Unit 2

Kw=

10^-14

ppm=

10^-6

ppb=

10^-9

in CAC,....ATP per pyruvate, so....per glucose

12.5, 25

pH + pOH=

14

after DNA replication in S phase, there are....bound by centromere

2

in CAC, acetyl coA brings in ...CO2 into the CAC

2

there are....NADH shuttles for cytosolic NADH from glycolysis for ETC

2

the umbilical cord has....arteries and....veins

2, 1

allow oxygen unloading (Bohr effect), decrease in oxygen affinity shift to the right

2,3-BPG

in erythrocytes....binds allosterically to B-chains of HbA and decreases oxygen affinity

2,3-BPG

hormones released by anterior pituitary mnemonic

FLAT PEG

....tells the sertoli cells to start sperm maturation

FSH

...comes before estrogen to stimulate the follicle

FSH

control of the cell cycle checkpoints at:

G1/S, G2/M (p53)

another quality control checkpoint: make sure that there are enough organelles and cytoplasm for two daughter cells make sure DNA has no replication errors

G2

checkpoint that makes sure adequate size/organelles to support two cells

G2/M

once transferred to G6P, glucose is stuck in the cell because....only transport glucose

GLUT transporters

low affinity (hepacyotes, pancreatic cells) glucose from hepatic portal vein glucose sensor for insulin release

GLUT2

more important glucose transporters

GLUT2, GLUT4

adipose tissue/muscle (glucose in blood) increase with increasing insulin

GLUT4

is a group unified by feelings of togetherness due to shared beliefs, ancestry, or geography

Gemeinschaft (community)

state of deficient thyroid gland activity

Hypothryoidism

...give show relative a weak acid is

Ka

base dissociation constant

Kb

equilibrium constant in terms of concentration

Kc

formation of a complex ion in solution=

Kf

strength of complex formation, always very large form because of mixture of solute

Kf (formation complex)

works to restore resting potential and K+/Na+ gradients

Na+/K+ ATPase

key regulators of oxidative phosphorylation

O2 and ADP

electrical resistance results in energy loss which results in lowering of electrical potential

Ohm's law

PFK-2, by activating....cells can overcome inhibition

PFK-1

add phosphate rate limiting/irreversible control point for all of glycolysis

PFK-1

converts F6P --> F-1,6-BP

PFK-1

rate limiting enzyme and main control point on glycolysis

PFK-1

mostly found in liver

PFK-2

indirect mechanism involving....and.... *insulin increases it (which activates PFK-1) *glucagon decreases it (inhibits PFK-1)

PFK-2, F-2,6-BP

@ neural fold tip there are neural crest cells which turn into the

PNS

nerves are in the

PNS

parathyroid releases....which is a negative feedback loop

PTH

antagonistic hormone to calcitonin activates vitamin D (absorption of calcium and phosphorylation in gut)

PTH (AP)

enter new sequence b4 DNA replication which happens in

S phase

cannot cause increased genetic variability

S stage

pathway of sperm mnemonic

SEVEN UP

are used for ideal gas calculations (different than standard conditions)

STP

myelin in the PNS is produced by

Schwann cells

sperm are nourished by

Sertoli cells

thyroxine is stimulated by

TSH

ADH immediate effect

absorb more water in collecting duct

O2 low regulator: NADH/FADH2

accumulate

first step of CAC

acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate --> citrate

CAC begins with

acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate

Alzheimer's disease is related to what neurotransmitter

acetyl choline

used in both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

acetylcholine

acquired through direct, individual efforts

achieved status

one that is gained as a result of one's efforts/choices

achieved status

Bronsted Lowry...gives up protons

acid

transmission of electrical impulse down the axon

action potential

whenever membrane potential is reached, an...with a consistent size/duration is produced

action potential

all or nothing messages causes release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft

action potentials

ADP high regulator: CAC

activated

net movement of solute against concentration gradient requires energy

active transport

membrane transport can be...or.... or passed on....or.....

active/passive concentration gradients, energy source

resistors in series

add together

capacitors in parallel

addition

when no heat exchange b/w system and environment

adiabatic

stereotype content model -in group, close allies -high competence, high warmth

admiration

corticosteroids produced by

adrenal cortex

cortisol is produced in the

adrenal cortex

aldosterone is produced by

adrenal cortex (top of kidneys)

located on top of kidney

adrenal gland

epinephrine is released from the... (fight/flight)

adrenal medulla

sympathetic hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) catecholamines into blood stream promote glycogenolysis, increase basal metabolic rate, increase heart rate dilate the bronchi, alter blood flow

adrenal medulla

epinephrine is also known as

adrenaline

CAC is an....process

aerobic

citric acid cycle is...it needs oxygen

aerobic

unable to use oxygen, but not harmed by its presence

aerotolerant anaerobes

sensory neurons are

afferent

is prejudice or discrimination on the basis of a person's age

ageism

things that influence socialization (family, school, government, religion, peers, work)

agents of socialization

behaviors that intend to cause harm or increase social dominance verbal or nonverbal

aggression

Fear of places where escape is felt to be difficult

agoraphobia

standards of one group being absorbed by another

assimilation

the process by which a group or individual's culture begins to melt into another culture

assimilation

bond between caregiver and child

attachment

are tendencies toward expression of positive or negative feelings or evaluations of something

attitudes

is based on: -appearance, similarity, self-disclosure, reciprocity, proximity

attraction

occurs when individuals must make judgements that are complex but instead substitute a simpler solution or heuristic

attribute substitution

why people behave the way they do (dispositional/situational)

attribution theory

reacts with self

auto ionization

water can undergo

auto ionization

cell-cell communication: -same cell that secreted signal

autocrine

four types of cell-cell communication

autocrine, paracrine, juxtacrine, endocrine

attacks the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

autoimmune disease

not a sex chromosome

autosomal

2n (diploid) 2 copies of each chromosomes

autosomal cells

Cluster C: -extreme shyness, fear of rejection

avoidant

caregiver ignores distressed child child shows no preference for caregiver

avoidant attachment

long appendages that terminates in close proximity to a target structure

axon

integrates incoming signals

axon hillock

carry neural signals away from the soma

axons

classification of bacteria by shape: rod-shaped

bacilli

is where the individual is not in front of an audience and is free to act outside of his desired image

back stage

cell membrane/cytoplasm flagella/fimbriae smaller bacteria ribosome than eukaryotes

bacteria

prokaryotes are classified into

bacteria, archaea

lytic and lysogneic cycles deal with

bacteriophages

viruses that target bacteria inject genetic material tail sheath (syringe) and tail fibers (recognize/connect to correct host cell)

bacteriophages

Bronsted-Lowry...=proton acceptor

base

Bronsted Lowry...gains protons

bases

physiological pH

basic

states that there are universal emotions, along with corresponding expressions that can be understood across cultures

basic model

if p is small, -log number is

big

a simple form of asexual reproduction circular chromosome attaches to cell wall and replicates while the cell grows in size plasma membrane.cell wall grow inward (two identical daughter cells) produce more rapidly than eukaryotes

binary fission

prokaryotes reproduce asexually by

binary fission

more narrow view causes: genetics, focus on symptom reduction rather than restorative function interventions: medicine

biomedical approach

broader view causes: environmental, genetics, lifestyle interventions: modification to lifestyle and medications

bios-psychosocial approach

cycle of depression and mania

bipolar (manic depressive) disorder

classic mania/depressive cycle

bipolar I disorder

less extreme mania, but more severe depression (at least one major depressive episode)

bipolar II

keeps progesterone and estrogen levels high

birth control

relative to a population size over time, usually measured as the number of births per 1000 people per year

birth rate

are based on 1000 ppl/yr

birth rate mortality rate

during pregnancy zygote becomes....which is implanted into the uterine lining and releases hCG (LH analog)

blastocyst

mammalian blastula is called a

blastocyst

opening in archenteron=

blastopore

hollow ball of cells with a fluid-filled inner cavity (blastocoel)

blastula

once a morula is formed, it undergoes...which forms a blastula

blastulation

schizophrenia is treated by

blocking dopamine receptors

unrealistic distorted view or appearance and actions to change appearance (type of OCD)

bodydysmoprhoic disorder

Raoult's Law goes hand in hand with

boiling point elevation

average energy that is required to break a particular type of bond b/w atoms in the gas phases endothermic process

bond dissociation energy

energy released when bond is formed exothermic reactions

bond formation

Cluster B: -instability in mood, identity, relationships -all good/all bad

borderline

for a given gaseous sample held at constant temperature (isothermal), volume of gas is inversely proportional to pressure

boyle's law

ways to regulate neurotransmitters: 1. ....by enzymatic reactions 2. bring back to presynaptic neuron via.... 3.simply...out of cell

breakdown, reuptake carriers, diffuse

...bonds=requires energy

breaking

species that donates H+ ions

bronsted-lowry acid

species that accepts H+ ions

bronsted-lowry base

ability to which the system can resist changes in pH

buffering capacity

max seen within 1 pH point of the pKa of the acid in the buffer solution

buffering capacity

consists of a mixture of a weak acid and its salt (conjugate base and cation) or weak base and its salt (conjugate acid and anion)

buffers

resists pH change when small amounts of acids/bases are added

buffers

more bystanders means a slower/smaller chance of a response

bystander effect

describes the observation that when in a group, individuals are less likely to respond to a person in need

bystander effet

decreases plasm calcium levels in three ways 1. increase calcium excretion from kidneys 2. decreases calcium absorption from gut 3. increases storage of calcium in bones

calcitonin

thyroid releases....which decreases calcium absorption and increases bone formation

calcitonin

bones are made of

calcium, phosphate

process of measuring transferred heat

calorimetry

the ratio of the magnitude of the charge stored on one plate to the potential difference (voltage) across the capacitor

capacitance

hold charge at a particular voltage ex. parallel plate capacitor

capacitors

attached to protein molecules on extracellular surface of cells can form a protective "glycoprotein coat" and also function in cell recognition

carbohydrates

facilitated diffusion: only open to one membrane side at a given point (revolving door) binding --> conformational change --> occluded state (not open on either side)

carrier

only affect rate of reactions

catalyst

epinephrine is a type of

catecholamine

proteins that allow cells to recognize e/o and contribute to cell differentiation and development

cell adhesion molecules (CAM)

soma is also called the

cell body

in neurons: -nucleus -ER -ribosomes all located here

cell body (soma)

how eukaryotic cells replicate

cell cycle

series of phases during which a cell grows, synthesizes DNA, and divides

cell cycle

cells disconnect from adjacent structure and migrate to correct location

cell migration

cells --> tissue --> organs --> organ systems

cell specialization

outer barrier of cells

cell wall

are usually comprised of CAM (cell-adhesion molecules)

cell-cell junction

cells within tissues can form a cohesive layer via intracellular junctions provide direct pathways of communication between neighboring cells or cells/extracellular matrix

cell-cell junctions

circular wire loop has the magnetic field at the

center

radiate from the centrioles, contact chromosome because of dissolving nuclear membrane

centrioles

contain centrioles (which contain spindle fibers), move to opposite sides in prophase

centrosomes

classes of sphingolipids:

ceramide, sphingomyelins, cerebrosides, and gangliosides

open --> exposed to both cell membrane sides tunnel

channels

if there is no...than magnetic force is not existent

charge

in complex ions, if the central carbon is bound to same ligand in multiple places, it is known as a

chelation

between neurons=...signal

chemical

most synapses are...in nature

chemical

saying that a synapse is...in nature means that it uses neurotransmitters to send messages from one cell to another

chemical

the study of reaction rates, the effects of reaction conditions on these rates, and the mechanism implied by such observations

chemical kinetics

chemical energy of the gradient is harnessed phosphorylates ADP --> ATP

chemiosmotic coupling

chemical gradient created and energy phosphorylated ADP to turn into ATP

chemiosmotic coupling

point of contact in chromosomes where homologous chromosomes break and exchange equivalent pieces of DNA (Crossing over happens here)

chiasma

composes 20% of cell membrane (mass) and half by moles (ensures membrane fluidity)

cholesterol

in cell membrane....causes fluidity

cholesterol

regulates membrane fluidity and necessary for steroid synthesis

cholesterol

extra embryonic membrane that develops into the placenta

chorion

in interphase, chromosomes cannot be seen with light microscopy because they are in a less condensed form called

chromatin

condensation of chromatin -->

chromosomes

uniform magnetic fields move charged particles in...

circles

prokaryotes have...DNA and a nucleoid region

circular

high...levels indicate sufficient energy

citrate (CAC)

acetyl coA + oxaloacetate --> citrate + coA-SH

citrate synthase

three sites of regulation in CAC

citrate synthase isocitrate dehydrogenase alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

SES

class

zygote must travel to the uterus for implantation as it travels, it undergoes rapid mitotic cell division known as...

