with lowest energy available

Aufbau

The ____________ principle is a principle of quantum mechanics that states that an electron always occupies the orbital with lowest energy available.

Aufbau

Rutherford's shortcomings were in these areas:

Chemical properties- his model failed to explain how the arrangements of electrons in an atom of a particular element related to the chemical properties of that element Energy deterioration- a moving electrical charge gives off energy, so constantly moving electrons should constantly lose energy and eventually crash into the nucleus. Electromagnetic attractions- electrons have a negative charge and the nucleus has a positive charge, electrons should be pulled into the nucleus and collapse the atom. Electrostatic balance- since inertia would balance the electromagnetic attraction of the nucleus only if the nucleus was of the same magnitude as the charge of the electron, the electrons of the atoms of every element except for hydrogen would spiral into the nucleus.

A Greek philosopher named _________ reasoned that all matter must be made up of tiny, indivisible, indestructible particles that he called atomos.

Democritus

The equation that shows the relationship between frequency and quanta is:

E=hv

The equation that shows the relationship between matter and energy is:

E=mc2

A New Zealand-born physicist named ____________ devised a new model of the atom consisting of a dense, positively charged core that he called a nucleus surrounded by empty space in which negatively charged electrons orbited around the nucleus like the planets in the Solar System orbit around the Sun.

Ernest Rutherford

___ was an Austrian physicist who developed the wave-mechanical model of an atom.

Erwin Schrödinger

Who determined that light travels at a constant velocity of 3.0 X 108 meters per second?

Foucault Fizeau

The ___ principle is the principle of quantum physics that states that it is impossible to determine accurately both the position and the speed of an electron at the same time.

Heisenberg uncertainty

The ____________ principle is the principle of quantum physics that states that it is impossible to determine accurately both the position and the speed of an electron at the same time.

Heisenberg uncertainty

The ___ principle is a principle of quantum mechanics that states that orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by a single electron before any orbital is occupied by a second electron.

Hund's rule

The __________ principle is a principle of quantum mechanics that states that orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by a single electron before any orbital is occupied by a second electron.

Hund's rule

An English physicist named __________ discovered neutrons and concluded that they must be contained in the nuclei of most atoms.

James Chadwick

An English physicist named ___________ devised a new model of an atom in which the atom consisted of a cloud of positively charged material in which negatively charged particles corpuscles were embedded.

Joseph John Thomson

Which law does the equation below represent? Mass reactants = Mass products

Law of conservation of mass

A German physicist named _________ proved that light emission and absorption can only be accomplished in discrete quantities of energy.

Max Planck

A Danish physicist named ____________ applied quantum physics to the atom and devised a new atomic model in which the electrons orbit the nucleus in specific paths called orbits.

Niels Bohr

The ___ principle is a principle of quantum mechanics which states that no two electrons in the same atom can have the same exact set of quantum numbers.

Pauli exclusion

The ____________ principle is a principle of quantum mechanics which states that no two electrons in the same atom can have the same exact set of quantum numbers

Pauli exclusion

An American physicist named __________ proved the existence of electrons with an experiment using tiny oil droplets and X-rays.

Robert Millikan

The quantum matrix was developed by a German physicist named ___.

Werner Heisenberg

The quantum matrix was developed by a German physicist named ____________.

Werner Heisenberg

An English physicist named _____________ devised a modified Geissler tube and a better vacuum pump. During his experiment, he noted that cathode rays caused the glass at the end of the tube to glow. This caused him to suspect that cathode rays were actually particles that had mass.

William Crookes

The scientist who discovered the principle that no two electrons in the same atom can have the same exact set of quantum numbers is ___________.

