Unit 2
Kw=
10^-14
ppm=
10^-6
ppb=
10^-9
in CAC,....ATP per pyruvate, so....per glucose
12.5, 25
pH + pOH=
14
after DNA replication in S phase, there are....bound by centromere
2
in CAC, acetyl coA brings in ...CO2 into the CAC
2
there are....NADH shuttles for cytosolic NADH from glycolysis for ETC
2
the umbilical cord has....arteries and....veins
2, 1
allow oxygen unloading (Bohr effect), decrease in oxygen affinity shift to the right
2,3-BPG
in erythrocytes....binds allosterically to B-chains of HbA and decreases oxygen affinity
2,3-BPG
hormones released by anterior pituitary mnemonic
FLAT PEG
....tells the sertoli cells to start sperm maturation
FSH
...comes before estrogen to stimulate the follicle
FSH
control of the cell cycle checkpoints at:
G1/S, G2/M (p53)
another quality control checkpoint: make sure that there are enough organelles and cytoplasm for two daughter cells make sure DNA has no replication errors
G2
checkpoint that makes sure adequate size/organelles to support two cells
G2/M
once transferred to G6P, glucose is stuck in the cell because....only transport glucose
GLUT transporters
low affinity (hepacyotes, pancreatic cells) glucose from hepatic portal vein glucose sensor for insulin release
GLUT2
more important glucose transporters
GLUT2, GLUT4
adipose tissue/muscle (glucose in blood) increase with increasing insulin
GLUT4
is a group unified by feelings of togetherness due to shared beliefs, ancestry, or geography
Gemeinschaft (community)
state of deficient thyroid gland activity
Hypothryoidism
...give show relative a weak acid is
Ka
base dissociation constant
Kb
equilibrium constant in terms of concentration
Kc
formation of a complex ion in solution=
Kf
strength of complex formation, always very large form because of mixture of solute
Kf (formation complex)
works to restore resting potential and K+/Na+ gradients
Na+/K+ ATPase
key regulators of oxidative phosphorylation
O2 and ADP
electrical resistance results in energy loss which results in lowering of electrical potential
Ohm's law
PFK-2, by activating....cells can overcome inhibition
PFK-1
add phosphate rate limiting/irreversible control point for all of glycolysis
PFK-1
converts F6P --> F-1,6-BP
PFK-1
rate limiting enzyme and main control point on glycolysis
PFK-1
mostly found in liver
PFK-2
indirect mechanism involving....and.... *insulin increases it (which activates PFK-1) *glucagon decreases it (inhibits PFK-1)
PFK-2, F-2,6-BP
@ neural fold tip there are neural crest cells which turn into the
PNS
nerves are in the
PNS
parathyroid releases....which is a negative feedback loop
PTH
antagonistic hormone to calcitonin activates vitamin D (absorption of calcium and phosphorylation in gut)
PTH (AP)
enter new sequence b4 DNA replication which happens in
S phase
cannot cause increased genetic variability
S stage
pathway of sperm mnemonic
SEVEN UP
are used for ideal gas calculations (different than standard conditions)
STP
myelin in the PNS is produced by
Schwann cells
sperm are nourished by
Sertoli cells
thyroxine is stimulated by
TSH
ADH immediate effect
absorb more water in collecting duct
O2 low regulator: NADH/FADH2
accumulate
first step of CAC
acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate --> citrate
CAC begins with
acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate
Alzheimer's disease is related to what neurotransmitter
acetyl choline
used in both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
acetylcholine
acquired through direct, individual efforts
achieved status
one that is gained as a result of one's efforts/choices
achieved status
Bronsted Lowry...gives up protons
acid
transmission of electrical impulse down the axon
action potential
whenever membrane potential is reached, an...with a consistent size/duration is produced
action potential
all or nothing messages causes release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
action potentials
ADP high regulator: CAC
activated
net movement of solute against concentration gradient requires energy
active transport
membrane transport can be...or.... or passed on....or.....