cleavage

can exchange energy, but not matter with surroundings

closed system

three stages of sodium channels

closed, open, inactive

least likely to result in ideal gas behavior when gas molecules are forced....together (increase the change of participating in intermolecular forces)

closer

behavior that is odd/eccentric: paranoid schizotypal schizoid

cluster a

dramatic, emotional, erratic behavior antisocial borderline histronic narcissistic

cluster b

worried; anxious and fearful avoidant dependent obsessive compulsive

cluster c

classification of bacteria by shape: spherical

cocci

in complex I: -NADH transfers e- to..... -expels.... -...to....(reduced) -FMN --> FMND2

coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) 4 H+ ubiquinone, ubiquinol

vitamins=

coenzymes

aggression is linked to negative emotions

cognitive neoassociation model

physical property of solution that are dependent on the concentration of dissolved particles not on the chemical identity of dissolved particles

colligative properties

vapor pressure depression boiling point elevation freezing point depression osmotic pressure (dilute solutions)

colligative properties

rate of reaction is proportional to the number of collisions/second between the reacting molecules not all collisions result in reactions must collide in correct orientation with enough energy

collision theory of chemical kinetics

ion common between salt and solution reduced molar solubility no change to Ksp

common ion effect

leads to reduction in molar solubility of the salt but does not effect Ksp itself Le Chatelier's principle in action

common ion effect

reduction in molar solubility due to a solution already containing one of its constituent ions =

common ion effect

no hydrogen pumping happens at

complex II

succinate, direct link to CAC (FAD-->FADH2) no hydrogen pumping happens

complex II

transfer e- to coenzyme Q receives e- from succinate (CAC intermediate-- FADH2) reduces coenzyme Q no hydrogen pumping

complex II

2 steps: ubiquinone --> cytochrome c 4H+ pumped out to inter membrane space

complex III

oxygen (final electron acceptor) forms water expels 2 H+

complex IV

a molecule in which a cation is bonded to at least one electron pair donor (includes water)

complex ions

formation of... ....increases solubility of a solute in solution

complex ions

coenzyme Q and cytochrome C are technically not part of the electron transport...

complexes

modification of behavior due to direct request

compliance

occurs when individuals change their behavior based on the request of others

compliance

gas: decrease volume, increase pressured

compressed

irrational repetitive actions

compulsions

the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent

concentration

use brackets to represent

concentration

entry of glucose into cell is driven by

concentration gradient

reciprocal of resistance

conductance

distribute charge evenly, metals and ionic solutions

conductors

has no resistance

conductors

focus on how power differential are created and how these differentials contribute to the maintenance of social order

conflict theory

focuses on how power differentials are created and how those differences contribute to maintenance of social order

conflict theory

indirect relationship between proton gradient and ATP synthesis

conformational coupling

aligning behavior to societal norms

conformity

changing beliefs or behaviors in order to fit into a group or society

conformity

formed when a base gains a proton

conjugate acid

formed when an acid loses a proton

conjugate base

bacterial form of sexual reproduction

conjugation

in conjugation, two cells form a... ... to transfer genetic material

conjugation bridge

types of cues: -deviate from social norms, situational

consensus

electrostatic force is a....force

conservative

potential energy fields are... ...

conservative forces

types of cues: -dispositionsal, happens all the time

consistency

two types of calorimetry, and examples

constant pressure (coffee cup calorimeter) constant volume (bomb calorimeter)

stereotype content model -welfare recipients, poor people -low competence, low warmth

contemptuous

motor or sensory symptoms linked to stress (blind after much anxiety associated with stress)

conversion disorder

complex ions are held together by

coordinate covalent bonds

complex ion is also called a

coordination compound

adhered to oocyte during ovulation

corona radiata

oocytes are surrounded by two layers

corona radiata, zona pellucida

progesterone comes from the

corpus luteum

remains of follicle following ovulation in response to LH

corpus luteum

is used to describe attributes made by observing the intentional (especially unexpected) behaviors performed by another person

correspondent inference theory

after penetration of sperm through cell membrane release of calcium ions 1. depolarizes the membrane (prevents fertilization of ovum by multiple sperm) 2. increased calcium leads to increased metabolic rate of zygote membrane is now fertilization membrane

cortical reaction

androgens and estrogens females more sensitive to disorders because male testes secrete high amounts of androgens

cortical sex hormones

cortisol is a...more specially a

corticoid, glucocorticoid

Glucocorticoid that is a stress hormone and increases blood sugar

cortisol

enhances gluconeogenesis and antagonizes insulin

cortisol

stimulated by ACTH

cortisol

straight-wire current circles...

counter-clockwise

charge can neither be...or...

created, destroyed

folds that increase surface area of inner membrane

cristae

numerous inholdings; increase available surface area for integral proteins associated with the membrane

cristae

temperature and pressure at which the 2 densities become equal and there is no distance between the two phases

critical point

magnetic fields never

cross

in determining then speed of the impulse, ....is the most important (the greater it is, the faster because there is less resistance)

cross sectional area

happens between homologous chromosomes, not sister chromatids (example of genetic recombination)

crossing over

a social difference that impedes interactions

cultural barrier

refers to the idea that material culture changes more quickly than symbolic culture

cultural lag

compare/understand other cultures avoid ethnocentrism other culture is different, but still respect it

cultural relativism

A shared set of beliefs, norms, values, and behaviors organized around a central theme, as is found among people sharing the same language and geography.

cultural syndrome

describes the beliefs, ideas, behaviors, actions, and characteristic of a group or society of people

culture

encompasses the lifestyle of a group of people and includes both material and symbolic elements

culture

I=

current

the amount of charge Q passing through the conductor per unit time

current

the flow of positive charge (even though only negative charges are actually moving)

current

Right hand rule for direction of magnetic field (B): -thumb with... -grab.... -way...wrap=direction of magnetic field

current, wire, fingers

inhibits cytochrome subunits; greatly impacts aerobic reliant tissues (heart and CNS)

cyanide

molecules required for cell cycle:

cyclins cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK)

still cycle, but not as severe as bipolar disorder

cyclothymic disorder

proteins with heme groups in which iron is reduced to Fe2+ and reoxidized to Fe3+

cytochrome

splitting of cytoplasm between two daughter cells

cytokinesis

provides structure to cell to maintain shape

cytoskeleton

holds organelles, allows for diffusion of molecules through the cell

cytosol

O2 low regulator: oxidative phosphorylation

decreases

as pH increases, pOH...by the same amount

decreases

cholesterol @ high temperatures ....fluidity holds membrane in tact

decreases

electric potential energy....when 2 like move apart and 2 opposite charges move together

decreases

melting point of solutions....upon solute addition

decreases

solubility of salt is....if solution already contains one of its constituent ions

decreases

ADH effet on osmolarity/volume

decreases plasma osmolarity more hydrated

small breaks in myelin sheath with exposed areas of axon membrane critical for rapid signal conduction

nodes of ranvier

Gibbs free energy, when positive is

non spontaneous

Q > Keq

non spontaneous

(in terms of solubility) Delta G= +

nonsoluble

endergonic processes are

nonspontaneous

caregiver is often erratic/socially withdrawn child shows no consistent pattern towards caregiver

disorganized attachment

unspoken rules that govern the expression of emotion

display rules

internal- related to the person

dispositional

strong acids completely

dissociate

strong acids/bases completely

dissociate

3 types of dissociative disorder

dissociative amnesia dissociative identity disorder depersonalization/derealization disorder

2+ personalities that alternate or compete for control

dissociative identity disorder

solvation is also known as

dissolution

in equilibrium of a solution,...and.... (neither favored, delta G=0)

dissolution, precipitation

loose, built on weaker ties; include acquaintances

distant network

types of cues: -all the time or just lunch?

distinctiveness

negative symptoms of schizophrenia; skewed expression of emotion

disturbance of affect

fraternal twins fertilization of two different eggs released during one ovulatory cycle by two different sperm

dizygotic

conjugation... ...(+) ---> .. ...(-)

donor male, recipient female

sensory neurons enter spinal cord on...side

dorsal

contain cell bodies of sensory neurons only

dorsal root ganglia

says that individuals create images of themselves in the same way that actors perform a role in front of an audience

dramaturgical approach

fetal lung shunts: -leftover blood from pulmonary artery --> aorta

ductus arteriosus

shunt in the fetus (liver) *blood returning from the placenta via the umbilical vein goes straight to the inferior vena cava

ductus venous

forward and reverse reactions are still occurring, they haven't stopped

dynamic equilibrium

adrenal medulla is formed from the

ectoderm

germ layer: -outermost layer -epidermis, hair, nails, nose, mouth, lower anal cavity, lens of eyes, nervous system, inner ear

ectoderm

3 layers of cells (primary germ layers)

ectoderm mesoderm endoderm

neuron that signals to gland/muscle

effector

motor neurons are

efferent

gas moves through a small hole under pressure

effusion

there is no unending supply of female..., they are all present at birth

eggs

knows something is wrong

ego-dystonic

cannot see that there is an issue with behavior

ego-syntonic

states that attitudes are formed and changed through different routes of information processing based on the degree of elaboration (central route processing; peripheral route processing)

elaboration likelihood model

two equal/opposite charges being separated by a small distance "d" from e/o can be transient or permanent look like barbells

electric dipoles

exert forces on other charges that move into the space of the field (attractive/repulsive)

electric field

the ratio of the magnitude of a charge's electric potential energy to the magnitude of the charge itself

electric potential

potential energy that is dependent on the relative position of one charge with respect to another charge or to a collection of charges

electric potential energy

work necessary to move a test charge from infinity to a point in space in an electric field surrounding a source charge

electric potential energy

down a neuron=...signal

electrical

proton motive force results in an..... gradient with both chemical and electrical properties

electrochemical gradient

strength of solution

electrolytic conductivity

is not an actual force, more of a pressure to move that results in a current

electromotive force

when no charge is moving between the two terminals of a cell at different potential values, voltage is called

electromotive force

stages of bacteria growth: -rapid division

log phase

in... ...exponents are equal to the coefficient of the balanced equation

equilibrium expressions

[Na+]in=[Na+]out

equilibrium potential of sodium

line on which the potential at every point is the same no work is done

equipotential lines

found by pH meter or indicator

equivalence point

type of support: -affirms qualities/skills of a person

esteem

e-pair=

lone pair

FSH in females stimulates...production

estrogen

causes growth of endometrial lining during the follicular phase

estrogen

causes negative and positive feedback in females

estrogen

establishes uterine wall

estrogen

in adult, thickening of uterus lining (endometrium) each month in preparation for zygote

estrogen

in embryo, development of reproductive tract

estrogen

maintain/develop reproductive and 2nd sexual characteristics

estrogen

ovaries produce

estrogen/progesterone

in yeast cells during fermentation: pyruvate -->

ethanol + CO2

a social construct that sorts people by cultural factors, including language, nationality, religion and other factors

ethnicity

making judgements about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one's own culture

ethnocentrism

unicellular/multicellular, nucleus

eukaryotic cells

there is evidence that culture flows from evolutionary principles and that culture can also influence..

evolution

natural selection will prevent other strategy from game theory form arising

evolutionary stable strategy (ESS)

applies rational choice theory within social groups

exchange theory

two types of signals that arrive at dendrites

excitatory inhibitory

ATP synthase is an...process

exergonic

electron transport=

exergonic

energy given off

exergonic

release energy=

exergonic

secrete substance directly into ducts

exocrine

release from cell (important in nervous system and intracellular signaling)

exocytosis

- enthalpy=

exothermic

release heat (delta Q <0)=

exothermic

solvation: -when new bonds > old bonds solvation is.... favored at...temperatures

exothermic, lower

volume increase and pressure decreases

expand

when determining rate laws, look for... ...