Wolfgang Pauli

physical change

a change in a substance that does not involve a change in its composition

physical property

a characteristic of a substance that may be observed or measured without changing the composition of the substance

chemical reaction

a chemical change in which one or more substances change into new substances with different properties

dehydration reaction

a chemical reaction in which hydrogen and oxygen molecules are removed from the reactants to produce water

electrolysis

a chemical reaction that occurs when an electric current is passed through an electrolyte to bring about a decomposition reaction

mixture

a combination of two or more pure substances, each of which maintains its individual chemical properties and can be separated by physical means

electrode

a conductor through which electrons enter or leave a substance or an electrochemical cell

centrifuge

a device that rotates a sample at high speeds, causing the components of a mixture to separate

collimator

a device used to focus electromagnetic radiation, such as light or nuclear radiation, into narrow beams

electromagnetic (EM) radiation

a form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior and can travel through a vacuum

suspension

a heterogeneous mixture in which particles are not uniformly distributed throughout the mixture and will settle out unless it is constantly agitated; particles in a suspension are larger than 1000 nanometers in diameter

solution

a homogeneous mixture in which a solute is dissolved in a solvent; particles in a solution are less than 1 nanometer in diameter

phase

a homogenous region within a heterogeneous system

chromatography

a method of separating a mixture into its components based on the adhesion rates of the individual components to a stationary phase

fractional crystallization

a method of separating a mixture of two solids that are both soluble in the same solvent but have different solubilities

colloid

a mixture consisting of particles larger than 1 nm but smaller than 1000 nm suspended in a dispersal medium

homogeneous mixture

a mixture in which the components form a single phase with a uniform consistency

heterogeneous mixture

a mixture in which the individual components remain distinct in separate phases without a uniform consistency

polar molecule

a molecule with a slightly positive charge on one side and a slightly negative charge on the other side

neutron

a neutrally charged particle existing in the nucleus of most atoms, with a mass of 1.674 927 × 10-24 g and a spin of ±½

proton

a positively charged particle existing in the nucleus of an atom; with a mass of 1.672 622 × 10-24 g, a charge of 1.602 176 × 10-19 coulombs, and a spin of ±½Rutherford's shortcomings were in these areas:

Aufbau principle

a principle of quantum mechanics that states that an electron always occupies the orbital with the lowest energy available

Heisenberg uncertainty principle

a principle of quantum mechanics that states that it is impossible to determine accurately both the position and the speed of an electron at the same time

Pauli exclusion principle

a principle of quantum mechanics which states that no two electrons in the same atom can have the exact same set of quantum numbers

Hund's rule

a principle of quantum mechanics which states that orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by a single electron before any orbital is occupied by a second electron

compound

a pure substance made up of two or more elements chemically combined in definite proportions

element

a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means

law of definite proportions

a scientific law that states that a chemical compound will always contain the same elements in the same definite proportions by mass regardless of the size of the sample

law of conservation of mass

a scientific law that states that matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction—it is conserved

law of multiple proportions

a scientific law that states that when more than one compound is formed by different combinations of the same elements, the different masses of one element that combine with the same mass of a second element will form ratios of small whole numbers

quantum number

a set of mathematical values that describes the properties of an electron

mobile phase

a solution composed of the components of a mixture dissolved in a solvent to be separated by chromatography

alloy

a solution formed by dissolving a metal in a metal or a non-metal in a metal while the components are molten (melted)

Which of these are extensive properties?

a substance has a mass of 1.25 g a substance has a volume of 5.4 mL

Which of these are intensive properties?

a substance has a melting point of 40°C a substance has a density of 4.13 g/cm3 a substance is very malleable (it can be hammered into a shape)

product

a substance obtained from another substance in a chemical reaction

atomic orbital

a three-dimensional region based on a set of mathematical wave functions that estimates the probable location of an electron within an atom

electron

a tiny, negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus of each atom, has a mass of 9.109 382 × 10-28 g, a negative charge of 1.602 176 × 10-19 coulombs, and a spin of ±½

The attraction of particles of one substance for the molecules of another substance at the point of contact is called _________.

adhesion

A solution formed by dissolving a metal in a metal or a non-metal in a metal while the components are molten (melted) is called a(n) ____.

alloy

isotope

an atom of a particular element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

atomic number

an identifying number for each element that is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of that element

The _______ is the electrode where electrons are received in an electron tube.

anode

chemical property

any characteristic of a substance that can only be observed during a chemical reaction in which the substance either combines chemically with another substance or the substance breaks down chemically into simpler substances

inorganic compound

any compound except a carbon oxide, a carbide, or a carbonate that does not contain the element carbon

organic compound

any compound except a carbon oxide, carbide, or carbonate that contains the element carbon

reactant

any substance that undergoes a chemical change in a chemical reaction

matter

anything that has mass and takes up space

A(n) _________ is the smallest unit of an element that maintains all the chemical properties of that element.

atom

The ___ is a weighted average of the relative atomic masses of all the isotopes of an element.

atomic mass

An identifying number for each element based on the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of that element is called:

atomic number

Which of the following was NOT a part of the atomic theory of Dalton?

atoms are composed of negatively charged electrons orbiting a nucleus containing positively charged protons and neutrally charged neutrons.