active/passive concentration gradients, energy source
resistors in series
add together
capacitors in parallel
addition
when no heat exchange b/w system and environment
adiabatic
stereotype content model -in group, close allies -high competence, high warmth
admiration
corticosteroids produced by
adrenal cortex
cortisol is produced in the
adrenal cortex
aldosterone is produced by
adrenal cortex (top of kidneys)
located on top of kidney
adrenal gland
epinephrine is released from the... (fight/flight)
adrenal medulla
sympathetic hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) catecholamines into blood stream promote glycogenolysis, increase basal metabolic rate, increase heart rate dilate the bronchi, alter blood flow
adrenal medulla
epinephrine is also known as
adrenaline
CAC is an....process
aerobic
citric acid cycle is...it needs oxygen
aerobic
unable to use oxygen, but not harmed by its presence
aerotolerant anaerobes
sensory neurons are
afferent
is prejudice or discrimination on the basis of a person's age
ageism
things that influence socialization (family, school, government, religion, peers, work)
agents of socialization
behaviors that intend to cause harm or increase social dominance verbal or nonverbal
aggression
Fear of places where escape is felt to be difficult
agoraphobia
standards of one group being absorbed by another
assimilation
the process by which a group or individual's culture begins to melt into another culture
assimilation
bond between caregiver and child
attachment
are tendencies toward expression of positive or negative feelings or evaluations of something
attitudes
is based on: -appearance, similarity, self-disclosure, reciprocity, proximity
attraction
occurs when individuals must make judgements that are complex but instead substitute a simpler solution or heuristic
attribute substitution
why people behave the way they do (dispositional/situational)
attribution theory
reacts with self
auto ionization
water can undergo
auto ionization
cell-cell communication: -same cell that secreted signal
autocrine
four types of cell-cell communication
autocrine, paracrine, juxtacrine, endocrine
attacks the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
autoimmune disease
not a sex chromosome
autosomal
2n (diploid) 2 copies of each chromosomes
autosomal cells
Cluster C: -extreme shyness, fear of rejection
avoidant
caregiver ignores distressed child child shows no preference for caregiver
avoidant attachment
long appendages that terminates in close proximity to a target structure
axon
integrates incoming signals
axon hillock
carry neural signals away from the soma
axons
classification of bacteria by shape: rod-shaped
bacilli
is where the individual is not in front of an audience and is free to act outside of his desired image
back stage
cell membrane/cytoplasm flagella/fimbriae smaller bacteria ribosome than eukaryotes
bacteria
prokaryotes are classified into
bacteria, archaea
lytic and lysogneic cycles deal with
bacteriophages
viruses that target bacteria inject genetic material tail sheath (syringe) and tail fibers (recognize/connect to correct host cell)
bacteriophages
Bronsted-Lowry...=proton acceptor
base
Bronsted Lowry...gains protons
bases
physiological pH
basic
states that there are universal emotions, along with corresponding expressions that can be understood across cultures
basic model
if p is small, -log number is
big
a simple form of asexual reproduction circular chromosome attaches to cell wall and replicates while the cell grows in size plasma membrane.cell wall grow inward (two identical daughter cells) produce more rapidly than eukaryotes
binary fission
prokaryotes reproduce asexually by
binary fission
more narrow view causes: genetics, focus on symptom reduction rather than restorative function interventions: medicine
biomedical approach
broader view causes: environmental, genetics, lifestyle interventions: modification to lifestyle and medications
bios-psychosocial approach
cycle of depression and mania
bipolar (manic depressive) disorder
classic mania/depressive cycle
bipolar I disorder
less extreme mania, but more severe depression (at least one major depressive episode)
bipolar II
keeps progesterone and estrogen levels high
birth control
relative to a population size over time, usually measured as the number of births per 1000 people per year
birth rate
are based on 1000 ppl/yr
birth rate mortality rate
during pregnancy zygote becomes....which is implanted into the uterine lining and releases hCG (LH analog)
blastocyst
mammalian blastula is called a
blastocyst
opening in archenteron=
blastopore
hollow ball of cells with a fluid-filled inner cavity (blastocoel)
blastula
once a morula is formed, it undergoes...which forms a blastula
blastulation
schizophrenia is treated by
blocking dopamine receptors
unrealistic distorted view or appearance and actions to change appearance (type of OCD)
bodydysmoprhoic disorder
Raoult's Law goes hand in hand with
boiling point elevation
average energy that is required to break a particular type of bond b/w atoms in the gas phases endothermic process
bond dissociation energy