experimental data

...in rate law=unaffected by stoichiometric coefficients

exponents

simple diffusion for molecules that are important to membranes (are, polar, charged) integral membrane proteins as transporters

facilitated diffusion

toggle back and forth between using oxygen or not using it

facultative anaerobes

not self selected groups

family-group

smaller molar mass gases travel

faster

ways of producing acetyl co-a other than pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

fatty acid oxidation (beta oxidation) amino acid catabolism (ketogenic) ketones alcohol

carboxylic acids that contain a hydrocarbon chain and terminate carboxyl group

fatty acids

have higher rates of chronic diseases and higher morbidity rates

females

explores the ways in which one gender can be subordinated, minimized, or devalued compared to the other

feminist theory

happens in absence of oxygen to replenish NAD+

fermentation

method of regenerating NAD+ from pyruvate

fermentation

replenish NAD+

fermentation

durably magnetized unpaired electric field can persist magnets

ferromagnetic

the average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime in a population

fertility rate

does not bind well to 2,3-BPG

fetal hemoglobin

greater affinity for O2 than maternal hemoglobin

fetal hemoglobin

enhance the transfer of oxygen from maternal to fetal circulation

fetal hemoglobin (HbF)

decreasing volume and increasing pressure= favor side with...moles of gas

fewer

in electric field, vectors that never cross, density tells us the strength

field lines

radioactive decay is an example of

first order reaction

rate is directly proportional to only one reactant, such that doubling the concentration of reactant results in a doubling of formation of product

first order reaction

major organs form cartilaginous skeleton --> bone officially a fetus

first trimester

mate choice: -a particular trait that has no effect on survive becomes more exaggerated over time

fisherman (runaway) selection

autoimmune disease that causes the inability to contract muscles

flacid paralysis

ability of cell to detect chemical stimuli and move towards or away

flagella

whiplike structure used for propulsion

flagella

egg/ovum leaves and left over follicle becomes corpus lutes

follicle rupture

begins when menstrual flow begins decreased estrogen/progesterone (increased GnRH) increased GnRH= increased FSH/LH follicles= increase in estrogen

follicular phase

4 events of the menstrual cycle

follicular phase ovulation luteal phase menstruation

fetal lung shunts: -1 way valve that connects RA --> LA

foramen ovale

fetal lung shunts

foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus

....bonds=releases energy

forming

there are...glucose transporters

four

rule of thumb: larger the animal...the gestational period

longer

...and...of action potentials do not change the size of the action potential

frequency, number

is where the individual is seen by the audience and strives to preserve his desired image

front stage

liver phosphorylates...using fructokinase F1P --> glyceraldehyde and DHAP (aldolase Beta)

fructose

seminal fluid: seminal vesicles=.... prostate gland=... bulbourethral gland=

fructose alkaline (increase acidity) cleans urethra (smooth passage)

cytoplasm; rate-limiting step F-1,6-BP --> F6P removes phosphate activated by ATP, glucagon inhibited by AMP, F-2,6-BP, insulin

fructose-1,6-biphosphate

fumarate --> L-malate

fumarate

states that there are four functional areas of attitudes that serve individuals in life: knowledge, ego expression, adaptability, and ego defense

functional attitudes theory

focuses on the function of each component of society and how those components fit together

functionalism

bias towards dispositional rather than situational attribution especially in negative contexts feeds into self-serving bias

fundamental attribution erro

phosphorylated by galactokinase: galactose-1-phosphate --> glucose-1-phosphate (galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase and epimerase)

galactose metabolisme

....can lead into glycolysis

galactose, fructose

a way to model behavior between individuals describes decision making behavior

game theory

cell bodies of neurons of the same type in nerve

ganglia

allow for direct cell-cell communication (often is small bunches together)

gap junctions

permit water movement and some solutes directly between cells (not proteins)

gap junctions

changes in pressure and volume have to involve at least one

gas

fluids, compressible

gases

generation of 3 distinct cell layers

gastrulation

results in gastrula

gastrulation

the set of behavioral, cultural, or psychological traits typically associated with a biological sex

gender

the intentional or unintentional empowerment of one gender to the detriment of the other

gender inequality

persistent worry about many things

general anxiety disorder

mate choice: -mate pairs with complementary genes

genetic compatibility

sex cells/gametes

germ

n (haploid) 1 copy of each chromosome

germ cells

way to remember Gibbs free energy equation

get higher test scores

organs in endocrine system that secrete hormones

glands

both structural and supportive roles

glial cells, neuralgia

does not lead to global equality, causes further global inequalities

globalization

has led to further inequalities in space, food and water, energy, housing, and education as the production of goods shifts to cheaper and cheaper labor markets. this has led to significant economic hardship in industrializing nations

globalization

the process of integrating a global economy with free trade and tapping of foreign labor markets

globalization

alpha cells of pancreas secrete

glucagon

decrease in blood sugar causes release of...which causes glycogenolysis (break down glycogen), increase blood sugar, alpha cells

glucagon

secreted during times of fasting, low glucose

glucagon

Gluconeogenesis is activated by... and....(Raise blood sugar levels)

glucagon, epinephrine

aldosterone is released in response to

low blood pressure/volume

steroid hormone that regulates glucose levels (protein metabolism) ex. cortisol/cortisone (increase blood glucose by increasing gluconeogeniss and decreasing protein synthesis)

glucocorticoids

liver cells/pancreatic B islet cells induced by insulin Glut 2, high Km

glucokinase

liver/pancreatic cells most active with high levels of glucose induced by insulin

glucokinase

irreversible enzymes in glycolysis (different steps must be taken in gluconeogenesis)

glucokinase/hexokinase PFK-1 pyruvate kinase

how liver maintains glucose levels in blood during fasting (happens in kidneys too, but not as significant as liver)

gluconeogenesis

is a reversal of glycolysis, except at three steps

gluconeogenesis

glycolysis main process:

glucose --> 2 pyruvate

pick up phosphate group on G3P --> 1,3-BPG (NADH + ATP)

glyceraldehyde-3-Pdehydrogenase

oxidation and Pi addition G3P --> 1,3-BPG + NADH

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

NADH --> NAD+ with DHAP Reduces FAD --> FADH2 1.5ATP/NADH

glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle

membrane bound enzyme 1.5 ATP/NADH (glycolysis)

glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle

branched polymer of glucose, storage form of glucose

glycogen

primarily synthesized and degraded in the liver/skeletal muscle stored in cytoplasm as granules

glycogen

synthesis of glycogen granules; uses a branching enzyme

glycogenesis

break down of glycogen; uses a debranching enzyme

glycogenolysis

epinephrine promotes....and fatty acid release from adipose tissue

glycogenolysis

thyroxine promotes...and sugar absorption by intestines

glycogenolysis

cytoplasmic pathway that converts glucose --> 2 pyruvate

glycolysis

cytosolic NADH from....cannot directly cross mitochondrial matrix: therefore there must be shuttle mechanisms (alternate means of transport)

glycolysis

only energy yielding pathway in RBC

glycolysis

*carbohydrates associated with membrane bound proteins *cell wall contains high carbohydrates

glycoprotein coat

inducers signal via

gradients

mass of compound that produces on equivalent (1 mole cf charge)

gram equivalent weight

weight (g) that releases 1 acid/base equivalent from a compound

gram equivalent weight

stains pink, thin peptidoglycan layer

gram negative

stains purple, thick peptidoglycan layer

gram positive

two main types of cell walls:

gram positive, gram negative

....Keq= more spontaneous

greater

longer hydrocarbon chains=....combustion products (more exothermic)

greater

when you increase volume, decrease pressure (expand a system), always move towards...moles of gas

greater

2+ who share similar characterizes and sense of unity

group

the tendency toward making decisions in a group that are more extreme than the thoughts of the individual group members

group polarization

occurs when members being to conform to one another's views and ignore outside perspectives

groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

groupthink

crucial during first trimester, LH analog, estrogen and progesterone keep uterine lining in place

hCG

general impression of specific aspect can be affected by overall impression of individuals attractiveness plays into this

halo effect

different than temperature

heat

transfer of energy from one substrate to another as a result of their differences in temperatures (process function)

heat

example of process function=

heat, work

are you gonna kill the MCAT

hellll ya

similar function to desmosomes, but maintain attachment of epithelial cells to underlying structures

hemidesmosomes

galactose reaches the liver via the

hepatic portal vein

different phase catalyst

heterogeneous catalysis

most tissues most active with low glucose levels inhibited by G6P

hexokinase

widely distributed inhibited by G6P low Km (GLUT 4)

hexokinase

phosphate glucose, trap in cells (irreversible step)

hexokinase, glucokinase

transport glucose across membrane and phosphorylate it by kinase enzyme glucose --> G6P

hexokinase/glucokinase

strong acids have very....Ka values

high

stereotype content model -groups with high social status

high competence

since waxes have long-chain fatty acids and long chain -OH they have a

high melting point

stereotype content model -not indirectly compatible with in group

high warmth

least likely to result in ideal gas behavior at ....pressure and...temperature

high, low

....Ka/Kb, more dissociation, stronger the acid/base

higher

since 2,3-BPG does not bind well to fetal hemoglobin, fetal hemoglobin has a....oxygen affinity than maternal hemoglobin

higher

water moves in the direction of...solute

higher

Cluster B: -needs to be center of attention

histrionic

same phase catalyst

homogeneous catalysis

chemical message traveling through blood

hormone

signaling molecules that are secreted directly into the bloodstream to distant target cells

hormones

....if water is solvent

hydration

acids formed from anions with names that end in "identity" --->

hydro...ic acid

energy to make ATP comes from: ....moving from the intermembrane space --> mitochondrial matrix

hydrogen

cholesterol has both a....region

hydrophilic/hydrophobic

during repolarization, efflux of K+ causes an overshoot of resting membrane potential known as

hyper polarization

inhibitory signal decreases the membrane potential, make neuron less likely to fire an action potential

hyper polarization

neuron refractory to further action potentials refractory period

hyper polarization

occurs right after an action potential and is caused by excess K+ exiting the neuron

hyper polarization

when the potential across the axon membrane is more negative than the normal resting potential, the neuron is

hyperpolarized

excess of thyroid hormone

hyperthyroidism

solute concentration inside cell < solution

hypertonic

water moves out of cell

hypertonic

manic episodes, but not extreme

hypomania

hypothalamus is connected to anterior pituitary via the

hypopheseal portal

blood vessel system that directly connects the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary

hypophyseal portal system

anterior pituitary is also called the

hypophysis

bridge between nervous and endocrine systems located in forebrain release of hormones by this is regulated by negative feedback

hypothalamus

ADH is produced by

hypothalamus, posterior pituitary

cells swells, sometimes to point of lysing

hypotonic

higher solute concentration inside > solution

hypotonic

a hypothetical gas with molecules that have no intermolecular forces and occupy no volume

ideal gases

deviate at higher pressure, decreasing volume, and decreasing temperature

ideal gases

no attractive forces between molecules

ideal gases

no intermolecular forces no volume of particles

ideal gases

thoughts of specific condition (hypochondriac)

illness anxiety disorder

dense with strong ties (friends)

immediate network

the movement into a new geographic area

immigration

during this, the blastula burrows into the endometrium

implantation

selection of cues to form inference of others

impression bias

refers to the maintenance of a public image, which is accomplished thorough various strategies

impression management

in actual humans

in vivo

group which an individual belongs

in-group

calculated as the number of new cases of a disease per population at risk in a given period of time

incidence

an individual organism's success

inclusive fitness

regeneration capacity of humans

incomplete

two types of regeneration capacity

incomplete, complete

for gases: when temperature decreases, speed decrease, and intermolecular forces...

increase

immediate affect of aldosterone

increase activity of Na+/K+ pump (take up Na+)

ADH is released in response to

increase in plasma osmolarity

....pressures are uncomfortable for gases

increased

@ constant temperature and pressure, entropy...upon dissolution

increases

ADP high regulator: NADH/FADH2

increases

ADP high regulator: oxidative phosphorylation

increases

Ksp in increasing temperatures....non-gas solutes

increases

cholesterol @ low temperatures ....fluidity prevent crystal formation

increases

decreasing electric potential energy....stability

increases

electric potential energy....when 2 like move towards e/o or 2 opposite move apart

increases

....pressure= favor side with fewer moles of gas

increasing

type of cleavage: -cells that can still develop into complete organisms

indeterminate

two types of cleavage

indeterminate, determinate

weak organic acids/bases that have different colors in their protonated and deprotonated states

indicator

mate choice: -physical traits that signify overall good health and organism well-being

indicator traits

one personal discriminating against another person or group

individual discrimination

surrounding tissues that induce a developing cell to become a particular cell type

inducer

-often growth factors (peptides that promote differentiation and mitosis in certain tissues)

inducers

often related to differentiation; ability of one group of cells to influence the fate of nearby cells

induction

viral life cycle: -viruses only infect certain cells -enveloped viruses into cell via endocytosis (cell thinks its a nutrient) -baceteriophages --> infect genome

infection

viral life cycle

infection, translation and progeny assembly, progeny release

type of support: -providing info that will help someone

informational

(impression management) using flattery or conformity to win over someone else

ingratiation

O2 low regulator: CAC

inhibit

protrudes into the blastocoel and gives rise to the organism itself

inner cell mass

cristae folds, molecules and enzymes of ETC

inner membrane

fumarate formation (step 6) of the CAC is the only step that happens in the..., not the mitochondrial matrix

inner membrane

mitochondrial membrane: restricted permeable, cristae (numerous inholdings)

inner mitochondrial membrane

resting potential: K+ higher Na+ higher

inside cell outside cell

discrimiantion against person/group by entire organization, institution, government

institutional discrimination

do not easily distribute a charge over its surface and do not transfer that charge to another nuclei very well (nonmetals/closely linked electrons with nuclei)

insulator

have high resistance

insulators

Gluconeogenesis is inhibited by...(lower blood sugar levels)

insulin

antagonistic to glucagon

insulin

beta cells of pancreas secrete

insulin

hepatocytes (liver cells) PFK1 increased by...and decreased by...