Which of these changes are Physical changes?

boiling a substance increasing the mass of a substance cutting a substance into smaller pieces

The equation that shows the relationship between frequency and wavelength is:

c=λv

An interaction of a liquid in contact with a solid that results in the distortion, elevation, or depression of the surface of the liquid.

capillarity

The interaction of a liquid in contact with a solid that results in the distortion, elevation, or depression of the surface of the liquid is called _________.

capillarity

Relative atomic mass of an atom is the mass of a single isotope of an element compared to the mass of a single atom of ___.

carbon-12

The _______ is the electrode where electrons are emitted in an electron tube.

cathode

A ________ is a device that rotates a sample at high speeds causing the components of a mixture to separate.

centrifuge

a device that rotates a sample at high speeds causing the components of a mixture to separate

centrifuge

A characteristic of a substance that can only be observed during a chemical reaction in which a substance either combines chemically with another substance or the substance breaks down chemically into simpler substances is called a(n) ___ property.

chemical

A chemical change in which one or more substances change into new substances with different properties is called a ___ reaction.

chemical

A method of separating a mixture into its components based on the adhesion rates of the individual components to a stationary phase is called _________.

chromatography

A device used to focus nuclear radiation into parallel beams is a(n) __________

collimator

A device used to focus nuclear radiation into parallel beams is a(n) __________.

collimator

a mixture consisting of particles larger than 1 nm but smaller than 1000 nm suspended in a dispersal medium

colloid

This is the second category of matter, which are pure substances made of two or more elements chemically combined in definite proportions.

compounds

The law of ___ is a scientific law that states that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

conservation of mass

A method of separating a mixture of two solids that are both soluble in the same solvent but have different rates of solubility is called fractional ________.

crystallization

The Law of __________ proportions states that a chemical compound will always contain the same elements in the same definite proportions by mass regardless of the size of the sample.

definite

The Law of __________ proportions states that a chemical compound will always contain the same elements in the same proportions by mass regardless of the size of the sample.

definite

A chemical reaction in which hydrogen and oxygen molecules are removed from the reactants to produce water is a(n) ________ reaction.

dehydration

A chemical reaction in which hydrogen and oxygen molecules are removed from the reactants to produce water is called __________.

dehydration

Sucrose can decompose into carbon and water in a(n) _________ reaction, in which hydrogen and oxygen molecules are removed from the reactants to produce water.

dehydration

Simple _________ is the process of physically separating a single-phase mixture into components with different boiling points.

distillation

The process of physically separating a single-phase mixture into components if the components have different boiling points is called simple _________.

distillation

Which of the following was NOT a tenet of the atomic theory of Democritus?

each atom is composed of negatively charged particles called corpuscles embedded in a positively charged material.

A conductor through which electrons enter or leave a substance is a(n) _________.

electrode

A chemical reaction that occurs when an electric current is passed through an electrolyte to bring about a decomposition reaction is called _________.

electrolysis

A form of energy called ___________ exhibits wavelike behavior and can travel through a vacuum.

electromagnetic radiation

The arrangement of electrons in the atom is called its ___ configuration.

electron

Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus of each atom are _________.

electrons

A(n) ___ is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances (without losing its identity) by chemical or physical means.

element

Pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means are:

elements

This is the first category of matter, which describes pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means.

elements

Which of the following are pure substances?

elements compounds

The __________ is a pattern of bands of visible light produced by an excited atom when it returns to its ground state after being heated in a flame or charged with an electric arc.

emission spectrum

The pattern of bands of visible light produced by an excited atom when it returns to its ground state after being heated in a flame or charged with an electric arc is called a/an ___________

emission spectrum

A physical property of matter that depends on the amount of matter present is called a(n) ___ property.