energy released when bond is formed exothermic reactions
bond formation
Cluster B: -instability in mood, identity, relationships -all good/all bad
borderline
for a given gaseous sample held at constant temperature (isothermal), volume of gas is inversely proportional to pressure
boyle's law
ways to regulate neurotransmitters: 1. ....by enzymatic reactions 2. bring back to presynaptic neuron via.... 3.simply...out of cell
breakdown, reuptake carriers, diffuse
...bonds=requires energy
breaking
species that donates H+ ions
bronsted-lowry acid
species that accepts H+ ions
bronsted-lowry base
ability to which the system can resist changes in pH
buffering capacity
max seen within 1 pH point of the pKa of the acid in the buffer solution
buffering capacity
consists of a mixture of a weak acid and its salt (conjugate base and cation) or weak base and its salt (conjugate acid and anion)
buffers
resists pH change when small amounts of acids/bases are added
buffers
more bystanders means a slower/smaller chance of a response
bystander effect
describes the observation that when in a group, individuals are less likely to respond to a person in need
bystander effet
decreases plasm calcium levels in three ways 1. increase calcium excretion from kidneys 2. decreases calcium absorption from gut 3. increases storage of calcium in bones
calcitonin
thyroid releases....which decreases calcium absorption and increases bone formation
calcitonin
bones are made of
calcium, phosphate
process of measuring transferred heat
calorimetry
the ratio of the magnitude of the charge stored on one plate to the potential difference (voltage) across the capacitor
capacitance
hold charge at a particular voltage ex. parallel plate capacitor
capacitors
attached to protein molecules on extracellular surface of cells can form a protective "glycoprotein coat" and also function in cell recognition
carbohydrates
facilitated diffusion: only open to one membrane side at a given point (revolving door) binding --> conformational change --> occluded state (not open on either side)
carrier
only affect rate of reactions
catalyst
epinephrine is a type of
catecholamine
proteins that allow cells to recognize e/o and contribute to cell differentiation and development
cell adhesion molecules (CAM)
soma is also called the
cell body
in neurons: -nucleus -ER -ribosomes all located here
cell body (soma)
how eukaryotic cells replicate
cell cycle
series of phases during which a cell grows, synthesizes DNA, and divides
cell cycle
cells disconnect from adjacent structure and migrate to correct location
cell migration
cells --> tissue --> organs --> organ systems
cell specialization
outer barrier of cells
cell wall
are usually comprised of CAM (cell-adhesion molecules)
cell-cell junction
cells within tissues can form a cohesive layer via intracellular junctions provide direct pathways of communication between neighboring cells or cells/extracellular matrix
cell-cell junctions
circular wire loop has the magnetic field at the
center
radiate from the centrioles, contact chromosome because of dissolving nuclear membrane
centrioles
contain centrioles (which contain spindle fibers), move to opposite sides in prophase
centrosomes
classes of sphingolipids:
ceramide, sphingomyelins, cerebrosides, and gangliosides
open --> exposed to both cell membrane sides tunnel
channels
if there is no...than magnetic force is not existent
charge
in complex ions, if the central carbon is bound to same ligand in multiple places, it is known as a
chelation
between neurons=...signal
chemical
most synapses are...in nature
chemical
saying that a synapse is...in nature means that it uses neurotransmitters to send messages from one cell to another
chemical
the study of reaction rates, the effects of reaction conditions on these rates, and the mechanism implied by such observations
chemical kinetics
chemical energy of the gradient is harnessed phosphorylates ADP --> ATP
chemiosmotic coupling
chemical gradient created and energy phosphorylated ADP to turn into ATP
chemiosmotic coupling
point of contact in chromosomes where homologous chromosomes break and exchange equivalent pieces of DNA (Crossing over happens here)
chiasma
composes 20% of cell membrane (mass) and half by moles (ensures membrane fluidity)
cholesterol
in cell membrane....causes fluidity
cholesterol
regulates membrane fluidity and necessary for steroid synthesis
cholesterol
extra embryonic membrane that develops into the placenta
chorion
in interphase, chromosomes cannot be seen with light microscopy because they are in a less condensed form called
chromatin
condensation of chromatin -->
chromosomes
uniform magnetic fields move charged particles in...
circles
prokaryotes have...DNA and a nucleoid region
circular
high...levels indicate sufficient energy
citrate (CAC)
acetyl coA + oxaloacetate --> citrate + coA-SH
citrate synthase
three sites of regulation in CAC
citrate synthase isocitrate dehydrogenase alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
SES
class
zygote must travel to the uterus for implantation as it travels, it undergoes rapid mitotic cell division known as...