insulin glucagon

regulate blood glucose

insulin, glucagon

space between inner and outer membrane

inter membrane space

melting point of solutions decrease upon solute addition due to:

interference with lattice formation

cell-cell adhesion, maintenance of cytoskeleton ex. keratin, desmin, vimentin, lamins

intermediate filaments

female reproductive anatomy is all

internal

voltage supplied by a circuit is lowered from its theoretical emf by some small amount

internal resistance

is what makes people like each other and is influenced by multiple factors

interpersonal attraction

secrete testosterone

interstitial cells of Leydig

where system is with respect to solubility equilibrium position

ion product (IP)

pressure is constant

isobaric

isocitrate --> alpha ketoglutarate + CO2

isocitrate dehydrogenase

rate limiting enzyme of the CAC

isocitrate dehydrogenase

slowest enzyme and rate-limiting step in CAC

isocitrate dehydrogenase

cannot exchange energy (heat/work) or matter with surroundings

isolated system

g6p --> f6p

isomerase

constant temperature

isothermal

karma people tend to be guilty of victim blaming

just-world hypothesis

refers to treating similar patients similarly and distributing healthcare resources fairly

justice

cell-cell communication: -adjacent cells

juxtacrine

the free energy that must be added for the kinetic pathway is...than that of the thermodynamic pathways

lower

when you decrease volume, increase pressure (compress a system) always move towards...moles of gas

lower

LH causes ruptured follicle to form corpus luteum (progesterone!!) high levels cause negative feedback on GnRH, LH, FSH (prevent ovulation of multiple eggs)

luteal phase

the conveyance of information by means other than the use of words, such as body language, prosody, facial expressions, and gestures

nonverbal communication

gases have negligible volume no intermolecular attractions/repulsions random motion leads to collisions collisions are elastic (conservation of momentum and KE) ke energy is proportional to temperature

kinetic molecular theory

the average kinetic energy of a molecule of gas is directly proportional to temperature of gas in K*

kinetic molecular theory

in the lens of transition state theory, reactants can undergo two different sets of reactions: -low temperatures= -high temperatures=

kinetic product thermodynamic product

standard conditions are used for

kinetics

fermentation in mammals key enzyme

lactate dehydrogenase

in animal cells during fermentation: pyruvate -->

lactate, NAD+

stages of bacteria growth: -adapt to environment

lag phase

stages of bacteria growth

lag phase log (exponential) phase stationary phase death phase

consists of spoken or written symbols combined into a system and governed by rules

language

Kf is always going to be....than Ksp

larger

higher pressure favor dissolution of gas solutes, and therefore the Ksp will be....for gases at higher pressures than at lower ones

larger

are unexpected, unintended, or unrecognized positive consequences of manifest functions

latent function

unintended positive effect on a system

latent function

if the system is at equilibrium, at a constant temperature, then you can find the Keq

law of mass action

states that attitudes are developed through forms of learning: direct contact, direction integration, direct instruction, and conditioning

learning theory

speed of impulse is determined by

length, cross-sectional area

in complex ions, the electron pair donors=

ligands

common source of resistivity besides actual resistors in a circuit

light bulbs

Collections of similar lipids with or without associated proteins that serve as attachment points for other biomolecules; often serve roles in signaling

lipid rafts

maintain constant glucose level in blood

liver glycogen

glycogen is stored in two places in the body

liver, skeletal muscle

concentration unit equal to the number of equivalents per liter of solution

normality

number of equivalents of interest per liter of solution mol of species of interest

normality

quantity of acidic or basic capacity

normality

societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior

norms

societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behaviors (shaking hands when meeting)

norms

selective two way exchange of material (cytoplasm/nucleus)

nuclear pores

cell bodies of neurons are grouped in tracts

nuclei

contains all of the genetic material necessary for replication of the cell surrounded by nuclear membrane/envelope

nucleus

houses DNA (which is organized into chromosomes)

nucleus

host genome as provirus/prophage replicates as bacteria reproduces environmental factors (radiation, light, chemicals) *causes provirus to leave genome and revert to lytic cycle makes cell less susceptible to multiple infections (super infection)

lysogenic cycle

membrane bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes that are capable of breaking down many substances

lysosomes

virus maximizes use of cell machinery with little regard of host cell survival cell lyses, infect other bacteria

lytic cycle

if a charge is not moving, there is no

magnetic field

magnetized objects and moving charges

magnetic field

if the magnetic field=0, there is no...

magnetic force

any moving charge creates a magnetic field

magnetism

episodic, severe enough to interfere with daily functioning symptoms: SIG E CAPS

major depressive disorder

last step of CAC

malate --> oxaloacetate

2.5 ATP/NADH (glycolysis)

malate aspartate shuttle

malate --> oxaloacetate

malate dehydrogenase

cytosolic oxaloacetate --> malate (able to pass through membrane in malate form) once in matrix, reverts back to NADH --> etc --> 2.5ATP/NADH

malate-aspartate Shuttle

urinary and reproductive system share a common pathway in

males

(impression management) refers to using props, appearances, emotional expression, or associations to create a positive image

managing appearances

positive intended effect on a system

manifest function

density (p)=

mass/volume

the status by which a person is most identified

master status

selection of a mate based on attraction

mate choice

type of support: -financial and material

material

includes the physical items on associates with a given group, such as artwork, emblems, clothing, jewelry, foods, buildings, and tools

material culture

space inside inner membrane

matrix

large cell with large quantity of cytoplasm/organelles nearly everything to zygote (sperm only donates 1/2 DNA)

mature ovum

reactions that are more than one step, sum gives overall reaction

mechanism

deals with lower SES peoples health insurance

medicaid

deals with older people's health insurance

medicare

homologous chromosomes separate no centromeres on the metaphase plate

meiosis

occurs in gametocytes (germ cells) *4 identical sex cells (gametes) different from mitosis *1 round of replication, 2 of division

meiosis

more similar to mitosis, with sister chromatids

meiosis II

oocytes are arrested in...until fertilization

meiosis II

electrochemical gradient

membrane potential

usually transmembrane proteins ex. ligand-gated ion channels (biosignaling), G-protein coupled receptors generally proteins (some carbohydrate/lipid viruses)

membrane receptors

bounded through electrostatic interactions with lipid-soluble bilayer ex. G-protein

membrane-associated (peripheral) proteins

as woman ages, ovaries less sensitive to FSH/LH, ovarian atrophy, endometrium atrophies

menopause

cyclic pattern of estrogen/progesterone rise and fall, endometrial lining grows and sheds

menstrual cycle

day 0 menstrual cycle=

menstruation

no implantation *corpus luteum loses LH stimulation, progesterone decreases, uterine lining sloughed off *loss of estrogen/progesterone increases GnRH to start next cycle

menstruation

refers to a society in which advancement up the social ladder is based on intellectual talent and achievement

meritocracy

adrenal cortex is formed from the

mesoderm

germ layer: -middle layer -"means of getting around" -bones, muscle, circulatory, gonads

mesoderm

thyroxine is super important in

metabolism

break down

metabolize

free flow of electric charge within them usually thought of as a metallic band (sea of electrons)

metallic conductivity

conductive types:

metallic, electrolytic

centriole pairs now at opposite cell ends align at metaphase (equatorial) plate -chromosomes align

metaphase

fibers align at

metaphase

secondary oocyte is arrested in....until fertilization, where it then is known as an

metaphase II, ovum

solid polymerized roots of actin cytokinesis (cleavage furrow)

microfilaments

three components of cytoskeleton

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

measure entropy in terms of

microstates

hollow polymers of tubulin kinesin/dyenin ex. cilil and flagella and centrioles (in centrosome)

microtubules

maintains the electrical signal within one neuron increases speed of conduction in the axon

myelin sheath

in Charles's Law,.... and...are held constant

n, P

in boyle's law,...and...are constant

n, T

Cluster B: -needs to be loved/admired by others

narcissistic

cell death in which cell dies as result of injury

necrosis

Ue for unlike charges=

negative

bond formation is a....#

negative

inside of neuron at resting potential is more

negative

opposite charges=....electric potential energy, closer they are, more stable

negative

particles with...charge in centripetal magnetic force move in the opposite direction

negative

in the follicular phase, estrogen causes.....on GnRH, FSH, and LH

negative feedback

products are inhibitors

negative feedback (common trend in CAC)

Single stranded RNA: -template for synthesis of complement strand, template for protein synthesis must carry RNA replicase

negative sense

hypothalamus is connected to posterior pituitary via the

nerve (giant axon)

end of axon enlarged/flattened to enhance signal transmission ensure proper neurotransmitter release

nerve terminal/synaptic button (knob)

collections of neurons in PNS --> multiple information types/ cell bodies in ganglia

nerves

control muscle movement, neurotransmitters, reflexes, and glandular secretions higher level thinking and mental function operates through basic electrical and chemical signals

nervous system

an observable pattern of social relationships between individuals or groups

network

observable pattern of social relationship amount individuals/groups

network

type of support: -gives a sense of belonging

network

have a nucleus located in the cell body (soma) location of ER and ribosomes

neurons

specialized cells capable of transmitting electrical impulses and then translating those electrical impulses into chemical signals

neurons

chemical message traveling down axons

neurotransmitter

chemicals that transmit information between neurons

neurotransmitter

for a signal to be conveyed to another neuron, action potential must travel down the axon and initiate... ...

neurotransmitter releases

Increase in Ca2+ triggers exocytosis of....which then bind to the postsynaptic membrane receptors

neurotransmitters

development of nervous system (ectoderm)

neurulation

acid + base = salt + water

neutralization

does not depend on amount of water mols of acid matters (not concentration) solvent does not influence things at all

neutralization

final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

oxygen

key regulator of ATP synthase

oxygen

hormones released by posterior pituitary

oxytocin, ADH

hormones that cause parturition

oxytocin, prostaglandins

# of protons in a solution

pH

proton motive force: ....decreases in inter membrane space

pH

solution optimally buffered if....

pH=pKa pOH=pKb

bronsted-lowry occurs in.. (conjugate acid-base pairs)

pairs

both exocrine and endocrine functions grouped into islets of langeerhaans (alpha, beta, delta)

pancreas

insulin is released from the

pancreas

insulin and glucagon are produced in the...most specifically then

pancreas, islet of langerhaans

characterized by a sense of impending doom

panic disorder

cell-cell communication: -cells in local area

paracrine

unpaired slightly attract temporary magnets

paramagnetic

cluster A: intense mistrust of other people

paranoid

4 small pea-sized structures that sit on the posterior surface of the thyroid

parathyroid glands

increases calcium absorption decreases kidney excretion of calcium

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

movement disorder decreased dopamine production impact basal ganglia treated by increasing dopamine

parkinson's disorder

pressure exerted by each individual gas

partial pressure

weak acids....dissociate

partly

rhythmic contractions of uterine smooth muscle

parturition (vaginal childbirth)

concentration gradients: Gibbs free energy < 0 --> spontaneous.....and increase with increasing temperature

passive (primary motivator=increase in entropy)

do not require intracellular energy sources, utilize concentration gradients

passive transport

stereotype content model -housewives, elderly -low competence, high warmth

paternalistic

refers to the social influence placed on individuals by others they consider equals

peer pressure

assimilation of self-selected individuals

peer-group

PPP aka hexose monophate (HMP) shunt cytoplasm NADPH and sugars for biosynthesis rate limiting: G6P dehydrogenase (increased by NADP+, decreased by NADPH)

pentose phosphate pathway

ADH type:

peptide hormone

-rapid, but short lived effects -water soluble (travel freely in the bloodstream without a carrier)

peptide hormones

amino acids -charged/cannot pass plasma membrane, must bind to extra cellular receptors -signaling cascade

peptide hormones

classification of hormones by chemical structures:

peptide, steroid, amine

innervates skeletal muscle and is responsible for voluntary movement some are reflex arcs pathways can involve 2+ neurons depending on signal type

peripheral nervous system

exception to acid/base nomenclature (MnO4-)

permanganate

contain h2o2, break down fatty acids via beta oxidation

peroxisomes

less severe, longer duration than major depressive disorder

persistent depressive disorder

behavior that is inflexible, maladaptive, ego-syntonic cluster A, B, C

personality disorder

a specific scientific occurrence given to us by the question

phenomenon

mate choice: -observable traits that make a potential mate more attractive to the opposite sex (nurturer)

phenotypic benefit

substitutes one fatty acid chain of triacylglyderol with a phosphate group -assemble micelles or liposomes (due to hydrophobic interactions) -membrnae synthesis and produce a VLDL lipid transporter -primary component of cell membrane -can serve as second messengers

phospholipids

cell membrane components (lipids)

phospholipids, steroid molecules, cholesterol, waxes

in the fetus, oxygenation happens at the...since fetal lungs aren't fully developed

placenta

carry DNA not necessary for prokaryote survival

plasmid

extrachromosomal material carry genes that often benefit the bacteria (ex. antibiotic resistance)

plasmids

mnemonic to remember substrates for CAC

please, can I keep selling seashells for money, officer?

cells can differentiate into any cell type, except for those found in the placental structure

pluripotent

female with 2+ exclusive male relationships

polyandry

male with 2+ exclusive female relationships

polygyny

sensory neuron may fire onto a motor neuron as well as interneurons that fire onto other motor neurons

polysynaptic reflex arc

Ue for like charges=

positive

current (I) deals with the flow of...charges

positive

during threshold: more...inside (depolarization) inactivated K+ channels open to restore potential

positive

like charges=....electric potential energy, closer they are, less stable

positive

oxytocin is different than other hormones in the sense that it has a

positive feedback loop

Single stranded RNA: -genome directly transcribed to functional proteins by ribosomes of host cell (like mRNA)

positive sense

two types of single stranded RNA

positive sense negative sense

delusions hallucinations disorganized thought disorganized behavior

positive symptoms

proton motive force ....delta G, ....

positive, endergonic

is characterized by intrusive symptoms, avoidance symptoms, negative cognitive symptoms, and arousal symptoms

post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

connected to hypothalamus via a long axon

posterior pituitary

at resting potential, there is an outward movement of K+ via...