extensive

The process of separating a solid from a fluid phase in a mixture by passing the mixture through a porous barrier that traps the solid is called _________.

filtration

method of separating a mixture of two solids that are both soluble in the same solvent but have different rates of solubility

fractional crystalization

The separation of a mixture of liquids in which the components, called fractions, each have a different boiling point is called _________.

fractional distillation

Wave _________ is the number of waves that pass a certain point in a given amount of time.

frequency

Thermal conductivity is the ability of a material to conduct ___.

heat

This mixture is one in which the individual components remain distinct in separate phases without uniform consistency.

heterogeneous

This mixture is one in which the components form a single phase with uniform consistency.

homogeneous

____________ is the property of matter that causes an object to stay at rest or stay in motion in a straight line unless it is acted upon by an outside force

inertia

Any compound that does not contain the element carbon is a(n) _________ compound.

inorganic

A physical property of matter that does not depend on the amount of matter present is called a(n) ___ property.

intensive

An atom with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons is called a(n) ___.

isotope

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is called its ___.

mass number

pure substance

matter that has a uniform composition and properties throughout.

This is the third category of matter, which are combinations of two or more pure substances, each of which maintains its individual chemical properties and can be separated by physical means.

mixtures

The solution composed of the components of a mixture dissolved in a solvent to be separated by chromatography is called ________.

mobile phase

The Law of __________ proportions states that when more than one compound is formed by different combinations of the same elements, the different masses of one element that combine with the same mass of a second element will form ratios of small whole numbers.

multiple

Elements that can be in the crust or atmosphere of the Earth are called:

naturally occurring elements

Neutrally charged particles that exist in the nucleus of most atoms are _________.

neutrons

A three-dimensional region based on a set of mathematical wave functions that estimates the probable location of an electron within an atom is called an atomic ___.

orbital

Any compound except for a carbon oxide, a carbide, or a carbonate that contains the element carbon is a(n) _________ compound.

organic

The two categories of compounds are ____ compounds, which are compounds that contain carbon, and ____compounds, which are compounds that do not contain carbon.

organic inorganic

In a mixture that contains a colloid, what could you do to determine which one is the colloid?

pass a light through it to check for Tyndall effect

A homogeneous region within a heterogeneous system is called a _________.

phase

The ________ is the phenomenon in which electrons are emitted from certain substances due to the absorption of light of specific frequencies.

photoelectric effect

The phenomenon in which electrons are emitted from certain substances due to the absorption of light of specific frequencies is called __________.

photoelectric effect

A quantum of light is called a ____________.

photon

A change in a substance that does not involve a change in its composition is a(n) ___ change.

physical

A change in a substance that does not involve a change in its composition is a(n) __________ change.

physical

A characteristic of a substance that may be observed or measured without changing the composition of the substance is a(n) ___ property.

physical

Compounds cannot be separated into component elements by _____ means, but they can be caused to decompose _____.

physical chemically

extensive properties

physical properties of matter that depend on the amount of matter present

intensive properties

physical properties of matter that do not depend on the amount of matter present

If you become an astronomer, you may study the fourth state of matter called:

plasma

A molecule with a slightly positive charge on one side and a slightly negative charge on the other side is a(n) ___ molecule.

polar

A principal quantum number of 7 would indicate that the ___ energy level of an electron and its average distance from the nucleus were the highest.

primary

A principal quantum number of 7 would indicate that the ____________ energy level of an electron and its average distance from the nucleus were the highest.

primary

The quantum number (n) that specifies the primary energy level and its average distance from the nucleus is the ___.

principal quantum number

The quantum number (n) that specifies the primary energy level and its average distance from the nucleus is the ____________

principal quantum number

The name for a substance obtained from other substances in a chemical reaction is ___.

product

Positively charged particles that exist in the nucleus of each atom are _________.

protons

A compound is a ____ substance made up of two or more elements, chemically combined in ____ proportions.

pure definite

A ________ is the minimum amount of energy that can be gained or lost by an atom.

quantum

A set of mathematical values called ___ numbers describes the properties of an electron.

quantum

The minimum amount of energy that can be gained or lost by an atom is a(n) __________.