cleavage
can exchange energy, but not matter with surroundings
closed system
three stages of sodium channels
closed, open, inactive
least likely to result in ideal gas behavior when gas molecules are forced....together (increase the change of participating in intermolecular forces)
closer
behavior that is odd/eccentric: paranoid schizotypal schizoid
cluster a
dramatic, emotional, erratic behavior antisocial borderline histronic narcissistic
cluster b
worried; anxious and fearful avoidant dependent obsessive compulsive
cluster c
classification of bacteria by shape: spherical
cocci
in complex I: -NADH transfers e- to..... -expels.... -...to....(reduced) -FMN --> FMND2
coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) 4 H+ ubiquinone, ubiquinol
vitamins=
coenzymes
aggression is linked to negative emotions
cognitive neoassociation model
physical property of solution that are dependent on the concentration of dissolved particles not on the chemical identity of dissolved particles
colligative properties
vapor pressure depression boiling point elevation freezing point depression osmotic pressure (dilute solutions)
colligative properties
rate of reaction is proportional to the number of collisions/second between the reacting molecules not all collisions result in reactions must collide in correct orientation with enough energy
collision theory of chemical kinetics
ion common between salt and solution reduced molar solubility no change to Ksp
common ion effect
leads to reduction in molar solubility of the salt but does not effect Ksp itself Le Chatelier's principle in action
common ion effect
reduction in molar solubility due to a solution already containing one of its constituent ions =
common ion effect
no hydrogen pumping happens at
complex II
succinate, direct link to CAC (FAD-->FADH2) no hydrogen pumping happens
complex II
transfer e- to coenzyme Q receives e- from succinate (CAC intermediate-- FADH2) reduces coenzyme Q no hydrogen pumping
complex II
2 steps: ubiquinone --> cytochrome c 4H+ pumped out to inter membrane space
complex III
oxygen (final electron acceptor) forms water expels 2 H+
complex IV
a molecule in which a cation is bonded to at least one electron pair donor (includes water)
complex ions
formation of... ....increases solubility of a solute in solution
complex ions
coenzyme Q and cytochrome C are technically not part of the electron transport...
complexes
modification of behavior due to direct request
compliance
occurs when individuals change their behavior based on the request of others
compliance
gas: decrease volume, increase pressured
compressed
irrational repetitive actions
compulsions
the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent
concentration
use brackets to represent
concentration
entry of glucose into cell is driven by
concentration gradient
reciprocal of resistance
conductance
distribute charge evenly, metals and ionic solutions
conductors
has no resistance
conductors
focus on how power differential are created and how these differentials contribute to the maintenance of social order
conflict theory
focuses on how power differentials are created and how those differences contribute to maintenance of social order
conflict theory
indirect relationship between proton gradient and ATP synthesis
conformational coupling
aligning behavior to societal norms
conformity
changing beliefs or behaviors in order to fit into a group or society
conformity
formed when a base gains a proton
conjugate acid
formed when an acid loses a proton
conjugate base
bacterial form of sexual reproduction
conjugation
in conjugation, two cells form a... ... to transfer genetic material
conjugation bridge
types of cues: -deviate from social norms, situational
consensus
electrostatic force is a....force
conservative
potential energy fields are... ...
conservative forces
types of cues: -dispositionsal, happens all the time
consistency
two types of calorimetry, and examples
constant pressure (coffee cup calorimeter) constant volume (bomb calorimeter)
stereotype content model -welfare recipients, poor people -low competence, low warmth
contemptuous
motor or sensory symptoms linked to stress (blind after much anxiety associated with stress)
conversion disorder
complex ions are held together by
coordinate covalent bonds
complex ion is also called a
coordination compound
adhered to oocyte during ovulation
corona radiata
oocytes are surrounded by two layers
corona radiata, zona pellucida
progesterone comes from the
corpus luteum
remains of follicle following ovulation in response to LH
corpus luteum
is used to describe attributes made by observing the intentional (especially unexpected) behaviors performed by another person
correspondent inference theory
after penetration of sperm through cell membrane release of calcium ions 1. depolarizes the membrane (prevents fertilization of ovum by multiple sperm) 2. increased calcium leads to increased metabolic rate of zygote membrane is now fertilization membrane
cortical reaction
androgens and estrogens females more sensitive to disorders because male testes secrete high amounts of androgens
cortical sex hormones
cortisol is a...more specially a
corticoid, glucocorticoid
Glucocorticoid that is a stress hormone and increases blood sugar
cortisol
enhances gluconeogenesis and antagonizes insulin
cortisol
stimulated by ACTH
cortisol
straight-wire current circles...