potassium leak channels

determine what tissues a particular stem cell can differentiate into

potency

all action potential within the same neuron have the same... ...during depolarization

potential difference

in action potentials, when increase intensity, you don't increase the...but increase the....of firing

potential difference frequency

a socioeconomic condition. in the United States; the line is determined by the government's calculation of the minimum income requirements for families to acquire the minimum necessities of life

poverty

ability to achieve goals

power

across each resistor in a circuit, a certain amount of...is dissipated, when is dependent on the current through the resistor and the voltage drop across the resistor

power

rate at which energy is dissipated by a resistor

power

the capacity to influence people through real or perceived rewards and punishments

power

solid at bottom, if more solute is put in after reaching saturation

precipitating

modulates impulsiveness decreases emotional activity

prefrontal cortex

an irrational +/- attitude toward a person, group, or thing prior to actual experience with that entity influenced by power, prestige, class

prejudice

increase in....causes particles to be pushed closer together, causing the volume to be less than ideal

pressure

gases depend on:

pressure, volume, temperature, moles

level of respect shown by others

prestige

the respect and importance tied to specific occupations or associations

prestige

is calculated as the number of cases of a disease per population in a given period of time

prevalence

first impression is more important than subsequent ones

primacy effect

type of active transport that uses ATP

primary active transport

interactions are direct with close bonds, intimate relations long periods of time

primary group

at birth, eggs are

primary oocytes (arrested in prophase I)

process of initially learning actions/attitudes through observation

primary socialization

after S stage, spermatogonia-

primary spermatocyte

types of active transport

primary, secondary

infectious proteins cause misfiling of other proteins (alpha helix to B-sheet)

prions

small and sub viral particles that can cause disease

prions, viroids

A variable that depends on the path taken to get from one state to another. Includes work and heat.

process function

if change in enthalpy is negative, it is an exothermic reaction, meaning that you can treat heat as a

product

removing...does not affect reaction rate, since rate law is only based on reactants

product

...are never included in rate laws (only equilibrium)

products

viral life cycle: -cell death --> spilling of viral progeny -lyse host cell as a result of too many irons

progeny release

LH in females stimulates...production

progesterone

development/maintains of endometrium, but not the initial thickening

progesterone

end of first trimester, corpus luteum leaves, and placenta secretes its own

progesterone

peaks at luteal phase

progesterone

lack nucleus/membrane-bound organelles single celled

prokaryotes

simplest of all organisms

prokaryotes

single celled, no nucleus

prokaryotes

milk production in mammary glands

prolactin

no exclusive relationships

promiscuity

condensation of chromatin --> chromosomes centrosomes move to opposite sides centrioles form spindle fibers contact chromosomes because of dissolving nuclear membrane nucleoli disappears

prophase

spindle apparatus interact with fibers at end of

prophase

chromatin --> chromosomes 1st major difference vs. mitosis *homologous chromosomes come together and intertwine in a process called synapsis

prophase I

crossing over in meiosis happens at

prophase I

time of birth until ovulation, eggs are arrested in....of...

prophase, meiosis I

4 phases of mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (cytokinesis)

complex ions are found in

proteins (iron in hemoglobin) (coenzymes and cofactors)

ATP generation decreases pH and voltage differential increases in intermembrane space (electrochemical gradient)

proton motive force

electron transport chain produces....

proton-membrane electrochemical gradient

an electrochemical gradient generated by complexes of the ETC

proton-motive force

Bronsted Lowry deals with

protons

in relation to attraction: -we like people who are physically close -convenience -mere exposure effect/familiarity

proximity

complex of enzymes carrying out multiple reactions in succession requires multiple coenzymes/cofactors inhibited by Acetyl-CoA

pyruvate dehydrogenase

turns pyruvate into acetyl CoA inhibited by Acetyl CoA and NADH

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

is irreversible happens in the liver (is activated by insulin)

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH complex)

irreversibly dephosophorlyes PEP activated by F-1,6-BP (feedforward activation) ATP via substrate phosphorylation

pyruvate kinase

last enzyme in aerobic glycolysis PEP + ADP --> pyruvate + ATP feedforward activation by PFK-1 reaction (F-1,6-BP)

pyruvate kinase

enzymes that catalyze irreversible steps in glycolysis

pyruvate kinase PFK-1 hexokinase

to figure out which way magnetic force is going: -thumb in direction of... -fingers in direction of.... -...is in the direction of the magnetic force

qv, magnetic field, palm

a social constructed based on phentoypic differences between groups of people; there may be either real or perceived differences

race

vapor pressure depression, as more solute is dissolved in solvent, the vapor pressure of solvent decreases

raoult's law

can only be determined experimentally!!

rate laws

refers to carrying out the behaviors of a given role

role performance

contains all of the different roles associated with a status

role set

occurs when one has difficulty satisfying multiple requirements of the same role simultaneously

role strain

ribosomes are located here permit translation of proteins destined fro secretly directly into its lumen

rough er

Ksp in increasing pressure....non-gas solutes

s

cell replicates genetic material so that each daughter cell will have identical copies

s stage

neuron signal hops from node to node

saltatory conductions

main component of animal fats solids at room temperature processed foods= "less healthy" decrease overall membrane fluidity

saturated

maximum amont is dissolved in a solution

saturated

... ...with a catalyst have a maximum turnover rate that cannot adjust the rate constant or reaction rate any higher

saturated solution

at the.... ....solute concentration is at its maximum value for a given temperature and pressure

saturation point

equilibrium of solution=

saturation point

electric potential is a...quantity

scalar

cluster A few interpersonal relationships (no desire for social interactions)

schizoid

high levels of dopamine are associated with

schizophrenia

prototype psychotic disorder positive symptoms: behaviors added on negative symptoms: take away from normal behaviors

schizophrenia

dopamine increase dopamine decrease

schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease

cluster A odd and magical thinking

schizotypal

external south that hands below the penis allows 2-4*C lower temp than the body

scrotum

testes are located in

scrotum

onset in winter months (abnormal melatonin metabolism) treat with bright light therapy

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

rate that is proportional to either the concentration of two reactants or to the square of a single reactant

second order reactant

refers to an exacerbation of health outcomes caused by social injustice

second sickness

tremendous growth moves around human face; fingers/toes elongate

second trimester

type of active transport that uses coupled transport (symport/antiport)

secondary active transport

superficial, short relationships

secondary group

after meiosis I primary oocytes are

secondary oocyte (polar body--due to unequal cytokinesis)

based on learning the rules of specific social environments

secondary socialization

after meiosis I primary spermatocyte =

secondary spermatocyte

"good", child fells like caregiver is consistent and reliable -child explores the world and prefers caregiver > strangers -grows up with adequate social skills

secure attachment

in anaphase I, the separation of homologous chromosomes is known as

segregation

(impression management) sharing of factual information

self-disclosure

in relation to attraction: -people like when they can share their fears, thoughts, and goals and be met with nonjudgemental empathy and reciprocity

self-disclosure

person acts in stereotypical way, validating it

self-fulfilling property

own success=internal failure=external

self-serving bias

game theory: -organism one does not share but organism two does

selfishness

sperm + seminal fluid=

semen

mitochondria are....contain own genes and replicate independently of the nucleus via binary fission

semiautonomous

as sperm passes through, mixed with... ...

seminal fluid

sperm produced here

seminiferous tubules

result of multiple molecular and metabolic processes (shortening of telomeres during cell division)

senescence

afferent, enter spinal cord on dorsal side

sensory neurons

two major functions of the thyroid

setting basal metabolic rate (T3/T4) and calcium homeostasis (calcitonin)

in conjugation, in order to form pilus bacteria must contain plasmids known as

sex factors

in conjugation, bridge is composed of... ...(donor male)

sex pili

reproduction under hormonal control

sexual development

can be defined by one's sexual interest toward members of the same, opposite, or both sexes

sexual orientation

in neurons,...matches function

shape

NADH from glycolysis must use...for electron transport chain

shuttles

NADH that is not produced in the CAC, cannot cross membrane without specialized...

shuttles

least likely to result in ideal gas behavior when size becomes...violates ideal gas law

significant

in relation to attraction: -similar backgrounds/values -opposites can attract if they are complementary

similarity

substrates move down concentration gradient; only freely permeable membranes

simple diffusion

types of passive transport

simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

judgements on personality made quickly and subconciously

simplicity personality theory

external-- related to surroundings

situational

glucose to muscle during exercise

skeletal muscle glycogen

heavier gases diffuse

slower

larger the gas molecule,...they move

slower

if p is big, -log number is

small

....Ka= weaker the acid, less dissociate

smaller

...Kb= weaker the base, almost exclusively amines

smaller

lacks ribosomes and is utilized for lipid synthesis

smooth er

fear/anxiety in social situations

social anxiety disorder

the investment people make in their society in return for economic or collective rewards

social capital

states that emotions are solely based on the situational context of social interactions

social construction model

explores the ways in which individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon a given social reality

social constructionism

how individuals put together their social reality

social constructionism

a sense of powerlessness when individuals feel alienated from society

social exclusion

describes the tendency of people to perform at a different level based on the fact that others are around

social facilitation

perform better on simple tasks in the presence of others (Yerkes-Dodson Law)

social facilitation

are well-established social structures that dictate certain patterns of behavior or relationships and are accepted as a fundamental part of culture. Common social institutions include the family, education, religion, government and the economy-- and health and medicine

social institutions

allows one to acquire higher-level employment opportunities by achieving required credentials and experience can either occur in positive/negative direction

social mobility

are organized to either promote (proactive) or resist (reactive) social change

social movements

social cognition make judgements/impression of others (perceiver, target, situation)

social perception components

refers to the passing on of social inequality, especially poverty, from one generation to the next

social reproduction

children with disorganized, ambivalent, avoidant attachment grow up with

social skill deficit

perception/reality that one is cared fro by a social network has major health benefits

social support

the process of developing and spreading norms, customs and beliefs

socialization

social stratification is based on.... based on ascribed status and achieved status

socioeconomic status (SES)

cell at threshold: voltage gated....open in the membrane response to depolarization, and permit Na+ passage strong electrochemical gradient that promotes migration of Na+ into the cells

sodium channels

driving force of Na+ into cells is caused by

sodium leak channels

...of gas increases with increasing partial pressure of gas (this is important in the circulatory system for gas/nutrient exchange)

solubility

maximum amount of that substance that can be dissolved in a particular solvent @ a given temperature

solubility

(in terms of solubility) Delta G= -

soluble

complex ions form to become more...in solution

soluble

dissolved in a solvent

solute

homogeneous mixtures of two+ substances that combine to form a single phase (different combinations of three phases)

solution

breaking intermolecular interactions between solute molecules and solvent molecules and form new intermolecular interactions between molecules

solvation

electrostatic interaction between solvent and solute molecules

solvation/dissolution

in neurons, ribosomes are primarily located in the..

soma (cell body)

blood glucose back to base line, important in converting fatty acids to acetyl CoA

somastatin

inhibit both glucagon and insulin

somastatin

cells not involved in sexual reproduction

somatic cells

affected individual experiences pain, injury, or illness that cannot be explained by a medical condition

somatic symptom disorder

symptom not linked to a medical condition

somatic symptom disorder

delta cells of pancreas secrete

somatostatin

Q in electricity=

source charge

solutes that dissolve minimally in the solvent (molar solubility under 0.1M)

sparingly soluble salts

summation type: additive effects based on number and location

spatial

a form of social stratification across territories and their populations, and can occur along residential, environmental, and global lines

spatial inequality

some membranes are specialized to accomplish specific functions

specialized membranes

membrane transport, ions larger molecules

specialized transport

c= about of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1*C/K

specific heat

irrational fear of something, most common type of anxiety disorder

specific phobia

cell is reversibly designated as a specific cell type

specification

three stages of cell specialization

specification, determination, differentiation

potency is a..

spectrum

after meiosis II secondary spermatocyte=

spermatid

formation of haploid sperm through meiosis (happens in seminiferous tubules)

spermatogenesis

in males FSH affects

spermatogenesis

diploid sperm stem cell=

spermatogonia

development of a mature sperm

spermatogonium 1* spermatocyte 2* spermatocyte spermatid spermatozoan

after maturation spermatid =

spermatozoa

mature sperm=

spermatozoa

important for cell membranes *do not contain glycerol *classes: ceramide, sphingomyelins, cerebrosides, gangliosides

sphingolipids

classification of bacteria by shape: spiral-shapped

spirilli

game theory: -two organisms fight for resources

spite

Gibbs free energy, when negative is

spontaneous

Q < Keq

spontaneous

exergonic processes are

spontaneous

can occur by itself without have to be driven by energy from an outside source can be slow/not always go to completion

spontaneous process

the enthalpy required to produce one mole of a compound from its elements in their standard states

standard heat of formation

most stable physical state of an element @ 298*K and 1 atm

standard state

under standard conditions, the most stable for of a substrate=

standard state

plants store glycogen as

starch

Hess's Law applies to any...function

state

describe the system in an equilibrium state (one spot to another)

state function

electrical potential energy is a

state function

cells that have not yet differentiated or that give rise to other cells that will differentiate

stem cells

attempts to classify stereotypes using warmth and competence

stereotype content model

nervous about confirming stereotype about group, affect performance

stereotype threat

used to make sense of complex world attitutdes/impressions are based on limited/superficial info about a group or person can have negative connotations

stereotypes

aldosterone type of hormone

steroid (cholesterol)