quantum

The name for a substance that undergoes a chemical change in a chemical reaction is ___.

reactant

The amount of solute that will dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature and pressure is the solute's _________.

solubility

The _________ is the substance being dissolved in a solvent to form a solution.

solute

A homogeneous mixture in which a solute is dissolved in a solvent creating particles that are less than 1 nanometer in diamete

solution

A homogeneous mixture in which the solute is dissolved in a solvent; particles are less than 1nm in diameter.

solution

A(n) ___ is a substance that dissolves another substance to form a solution.

solvent

The _________ is the substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution.

solvent

The substance used to separate components in a chromatography is called the ________ phase.

stationary

The substance used to separate components in chromatography is called _________.

stationary phase

Alchemists attempted to produce the philosopher's ___, which was supposed to give long life and health when mixed with water and consumed.

stone

Each of the s, p, d, and f ___________ can only contain a maximum number of electrons.

sublevels

A heterogeneous mixture in which particles are not uniformly distributed throughout the mixture and will settle out unless it is agitated and whose particles are larger than 1000 nanometers in diameter.

suspension

A heterogeneous mixture in which particles are not uniformly distributed throughout the mixture and will settle out unless it is constantly agitated; particles are larger than 1000 nm in diameter.

suspension

thermal conductivity

the ability of a material to conduct heat

solubility

the amount of solute that will dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature and pressure

electron configuration

the arrangement of electrons in an atom

solute

the component being dissolved in a solvent to form a solution.

solvent

the component in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution.

capillarity

the distortion, elevation, or depression of the surface of a liquid due to the adhesion of its surface particles to the particles of the solid containing the liquid; also known as capillary action

anode

the electrode where oxidation takes place in an electrochemical cell; the negative electrode in a voltaic cell or battery; the positive terminal in an electrolytic cell; the electrode where electrons are received in an electron tube

cathode

the electrode where reduction takes place in an electrochemical cell; the positive terminal in a voltaic cell or battery; the negative terminal in an electrolytic cell; the electrode where electrons are emitted in an electron tube

wavelength (λ)

the length of one wave measured as the distance from a point on one wave to the same point on an adjacent wave

quantum

the minimum amount of energy that can be gained or lost by an atom

mass number

the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

frequency (ν)

the number of regularly occurring events in a given amount of time; the number of waves that pass a certain point in a given amount of time

emission spectrum

the pattern of bands of visible light produced by an excited atom when it returns to its ground state after being heated in a flame or charged with an electric arc

photoelectric effect

the phenomenon in which electrons are emitted from certain substances due to the absorption of light of specific frequencies

distillation

the process of physically separating a single-phase mixture into components if the components have different boiling points

filtration

the process of separating a solid phase from a fluid phase in a mixture by passing the mixture through a porous barrier that traps the solid

inertia

the property of matter that causes an object to stay at rest or stay in motion in a straight line unless it is acted upon by an outside force

magnetic quantum number

the quantum value that indicates the orientation of the atomic orbital of a particular electron

angular momentum quantum number

the quantum value that indicates the shape of the orbital in which a particular electron resides

spin quantum number

the quantum value that indicates the spin state of an electron

principal quantum number

the quantum value that specifies the primary energy level of a particular electron and its average distance from the nucleus

fractional distillation

the separation of a mixture of liquids in which the components, called fractions, each have a different boiling point

atom

the smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical properties of that element

stationary phase

the substance used to separate the components in chromatography

wave-particle duality

the theory that light, as well as electrons have the properties of both waves and particles

atomic mass

the weighted average of the relative masses of all the isotopes of an element

One of the goals of alchemists was the ___ of common elements, such as iron, lead, or sulfur, into expensive metals, such as silver and gold.

transmutation

A pure substance is one that has a ___ composition and properties throughout.

uniform

Which of these changes are Chemical changes?

using electrolysis to break the substance down into simpler substances burning a substance in oxygen

The ____________ theory states that light, as well as electrons have the properties of both waves and particles.

wave-duality

_________ is the theory that light, as well as electrons have the properties of both waves and particles.

wave-particle duality

The length of one wave measured as the distance from a point on one wave to the same point on an adjacent wave is its __________.

wavelength