counter-clockwise
charge can neither be...or...
created, destroyed
folds that increase surface area of inner membrane
cristae
numerous inholdings; increase available surface area for integral proteins associated with the membrane
cristae
temperature and pressure at which the 2 densities become equal and there is no distance between the two phases
critical point
magnetic fields never
cross
in determining then speed of the impulse, ....is the most important (the greater it is, the faster because there is less resistance)
cross sectional area
happens between homologous chromosomes, not sister chromatids (example of genetic recombination)
crossing over
a social difference that impedes interactions
cultural barrier
refers to the idea that material culture changes more quickly than symbolic culture
cultural lag
compare/understand other cultures avoid ethnocentrism other culture is different, but still respect it
cultural relativism
A shared set of beliefs, norms, values, and behaviors organized around a central theme, as is found among people sharing the same language and geography.
cultural syndrome
describes the beliefs, ideas, behaviors, actions, and characteristic of a group or society of people
culture
encompasses the lifestyle of a group of people and includes both material and symbolic elements
culture
I=
current
the amount of charge Q passing through the conductor per unit time
current
the flow of positive charge (even though only negative charges are actually moving)
current
Right hand rule for direction of magnetic field (B): -thumb with... -grab.... -way...wrap=direction of magnetic field
current, wire, fingers
inhibits cytochrome subunits; greatly impacts aerobic reliant tissues (heart and CNS)
cyanide
molecules required for cell cycle:
cyclins cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK)
still cycle, but not as severe as bipolar disorder
cyclothymic disorder
proteins with heme groups in which iron is reduced to Fe2+ and reoxidized to Fe3+
cytochrome
splitting of cytoplasm between two daughter cells
cytokinesis
provides structure to cell to maintain shape
cytoskeleton
holds organelles, allows for diffusion of molecules through the cell
cytosol
O2 low regulator: oxidative phosphorylation
decreases
as pH increases, pOH...by the same amount
decreases
cholesterol @ high temperatures ....fluidity holds membrane in tact
decreases
electric potential energy....when 2 like move apart and 2 opposite charges move together
decreases
melting point of solutions....upon solute addition
decreases
solubility of salt is....if solution already contains one of its constituent ions
decreases
ADH effet on osmolarity/volume
decreases plasma osmolarity more hydrated
small breaks in myelin sheath with exposed areas of axon membrane critical for rapid signal conduction
nodes of ranvier
Gibbs free energy, when positive is
non spontaneous
Q > Keq
non spontaneous
(in terms of solubility) Delta G= +
nonsoluble
endergonic processes are
nonspontaneous
caregiver is often erratic/socially withdrawn child shows no consistent pattern towards caregiver
disorganized attachment
unspoken rules that govern the expression of emotion
display rules
internal- related to the person
dispositional
strong acids completely
dissociate
strong acids/bases completely
dissociate
3 types of dissociative disorder
dissociative amnesia dissociative identity disorder depersonalization/derealization disorder
2+ personalities that alternate or compete for control
dissociative identity disorder
solvation is also known as
dissolution
in equilibrium of a solution,...and.... (neither favored, delta G=0)
dissolution, precipitation
loose, built on weaker ties; include acquaintances
distant network
types of cues: -all the time or just lunch?