-nonpolar (easily cross membrane) -effects=slower, longer lived, bind to DNA to alter gene transcription -not water soluble (carried by proteins) ex. estrogen, testosterone

steroid hormones

derived from cholesterol and produced primarily by gonads and adrenal cortex

steroid hormones

The extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society.

stigma

greater density of magnetic field= greater...

strength

HBr, HI, H2SO4, HNO3, HCLO4

strong acids

NaOH, KOH

strong bases

Refer to a group of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong

subcultures

greatest energy change in terms of entropy

sublimation

solid to gas

sublimation

3-phosphoglycerate kinase converts ADP to ATP via....which means it is not dependent on oxygen

substrate level phosphorylation

only way to create ATP from glycoside in an aerobic environment

substrate level phosphorylation

succinate --> fumarate

succinate dehydrogenase (flavoprotein)

succinyl-coA --> succinate + GTP

succinyl-coA synthetase

3 essential control points of the CAC: alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex inhibitors: activators:

succinyl-coA, NADH, ATP ADP, calcium ions

additive effect of multiple signals

summation

pattern of excitation

summation

IP > Keq=

supersaturated

includes the ideas associated with a cultural group

symbolic culture

recognition of an ethnic identity that is only relevant on special occasions or in specific circumstances and does not speciaically impact everyday life

symbolic ethnicity

is the study of the ways individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures, and other symbols

symbolic interactionism

magnetic field has same...as source

symmetry

epinephrine is important in the

sympathetic nervous system

nerve terminal, synaptic cleft, postsynaptic membrane

synapse

space between neurons where neurotransmitters are released

synapse

In prophase I, homologous chromosomes come together and intertwine in a process called

synapsis

small space into which the terminal portion of the axon releases neurotransmitters bind to dendrites of adjacent neurons

synaptic cleft

covalent bonds without energy

synthase

covalent bond with energy input

synthetase

creates new covalent bond with energy source

synthetase

what is being observed

system

what you need to determine delta G

t, entropy, enthalpy

last point in the meiotic cycle which the cell has a diploid number of chromosomes

telophase II

split -reverse of prophase -new nuclear membrane form

telophase/cytokinesis

average kinetic energy of the particles of a substance scale how hot/cold something is thermal energy increase, this also increases

temperatrue

Gibbs free energy is....dependent when deltaH and deltaS have the same sign

temperature

due to kinetic molecular theory, KE is the same for all gases at a given

temperature

equilibrium constant is...dependent

temperature

solubility constants are only impacted by...

temperature

speed of gas is related to...

temperature

solubility of a solvent depends on

temperature solvent gas-phase solute (pressure) addition of other substance to the solution

solubility product constant (Ksp) is dependent on

temperature, pressure

summation type: multiple signals, short period of time

temporal

two types of summation

temporal, spatial

substances that interfere with development, causing defects or death of embryo

teratogens

q in electricity=

test charge

male primitive gonad

testes

increased levels of....with aggression

testosterone

maintains/develops male reproductive system 2nd sexual characteristics

testosterone

negative feedback on hypothalamus/anterior pituitary in males

testosterone

in male "birth control" you need to increase...to stop...production

testosterone, GnRH

integration of foreign genetic material into the host genome

transformation

activated complex (greatest energy) (cannot be isolated)

transition state

viral life cycle: -translation of viral genetic material -normal (nucleus --> cytoplasm)

translation and progeny assembly

protein completely through lipid bilayer ex. transporters, channels, receptors

transmembrane

three types of membrane proteins

transmembrane embedded membrane-associated (peripheral)

two types of integral proteins

transmembrane, embedded

storage lipids involved in human metabolic processes *3 fatty acid chains esterfied, to a glycerol molecule

triacylglycerides

surround blastocoel, give rise to chorion and later the placenta

trophoblast

.....gives rise to the chorion

trophoblastic cells

FLAT in anterior pituitary hormones are

tropic

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH (FLAT) are examples of

tropic hormones

require an intermediary to act (GnRH)

tropic hormones

work by causing the release of another hormone at organ level

tropic hormones

diabetes mellitus: ..... autoimmune, kill B cells

type 1

diabetes mellitus: ... non-responsive insulin (still producing, just not working like it should) usually from obesity

type 2

permeability of free space

u0

carry deoxygenated blood with waste away from fetus

umbilical arteries

blood and waste away from embryo

umbilical artery

carry blood away from fetus to the placenta

umbilical artery

The embryo is connected to the placenta by the

umbilical cord

blood and nutrients to embryo

umbilical vein

carries blood towards fetus from the placenta

umbilical vein

carries oxygenated blood with nutrients towards baby

umbilical vein

everything can make a solution as long as it is a....mixture

uniform (homo. appearance)

IP < Keq=

unsaturated

liquid at room temperature "healthier" one+ double bond fluidity to membrane

unsaturated

supersaturated solutions are very

unstable

refers to the process of dense areas of populations creating a pull for migration; in other words, creating cities

urbanization

carries sperm through penis to exit body

urethra

extremely hydrophobic lipid class rarely found in animal cell membranes, but sometimes in plants (long-chain fatty acids and long chain -OH)

waxes

in cell membrane...causes stability

waxes

most serve extracellular function (protection/waterproofing)

waxes

....titrations are rarely performed

weak acid/weak bases

only partially dissociate in aqueous solutions, achieve an equilibrium state

weak acids/bases

indicators must always be...than what is being titrated

weaker

cluster A, B, C mnemonics

weird, wild, worried

action potential=

"all or nothing"

prevalence=

# of cases/total population

resting potential of membrane

-70mV

peptide/AA hormones usually end in

-in, -ine

p=

-log

steroid hormones usually end in

-one, -ol, -oid

acids formed from oxyanions --> oxyacids -ite (less oxygen) ---> ... -ate (more oxygen) ---> ....

-ous acid -ic acid

at equilibrium Gibbs free energy=

0

at equilibrium, Gibbs free energy=

0

for like charges, as r increases, Ue is essentially

0

heat of vaporization at the critical point and up=

0

if a cell is not driving current, the internal resistance=

0

in an ideal solution, enthalpy of dissolution=

0

standard heat of formation of elements=

0

there is not temperature below

0*K

generate ATP via substrate-level phosophorylation only ATP gained in anaerobic respiration

1,3-BPG PEP

capacitors in series

1/c

facilitate oxygen unloading in erythrocytes

2,3-BPG (made from 1,3-BPG)

@ STP mole of an ideal gas=

22.4 L

biological sex is determined by...pair of chromosome

23

standard conditions:

25*C 1 atm pressure 1 molar concentration

standard temperature and pressure (STP)

273K 1 atm

energy spontaneously disperses from being localized to spread out if it is not hindered from doing so

2nd law of thermodynamics

hCG levels decline, because placenta can secrete own progesterone/estrogen, increased levels cause negative feedback on GnRH

2nd trimester

equivalence point pH for titration: -strong acid and strong base

7

explosions: Gibbs free energy....0

<

electron transport chain deltaG...0=

<, exergonic

equivalence point pH for titration: -strong acid and weak base

<7

ATP formation, deltaG...0=

>, endergonic

equivalence point pH for titration: -weak acid and strong base

>7

efforts to improve healthcare for underserved populations include the

ACA medicare medicaid

released by hypothalamus: CRF released by anterior pituitary in response: ?

ACTH

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex regulation: -activated by

ADP

overall, the CAC is activated by

ADP, NAD+

dissociate to from an excess H+ in solution

Arrhenius acid

dissociate to form excess OH- in solution

Arrhenius base

gives more information on the collision theory rate increases with increasing temperature increases with number of molecules

Arrhenius équation

all gases at a constant temperature and pressure occupy volumes that are directly proportional to the number of mols of gas present

Avogadro's principle

Alzheimer's disease is associated with genetic factors, brain atrophy, decreases in acetylcholine, senile plaques of....and....of hyperphosphorylated tau protein

B-amyloid neurofibrillary tangles

don't forget to....equations

BALANCE

takes place in the mitochondrial matrix

CAC

ferromagnetic materials:

Co, Ni, Fr

NADH-CoQ oxidoreductase

Complex I

transfer of electrons from NADH --> CoQ flavoprotein subunit involved (FMN) 4H+ move to intermembrane space Coenzyme Q --> CoH2

Complex I

converted to glycerol instrumental in triglyceride synthesis (liver and adipocytes) can also be converted to G3P in glycolysis

DHAP

triacylglycerol synthesis -formed from F-1,6-BP -isomerized --> G3P --> glycerol (triacyl. backbone)

DHAP

manic symptom mnemonic

DIG FAST

contains genes (wrapped around histones into chromosomes)

DNA

in the G1/S restriction point, before going to the S stage, there must be proper

DNA complement

by birth, eggs have undergone....

DNA replication

diagnostic tool based on description not treatment

DSM-5

the total pressure of a gaseous mixture= the sum of partial pressures of the individual composition

Dalton's law of Partial Pressure

....of menstrual cycle LH surge/ ovulation

Day 14

estrogen is controlled by

FSH

cells that do not divide go from G1 to....where cell is living and carrying out its function without any preparation for division

G0

example of retrovirus

HIV

at different pressures, gas concentration increases or decreases

Henry's Law

higher concentration of...inside cell at resting potential

K+

acid dissociation constant

Ka

electron pair acceptor

Lewis acid

electron pair donor

Lewis base

homologous chromosomes being separated, generating haploid daughter cells (reductional division)

Meiosis I

in ideal gas law...=ideal gas constant (be careful about what value you are using for this!!)

R

higher amounts of this cause higher cellular respiration, negative feedback

T3/T4

released by hypothalamus: TRH released by anterior pituitary in response: ?

TSH

sex-determining region (SRY) initiates testis differentiation

Y

at equilibrium potential of potassium

[K+]in=[K+]out

during ovulation, the oocyte goes to the

abdominal cavity

low pH=

acidic

achiral citrate --> isocitrate

aconitase

if axon hillock receives enough excitatory input to be depolarized to the threshold value this will cause an

action potential

if the signal at the dendrite is excitatory enough, it causes an

action potential

four components of cell theory:

all living things are composed of cells the cell is the basic functional unit of life cells arise only from preexisting cells cells carry genetic information (DNA)

early fluid exchange b/w embryo and yolk sac umbilical cord formed from the remains of this and the yolk sc

allantois

glucagon=.....cells of pancreas

alpha

alpha-ketoglutarate --> succinyl CoA

alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

essential fatty acids

alpha-linolenic acid, linoleic acid

(impression management) imposing an identity onto another person

alter-casting

flow changes direction periodically long distance charge

alternating current

explained by evolution in communities that are closely related-- sacrifice so family can survive (difficult to understand in humans with strangers)

altruism

game theory: -organism 1 shares, but organism 2 does not

altruism

amyloid beta plaque peptide and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein

alzheimer's disease

caregiver has inconsistent response to distressed child child distressed when caregiver leaves, mixed response upon return

ambivalent attachment

least common derived from 1/2 AA different types of message transduction ex: epinephrine, norepinephrine, triodothryonine, and thyroxine

amino-acid derivative hormones

gain/lose a proton

amphiprotic

there are multiple types of...that do not require oxygen

anaerobes

fermentation takes place in an....environment

anaerobic

centromeres split so that each chromatid has its own distinct centromere sister chromatids separate

anaphase

takes place not only between nonhuman animals, but between humans and other animals as well

animal communication

Arrhenius definition is limited to...bases/acids

aqueous

bronsted-lowry is not limited to...

aqueous

extremophiles alternate sources of energy common origin with eukaryotes resistant to many antibiotics

archaea

capacitance in parallel plates dependent on

area distance between plates

high pH=

basic

something a person considers to be true

belief

insulin= ...cells of pancreas

beta

mature sperm (spermatozoa) are very...

compact

gap junctions are also called....(alignment and interaction of pores composed of 6 connexion molecules)

connexons

stages of bacteria growth: -depletion of resources

death phase

pH increase in mitochondrial inter membrane space ....proton gradient ...ATP synthesis ...NADH (CAC inhibition)

decreased decreased increased

released by hypothalamus: PIF (dopamine) released by anterior pituitary in response: ?

decreased prolactin secretion

Ksp in increasing temperatures....gas solutes

decreases

a model used to represent drops in birth and death rates as a result of industrialization

demographic transition

refer to the statistics of populations and are the mathematical applications of sociology

demographics

carry signals towards soma

dendrites

any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society

deviance

refers to any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society

deviance

dysfunction of glucagon/insulin

diabetes mellitus

repelled temporary magnets paired e- "nonmagnetic" wood/skin

diamagnetic

insulation increases capacitance by dielectric constant (k)

dielectric material

missing memories of past experiences due to psychological trauma

dissociative amnesia

avoidance of stressors by escape from identity and reality

dissociative disorder

conducting path that usually has one or more voltage sources (battery) connected to 1+ passive circuit element (resistors)

electric circuit

study of stationary charges and the forces that are created by and which act upon charges

electrostatics

proteins that are only interior or exterior

embedded

energy absorbed

endergonic

general underlying theory of cell (plasma) membrane semipermeable phospholipid bilayer

fluid mosaic model

burn up glucose store as glycogen (liver storage) beta cells

insulin

increase in blood sugar= release of

insulin

equal concentration of solute inside and outside of cell does not prevent all movement, just net movement

isotonic

no change in volume

isovolumetric

amino acids can be: ....(ketone bodies, alternate fuels, Lys/Leu) ...(all the rest)

ketogenic, glucogenic

temperature is an expression of

kinetic energy

often forms faster, less stable

kinetic products

in gram negative....trigger immune response in humans

lipopolysaccharides

pure...and...are not involved in equilibrium expressions

liquids, solids

gluconeogenesis primarily takes place in the

liver

glycogen is stored in the

liver

very happy, full of life

mania

are deliberate actions that serve to help a given system

manifest function

distant spread of cancerous cells through the bloodstream/lymphatic systems

metastatis

exclusive mating pattern

monogamy

the average number of deaths per population size over time, usually measured as the number of deaths per 1000 people per year

mortality rate

after several divisions, the embryo becomes a solid mass of cells called a

morula

efferent, exit spinal cord on ventral side

motor neurons

a magnetic force must be

moving

disturbance of affect (expression of emotion) abolition (loss sense of goal-setting)

negative symptoms

multiple nervous, PNS sensory, motor, mixed

nerve

act in best interest and avoid treatments where potential harm > potential benefits

nonmaleficence

refers to avoiding treatments for which risk is larger than benefit

nonmaleficence

synthesizes rRNA

nucleolus

when there is more than one gas in container, each gas contributes to the whole as if it were the

only gas present

cancer can be caused by a mutation in... cell cycle does not stop to repair damaged DNA; cancer--> rapid cell division --> tumor

p53 (TP53)

...move rapidly in the plane of the membrane through simple diffusion

phospholipids

glycerophospholipid is also known as

phospholipids

medications for schizophrenia address....not...

positive symptoms, negative symptoms

citric acid overall

pyruvate + acetyl CoA --> NADH, CO2, GTP, FADH2

activated by Acetyl-CoA pyruvate --> oxaloacetate PEP via PEPCK (bypass pyruvate kinase) activated by glucagon and cortisol

pyruvate carboxylase

process by which one discards one behaviors in favor of new ones

resocialization

common....: cAMP, IP3, Ca2+

second messengers (peptide hormones)

a category of people with shared socioeconomic characteristics. the three main are upper, middle, lower similar lifestyles, job opportunities, attitudes, and behaviors

social class

states that attitudes are formed through observation of behavior, personal factors, and environment

social cognitive theory

component of a solution that remains in the same phase after mixing greater in quantity

solvent

forward and reverse reactions have stopped

static equilibrium

stages of bacteria growth: -reduction of resources, decrease in reproduction

stationary phase

a position in society used to classify individuals

status

position in society/individual

status/role

testosterone is produced by

testes

during puberty in males.... increases and sperm production begins

testosterone

more stable, more negative deltaG

thermodynamic products

antibody transfer growth rate slows down, less movement (less room)

third trimester

calcium homeostasis is controlled by the

thyroid/parathyroid

prevent solutes from leaking into the cell via a paracellular route

tight junctions

seen in epithelial cells; physical link between cells as they form a single layer of tissue "watertight seal"

tight junctions

procedure used to determine the concentration of a known reactant in solution (acid/base, redox, complex)

titration

circular motion of flagella deals with

torque

genetic elements capable of inserting and removing themselves from the genome

transposes

cells entering G2 have...as much DNA as cells in G1

twice

fetal lungs have..shunts to actively direct blood away from organs while they develop

two

what a person deems important in life

value

ADH is also called

vasopressin

embryo is supported by the...until functional placenta; this is also the site of early blood cell development

yolk sac

interphase stages

G1, S, G2

four phases of the cell cycle

G1, S, G2, M

first restriction point in the cell cycle

G1-S

two types of refractory periods

absolute, relative

speeds up impulses

myelin

substrates in glycolysis that create ATP via substrate level phosphorylation

1,3-BPG PEP

cause ATP production in glycolysis create ATP by transferring a phosphate group to ADP

1,3-BPG, PEP

3 processes of genetic recombination in prokaryotes

1. transformation 2. conjugation 3. transduction

electric potential is inverse related to

1/r

resistors in parallel

1/r

Force is inversely proportional to

1/r^2

1,3-BPG +ADP --> ATP + 3-phosphoglycertate

3-phosphoglycerate kinase

1,3-BPG ---> ATP (via substrate level phosphorylation, not O2 dependent)

3-phosphoglycerate kinase

total ATP created via aerobic respiration

30-32

normal chromosome number

46

regulation (respiratory control) limited...., low.... (decreases) abundant...., adequate... (increases)

ADP, O2

activators in CAC

ADP/NAD+

isomerase: positive feedback by

AMP

ETC: protons moving for mitochondrial matrix to inter membrane space of mitochondria causes a higher H+ gradient, that can be used to drive....

ATP production

protein complex that links ETC with final ATP product

ATP synthase

spans entire inner mitochondrial membrane and protrudes into the matrix

ATP synthase

spans mitochondrial membrane and protrudes into matrix

ATP synthase

1,3-BPG produces

ATP, NADH

overall, the CAC is inhibited by

ATP, NADH

isocitrate dehydrogenase inhibited by: activated by:

ATP, NADH ADP, NAD+

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex regulation: -inhibited by

ATP, NADH, Acetyl-CoA

CAC negative feedback:

ATP, NADH, FADH2 (products)

alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex inhibited by: activated by:

ATP, NADH, succinyl-CoA ADP, NAD+, Ca2+

citrate synthase inhibited by:

ATP, NADH, succinyl-coA, citrate

isomerase: negative feedback by

ATP, citrate

PFK-1 is inhibited by...and.... activated by...

ATP, citrate AMP

trends: these ratio determine inhibition/activation

ATP/ADP NADH/NAD+

3 essential control points of the CAC: Isocitrate Dehydrogenase inhibitors: activators:

ATP/NADH ADP/NAD+

3 essential control points of the CAC: citrate synthase inhibitors: activators:

ATP/NADH, citrate, succinyl-coA (allosteric inhibitors)

refers to acting in the patient's best interest

Beneficence

four key ethical tenets to American medicine

Beneficence Nonmaleficence Respect for autonomy Justice

cell-cell junctions are usually comprised of

CAM (cell-adhesion molecules)

tracts are in the

CNS

glucocorticoids are under control of which hormone released from the hypothalamus? anterior pituitary?

CRF, ACTH

at constant pressure, volume of gas is proportional to its absolute temperature (Kelvin)

Charles's Law

3 essential control points of the CAC

Citrate Synthase Isocitrate Dehydrogenase alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

transfer of electrons from coenzyme Q --> cytochrome C Q Cycle: CoQH2 --> CoQ translocate 4 protons

Complex III

culminating step of ETC transfer of e- from cytochrome C --> oxygen (oxygen is the final electron acceptor) forms water translocates 2 protons

Complex IV

force directly proportional to charges inverse^2 between force and distance

Coulomb's law

quantifies the magnitude of the electrostatic force between two charges

Coulomb's law

checkpoint that makes sure its good enough for synthesis

G1/S

ion channel in ATP synthase, spontaneous, exergonic

F0

ion channel spans the membrane interacts with the proton motive force ATP synthase

F0 portion

phosphorylates ADP --> ATP, endergonic

F1

phosphorylated ADP --> ATP in ATP synthase

F1 portion

cells create organelles fro energy and protein production and increase size

G1

presynaptic gap

G1

is a group unified by mutual self-interests in achieving a goal

Gesellschaft (society)

measure of the change in enthalpy and entropy as a system undergoes a process (nonspontaneous or spontaneous)

Gibbs free energy

three types of corticosteroids

Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids Cortical sex hormones

only in lumen of ER in liver cells G6P --> glucose bypasses glucokinase

Glucose-6-Phosphatase

high levels of....are not seen during pregnancy

GnRH

prior to puberty, hypothalamus restricts...hormone

GnRH

@ puberty, hypothalamus releases pulses of....which causes the anterior pituitary to release....(hormones that develop and maintain the reproductive system)

GnRH, LH, FSH

stacked membrane-bound sacs, modify cellular products "mail room"

Golgi apparatus

rates at which two gases diffuse are inversely proportional to the square root of the molar mass

Graham's Law

relative rates of effusions of 2 gases at same temperature and pressure are given by inverse ratio of the square roots of the masses

Graham's Law of effusion

all salts of.....metals and all....salts are soluble

Group 1, Nitrate

proton motive force: ....increases in inter membrane space

H+ concentration

enthalpy changes of reactions are additive switch signs when reverse equation and multiply by stoichiometric coefficient

Hess's Law

closing of Na+ channels during repolarization causes the opening of

K+ channels

resting membrane potential is closer to...because cell is slightly more permeable to it

K+ equilibrium

2 most important ions in membrane potential

K+, Na+

equilibrium constant when dealing with gases

Kp

indicates solubility of ionic compounds in water

Ksp

solubility of complex ion solutions=

Ksp

solubility product constant, equilibrium constant for its solubility in an aqueous solution

Ksp

in CAC: fumarate --> malate only...forms

L-malate

...produces testosterone (interstitial cells)

LH

...surge causes ovulation

LH

in males,...affects testosterone (male develop)

LH

hormones released by the anterior pituitary that develop and maintain the reproductive system

LH, FSH

released by hypothalamus: GnRG released by anterior pituitary in response: ?

LH, FSH, GH

if a stress is applied to a system, the system shifts to relieve that applied stress in order to reestablish equilibrium

Le Chatelier's Principle

separate sister chromatids equational division

Meiosis II

triggered when sperm penetrates both layers of oocyte

Meiosis II

work to restore working potential

Na+/K+ ATPase

magnetic field goes from...to...

N--> S

carries more electrons than FADH2

NADH

low oxygen= buildup of....and....(shift to right)

NADH, pyruvate

transfer e- to carrier proteins located along the inner mitochondrial membrane of the electron transport chain

NADH/FADH2

in electron transport chain, ....are electron donors and...is the electron acceptor

NADH/FADH2 oxygen

concentration in resting potential is reverse of K+

Na+

undoes the effect of potassium's movement

Na+

continually pump ions back to where they should be (most ATP in the cell is used here)

Na+/K+ ATPase

to maintain resting potential you have to move Na+/K+ against their gradients via....

Na+/K+ ATPase

negative sense single stranded RNA viruses must carry

RNA replicase

holds only when the attraction between molecules of the different components of the mixture are equal to the attraction between the molecules of any one component in its pure state (ideal solutions only)

Raoult's Law

ideal solution behavior is observable when solute-solute, solvent-solvent, solute-solvent interactions are all very similar

Raoult's Law

refers to respecting patients' rights to make decisions about their own healthcare

Respect for autonomy

iodination of amino acid (tyrosine) in the follicular cells of the thyroid (# refers to # of iodine atoms)

T3/T4

negative symptom of schizophrenia; loss sense of goal-setting

abolition

when people do not have enough resources to acquire basic life necessity, such as shelter, food, clothing and water

absolute poverty

no amount of stimulation can cause another action potential to occur

absolute refractory period

poverty can either be....or...

absolute, relative

breaks down diphosphate hexose --> 2 monophosphate triodes (DHAP/G3P)

aldolase

(impression management) the use of excuses to account for questionable behavior

aligning actions

put in series, measures current, negligible resistance

ammeters

surrounds allantois filled with amniotic fluid (shock absorbed during pregnancy)

amnion

acid or base redox sometimes amphiprotic

amphoteric

one that reacts like an acid in a basic environment and like a base in an acidic environment

amphoteric species

fertilization happens in the... which is the widest part of the Fallopian tube

ampulla

activated in threatening situations -promotes aggression

amygdala

biological basis of aggression

amygdala, prefrontal cortex

A state of normlessness in which values and norms have little effect, and the culture no longer provides adequate guidelines for behavior

anomie

placenta barrier helps with immunity because of crossing of..