distinctiveness
negative symptoms of schizophrenia; skewed expression of emotion
disturbance of affect
fraternal twins fertilization of two different eggs released during one ovulatory cycle by two different sperm
dizygotic
conjugation... ...(+) ---> .. ...(-)
donor male, recipient female
sensory neurons enter spinal cord on...side
dorsal
contain cell bodies of sensory neurons only
dorsal root ganglia
says that individuals create images of themselves in the same way that actors perform a role in front of an audience
dramaturgical approach
fetal lung shunts: -leftover blood from pulmonary artery --> aorta
ductus arteriosus
shunt in the fetus (liver) *blood returning from the placenta via the umbilical vein goes straight to the inferior vena cava
ductus venous
forward and reverse reactions are still occurring, they haven't stopped
dynamic equilibrium
adrenal medulla is formed from the
ectoderm
germ layer: -outermost layer -epidermis, hair, nails, nose, mouth, lower anal cavity, lens of eyes, nervous system, inner ear
ectoderm
3 layers of cells (primary germ layers)
ectoderm mesoderm endoderm
neuron that signals to gland/muscle
effector
motor neurons are
efferent
gas moves through a small hole under pressure
effusion
there is no unending supply of female..., they are all present at birth
eggs
knows something is wrong
ego-dystonic
cannot see that there is an issue with behavior
ego-syntonic
states that attitudes are formed and changed through different routes of information processing based on the degree of elaboration (central route processing; peripheral route processing)
elaboration likelihood model
two equal/opposite charges being separated by a small distance "d" from e/o can be transient or permanent look like barbells
electric dipoles
exert forces on other charges that move into the space of the field (attractive/repulsive)
electric field
the ratio of the magnitude of a charge's electric potential energy to the magnitude of the charge itself
electric potential
potential energy that is dependent on the relative position of one charge with respect to another charge or to a collection of charges
electric potential energy
work necessary to move a test charge from infinity to a point in space in an electric field surrounding a source charge
electric potential energy
down a neuron=...signal
electrical
proton motive force results in an..... gradient with both chemical and electrical properties
electrochemical gradient
strength of solution
electrolytic conductivity
is not an actual force, more of a pressure to move that results in a current
electromotive force
when no charge is moving between the two terminals of a cell at different potential values, voltage is called
electromotive force
stages of bacteria growth: -rapid division
log phase
in... ...exponents are equal to the coefficient of the balanced equation
equilibrium expressions
[Na+]in=[Na+]out
equilibrium potential of sodium
line on which the potential at every point is the same no work is done
equipotential lines
found by pH meter or indicator
equivalence point
type of support: -affirms qualities/skills of a person
esteem
e-pair=
lone pair
FSH in females stimulates...production
estrogen
causes growth of endometrial lining during the follicular phase
estrogen
causes negative and positive feedback in females
estrogen
establishes uterine wall
estrogen
in adult, thickening of uterus lining (endometrium) each month in preparation for zygote
estrogen
in embryo, development of reproductive tract
estrogen
maintain/develop reproductive and 2nd sexual characteristics
estrogen
ovaries produce
estrogen/progesterone
in yeast cells during fermentation: pyruvate -->
ethanol + CO2
a social construct that sorts people by cultural factors, including language, nationality, religion and other factors
ethnicity
making judgements about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one's own culture
ethnocentrism
unicellular/multicellular, nucleus
eukaryotic cells
there is evidence that culture flows from evolutionary principles and that culture can also influence..
evolution
natural selection will prevent other strategy from game theory form arising
evolutionary stable strategy (ESS)
applies rational choice theory within social groups
exchange theory
two types of signals that arrive at dendrites
excitatory inhibitory
ATP synthase is an...process
exergonic
electron transport=
exergonic
energy given off
exergonic
release energy=
exergonic
secrete substance directly into ducts
exocrine
release from cell (important in nervous system and intracellular signaling)
exocytosis
- enthalpy=
exothermic
release heat (delta Q <0)=
exothermic
solvation: -when new bonds > old bonds solvation is.... favored at...temperatures
exothermic, lower
volume increase and pressure decreases
expand
when determining rate laws, look for... ...