antibodies

process by which a person prepares for future changes

anticipatory socialization

Cluster B: -disregard for rules and laws, lacks empathy

antisocial

opening in archenteron=blastopore *deuterstomes (humans)= *protostomes=

anus mouth

at least ten different disorder, fear/worry, long duration, severity, hard to maintain normal functions

anxiety disorders

mitochondria can release enzymes to kill cells via

apoptosis

programmed cell death; occurs at various times in development

apoptosis

during apoptosis the cell undergoes changes in morphology and divides into many self contained piece

apoptotic blebs

when a cell undergoes apoptosis the membrane blebs into tiny bit size parts that macrophages can eat

apoptotic bodies

in relation to attraction: -symmetry -golden ratio

appearance

born into (race/gender)

ascribed status

involuntary and derives from clearly identifiable characteristics such as age, gender, and skin color

ascribed status

have the best health profiles

asian Americans, pacific islanders

better overall health profiles than white Americans

asian-americans

....volume= favor side with fewer moles of gas

decreasing

a loss of self-awareness in large groups, which can leads to drastic changes in behavior

deindividuation

losing sense of individuality, becoming an anonymous part of a group

deindividuation

somastatin=...cells of pancreas

delta

radiate from soma receive incoming messages from other cells

dendrites

no...in Ksp because solids and liquids are not in equilibrium constant

denominator

the ratio of the mass per unit volume of a substance (usually g/L)

density

Cluster C: -need for reassurance from others -dependance on one person

dependent

feel detached from mind/body

depersonalization/derealization disorder

caused by an excitatory input raising the membrane potential (Vm) from its resting potential, neuron is more likely to fire an action potential

depolarization

when a sensory neuron receives a single that is strong enough to bring it to threshold: -receptor=... (stimulus --> AP) -AP (sensory neurons) --> CNS --> release.... -allows... of the AP to other sensory neurons

depolarized, neurotransmitters, spread

bind adjacent cells by anchoring their cytoskeletons

desmosomes

interface between two epithelial tissues

desmosomes

type of cleavage: -cells with determined fates -committed to differentiating into a certain cell type

determinate

was previously defined last the commitment of a specific cell type to a particular function in the future; prior to this, a cell can become any cell type, even after specification, commitment to a particular cell type

determination

resting membrane potential depends on -....distribution of ions across the axon membrane -.... of ions across membrane

differential, active transport

changing of the structure, function, and biochemistry of cell to develop into a determined cell type

differentiation

selective transcription of genome *only the genes needed for that particular cell type are transcribed *often related to induction

differentiation

membrane transport; small, non polar

diffusion

when solvent is added to a solution of higher concentration to produce a solution of lower concentration

dilution

completion of meiosis II -pronuclei of haploid sperm and egg=

diploid zygote

PEG in anterior pituitary hormones are

direct

charge flows in one direction (Household batteries)

direct current

secreted and act directly on a target tissue

direct hormone

prolactin, endorphins, growth hormones (PEG) are examples of

direct hormones

classification of hormones by target tissue

direct, tropic

occurs when prejudicial attitudes cause certain individuals to be treated differently than others

discrimination

called this if it disrupts daily life

disorder

4 membrane bound complexes (series of redox rxns) oxygen=final electron acceptor shuttle links NADH (from glycolysis)

electron transport chain

Takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

electron transport chain

has a proton gradient that ultimately produces ATP

electron transport chain

acids that have...elements nearer to acidic hydrogens are strong than those that do not

electronegative

after the first cleavage, the zygote is now considered an

embryo

the movement away from a geographic area

emigration

type of support: -listens, affirms, empathy

emotional

formation of ATP=

endergonic

gain energy=

endergonic

cell-cell communication: -hormones in bloodstream; distant target

endocrine

deals with glands and hormones

endocrine system

bring in cell

endocytosis

germ layer: -innermost layer -epithelial linings

endoderm

uterus lining

endometrium

interconnected membrane that are contiguous with nuclear envelope

endoplasmic reticulum

lysosomes function with

endosomes

transport, package, and sort cell material traveling to and from membrane

endosomes

+ enthalpy=

endothermic

absorb heat, DeltaQ> 0=

endothermic

most dissolutions are...

endothermic

solvation: -when old bonds > new bonds solvation is.... favored at...temperatures

endothermic, higher

final color of indicator=

endpoint

concentration gradients: Gibbs free energy >0 --> non spontaneous and require....(active)

energy

a state function, heat changes at constant pressure

enthalpy

heat under constant pressure

enthalpy

measure of the spontaneous dispersal of energy at a specific temperature

entropy

cell wall + cell membrane=

envelope

viruses without....are more resistant

envelopes

stereotype content model -rich people, feminists -high competence, low warmth

envious

refers to an uneven distribution of environmental hazard in communities.

environmental injustice

sperm formed they go to the...where they gain flagella that gives mobility and store until ejaculation

epididymis

where sperm gain mobility/stored until ejaculation

epididymis

subsets of plasmids,...can integrate into the genome of bacteria

episomes

(lowest energy state of a system under a given set of temperature pressure conditions)

equilibrium

...is not affected by adding a catalyst (but can affect rate constants)

equilibrium

the dynamic state of a chemical reaction in which the concentration of reactants/products stabilize over time in a low-energy configuration

equilibrium

when you use Q, the system is not at

equilibrium

IP=Keq=

equilibrium (saturated)

regers to the movement of people from one geographic location to another

migration

salt/water homeostasis (most profound effect on kidneys) ex. aldosterone (opposite of ADH) increases Na+ reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of the nephron Water follows Na+ (osmosis effect)

mineralocorticoids

from glycolysis --> .... ---> ..... ---> ....

mitochondria, acetyl CoA, CAC

CAC takes place in the

mitochondrial matrix

citric acid cycle happens in the

mitochondrial matrix

in ETC: protons move from...to....

mitochondrial matrix inter membrane space of mitochondria

encloses the mitochondrial matrix (where CAC takes place) no cholesterol here

mitochondrial membrane

succinate ---> fumarate takes place in the

mitochondrial membrane (only step that does)

happens along with cytokinesis 4 phases cytokinesis autosomal (two dental daughter cells) germ (daughter cells are not equivalent)

mitosis

sister chromatids separate centromeres directly on the metaphase place

mitosis

two identical daughter cells are created from a single cell

mitosis

all solutions are....but not all....are solutions

mixtures

boiling point elevation and freezing point depression are based on

molality (not molarity!!)

gases with increasing...will leak more slowly according to Graham's Law of effusion

molar masses

concentration of solute at equilibrium

molar solubility

molarity of a solute in a saturated solution

molar solubility

sensory neuron fires directly onto the motor neuron

monosynaptic reflex arc

two types of reflex arcs

monosynaptic, polysynaptic

single zygote splits in two division incomplete leads to conjoined twins identical twins

monozygotic

burden of illness/severity/ degree of illness

morbidity

the burden or degree of illness associated with a given disease

morbidity

at lower pressures, favor side with....gas

more

when water (s-->l) ...dense,....volume

more, less

refers to death caused by a given disease

mortality

three types of neurons:

motor, interneurons, sensory

refers to the encouragement of multiple cultures within a community to enhance diversity

multiculturalism

nerves carry...types of info

multiple

differentiate into multiple types of cells within a particular group

multipotent

reposition carbonyls pep-pyruvate precursor

mutase, enojase

does not affect the magnitude of the potential difference in an action potential

myelin

fatty membrane, to prevent single loss or crossing of signals

myelin

most mammalian nerve fibers are insulated by these

myelin

a change in behavior based on a command from someone seen as an authority figure

obedience

modification of behavior due to authority figure presence

obedience

require oxygen for metabolism

obligate aerobes

cannot survive in oxygen containing environments

obligate anaerobes

viruses are.... meaning that they do not reproduce by themselves, they must express/replicated genetic information within a host cell (because they don't have any ribosomes to do this)

obligate intracellular parasites

persistent instructive thoughts

obsessions

Cluster C: -obsessed with perfection, like rules, hate change (ego-syntonic), not OCD

obsessive compulsive personality disorder

persistent irrational thoughts

obsessive-compulsive disorder

basic law of electricity: for a given magnitude of resistance, the voltage decrease across the resistor will be proportional to the magnitude of the current

ohm's law

resistance measure; self-powered, negligible resistance

ohmmeters

myelin in the CNS is produced by

oligodendrocytes

tracts carry....types of info

one

information of impulse propagation flows in

one direction

production of female gametes

oogenesis

can exchange energy and matter with surroundings

open system

are bodies of people with a structure and culture designed to achieve specific goals they exist outside of each individuals' membership within

organization

entities that are set up to achieve specific goals

organization

specific simple diffusion with water -lower solute --> higher solute concentrations -higher water --> lower water

osmosis

driving force behind osmosis

osmotic pressure (colligative property)

bone build up, calcium decrease in blood

osteoblast

bone break down, calcium increases in blood

osteoclast

group with which an individual is in opposition with

out-group

barrier between cytosol and inner environment of mitochondria

outer membrane

mitochondria:

outer membrane inner membrane

mitochondrial membrane: highly permeable due to large pores

outer mitochondrial membrane

higher Na+ concentration....cell

outside

female gonads=

ovaries

produce estrogen and progesterone

ovaries

under FSH/LH control in females

ovaries

between puberty and menopause, 1 egg a month is released in a process called

ovulation

estrogen levels reach threshold -positive feedback for GnRH, LH, FSH (spike) -LH surge causes this

ovulation

positive feedback of estrogen in what stage

ovulation

release of ovum from ovary to the abdominal cavity

ovulation

in the luteal phase, negative feedback of progesterone prevents

ovulation of multiple eggs

magnetic charge is not affected by its

own field

The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.

oxidation phosphorylation

slowest step in any proposed mechanism overall reaction cannot proceed any faster than this

rate-determining step

states that individuals will make decisions that maximize potential benefit and minimize potential harm

rational choice theory

same as Keq equation, but just explains where equation is in terms of equilibrium

reaction quotient (Q)

deviate from ideal gases,

real gases

most recent info=most important

recency effect

two tissues both induce further differentiation in one another

reciprocal induction

in relation to attraction: -we like people who like us

reciprocity

erythrocytes=

red blood cells

amphoteric species are....agents

redox

ability of an organism to regrow certain parts of body

regeneration capacity

neurotransmitters must be

regulated

comparative term, being poorer than those in the surrounding populations

relative poverty

when one is poor in comparison to a larger population

relative poverty

there must be a greater than normal stimulation to cause an action potential because the membrane is starting from a potential that is more negative than its resting value

relative refractory period

perceiver's desire to categorize a target

reliance on central traits

K+ concentration restoration of negative membrane potential efflux of K+ causes an overshoot of resting membrane potential

repolarization

opposition within any material to the movement and flow of charge

resistance

thought of as a nonconservative force in circuits

resistance

number that characterizes the intrinsic resistance to current flow in a material

resistivity

resistance depends on:

resistivity length cross selectional area

resistance level between conductors and insulators

resistors

induced cell=....must be competent (able to respond to the inducing signal)

responder

balance of Na+/K+=

resting membrane potential

net electric potential difference that exists across the cell membrane, created by movement of charged molecules across that membrane

resting potential

G1/S and G2/M checkpoints are known as

restriction points

enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses carry reverse transcriptase (synthesize DNA from single stranded RNA) DNA integrated into host cell genome (only way to remove virus is to kill the cell)

retrovirus

equilibrium is

reversible

increased 2,3-BPG increased CO2 increased H+ increased temperature decreased pH shift...in oxygen unloading

right

Formalized ceremonial behavior in which the members of a group or community regularly engage governed by specific rules, including appropriate behavior and a predetermined order of events

ritual

a set of beliefs, values, and norms that define the expectations of a certain status in a social situation

role

set of beliefs, values, attitudes, and norms that define expectations for those who hold the status

role

occurs when one has difficulty in satisfying the requirements of multiple roles simultaneously

role conflict

another individual who helps define a specific role with the relationship

role partner

ETC: energy released from transporting electron facilitates proton transfer at...specific location

three

fetus has...shunts to actively direct blood away from organs while they develop

three

in humans there the gestation has... .....

three trimesters

Na+ channels open --> flood cells

threshold

controlled by thyroid-stimulating hormone (AP)

thyroid

thyroxine is released from the

thyroid gland

incidence=

total # of new cases/ @ risk population

greatest potency, embryonic stem cells

totipotent

CNS, axons bundled together only carry one type of info

tracts

collections of neurons in CNS --> only one type of information, cell bodies in nuclei

tracts

incorporate a segment of host DNA during assembly

transduction

only genetic recombination process that requires a vector

transduction

correct ideal gas law for internal attractions and molecular volume

van der Waals equation of state

when dealing with colligative properties, don't forget about the

van't hoff factor

pressure exerted by evaporated particles above the surface of a liquid

vapor pressure

muscle around scrotum that can raise/lower the testis to maintain proper temperature for sperm development

vas deferens

surrounded by muscle that raises and lowers the testes to maintain a constant temperature suitable for sperm production

vas deferens

ejaculation process:

vas deferens ejaculatory duct urethra

a virus that carries genetic material from one bacterium to another (in transduction)

vector

motor neurons enter spinal cord on...side

ventral

the conveyance of information through spoken, written, or signed words

verbal communication

communication includes both

verbal, nonverbal

single/double stranded RNA/DNA

viral genome

viral progeny, can be released to infect other cells

virions

infect plants (small circular RNA) silence genes in plant genome

viroids

plasmids may carry... .... *traits that increase pathogenicity

virulence factors

lytic cell is also known as

virulent

are not living organisms

viruses

helps us absorb calcium from sun (usually)

vitamin D

potential difference is also known as

voltage

potential difference=

voltage

proton motive force: ..... increases

voltage difference

parallel, measures voltage decreases, large resistance

voltmeters

effect on osmolarity and volume: aldosterone

volume/pressure increase uptake Na+, water follows

according to Avogadro's principle, equal amounts of gas at same temperature/pressure=

volumes

external female anatomy=

vulva

example of an amphoteric species

water

in ETC, the electron given to oxygen in form of H- forms

water

in aqueous solutions, the solvent is

water

3 basic phases of parturition

water breaks uterine contracts (fetus birth) after birth (placenta/umbilical cord expelled)

transfer of energy

work

in an isovolumetric system, no .... ...

work performed

conversion of one sugar epimer to another

wpimerase

ideal gases assumes...volume, not physically possible since gases themselves take up space

zero

the rate of formation of product is independent of concentration changes of reactants

zero-order reaction

glycoprotein (protects oocyte) sperm cell binding

zona pellucida