experimental data
...in rate law=unaffected by stoichiometric coefficients
exponents
simple diffusion for molecules that are important to membranes (are, polar, charged) integral membrane proteins as transporters
facilitated diffusion
toggle back and forth between using oxygen or not using it
facultative anaerobes
not self selected groups
family-group
smaller molar mass gases travel
faster
ways of producing acetyl co-a other than pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
fatty acid oxidation (beta oxidation) amino acid catabolism (ketogenic) ketones alcohol
carboxylic acids that contain a hydrocarbon chain and terminate carboxyl group
fatty acids
have higher rates of chronic diseases and higher morbidity rates
females
explores the ways in which one gender can be subordinated, minimized, or devalued compared to the other
feminist theory
happens in absence of oxygen to replenish NAD+
fermentation
method of regenerating NAD+ from pyruvate
fermentation
replenish NAD+
fermentation
durably magnetized unpaired electric field can persist magnets
ferromagnetic
the average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime in a population
fertility rate
does not bind well to 2,3-BPG
fetal hemoglobin
greater affinity for O2 than maternal hemoglobin
fetal hemoglobin
enhance the transfer of oxygen from maternal to fetal circulation
fetal hemoglobin (HbF)
decreasing volume and increasing pressure= favor side with...moles of gas
fewer
in electric field, vectors that never cross, density tells us the strength
field lines
radioactive decay is an example of
first order reaction
rate is directly proportional to only one reactant, such that doubling the concentration of reactant results in a doubling of formation of product
first order reaction
major organs form cartilaginous skeleton --> bone officially a fetus
first trimester
mate choice: -a particular trait that has no effect on survive becomes more exaggerated over time
fisherman (runaway) selection
autoimmune disease that causes the inability to contract muscles
flacid paralysis
ability of cell to detect chemical stimuli and move towards or away
flagella
whiplike structure used for propulsion
flagella
egg/ovum leaves and left over follicle becomes corpus lutes
follicle rupture
begins when menstrual flow begins decreased estrogen/progesterone (increased GnRH) increased GnRH= increased FSH/LH follicles= increase in estrogen
follicular phase
4 events of the menstrual cycle
follicular phase ovulation luteal phase menstruation
fetal lung shunts: -1 way valve that connects RA --> LA
foramen ovale
fetal lung shunts
foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus
....bonds=releases energy
forming
there are...glucose transporters
four
rule of thumb: larger the animal...the gestational period
longer
...and...of action potentials do not change the size of the action potential
frequency, number
is where the individual is seen by the audience and strives to preserve his desired image
front stage
liver phosphorylates...using fructokinase F1P --> glyceraldehyde and DHAP (aldolase Beta)
fructose
seminal fluid: seminal vesicles=.... prostate gland=... bulbourethral gland=
fructose alkaline (increase acidity) cleans urethra (smooth passage)
cytoplasm; rate-limiting step F-1,6-BP --> F6P removes phosphate activated by ATP, glucagon inhibited by AMP, F-2,6-BP, insulin
fructose-1,6-biphosphate
fumarate --> L-malate
fumarate
states that there are four functional areas of attitudes that serve individuals in life: knowledge, ego expression, adaptability, and ego defense
functional attitudes theory
focuses on the function of each component of society and how those components fit together
functionalism
bias towards dispositional rather than situational attribution especially in negative contexts feeds into self-serving bias
fundamental attribution erro
phosphorylated by galactokinase: galactose-1-phosphate --> glucose-1-phosphate (galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase and epimerase)
galactose metabolisme
....can lead into glycolysis
galactose, fructose
a way to model behavior between individuals describes decision making behavior
game theory
cell bodies of neurons of the same type in nerve
ganglia
allow for direct cell-cell communication (often is small bunches together)
gap junctions
permit water movement and some solutes directly between cells (not proteins)
gap junctions
changes in pressure and volume have to involve at least one
gas
fluids, compressible
gases
generation of 3 distinct cell layers
gastrulation
results in gastrula
gastrulation
the set of behavioral, cultural, or psychological traits typically associated with a biological sex
gender
the intentional or unintentional empowerment of one gender to the detriment of the other
gender inequality
persistent worry about many things
general anxiety disorder
mate choice: -mate pairs with complementary genes
genetic compatibility
sex cells/gametes
germ
n (haploid) 1 copy of each chromosome
germ cells
way to remember Gibbs free energy equation
get higher test scores
organs in endocrine system that secrete hormones
glands
both structural and supportive roles
glial cells, neuralgia
does not lead to global equality, causes further global inequalities
globalization
has led to further inequalities in space, food and water, energy, housing, and education as the production of goods shifts to cheaper and cheaper labor markets. this has led to significant economic hardship in industrializing nations
globalization
the process of integrating a global economy with free trade and tapping of foreign labor markets
globalization
alpha cells of pancreas secrete
glucagon
decrease in blood sugar causes release of...which causes glycogenolysis (break down glycogen), increase blood sugar, alpha cells
glucagon
secreted during times of fasting, low glucose
glucagon
Gluconeogenesis is activated by... and....(Raise blood sugar levels)
glucagon, epinephrine
aldosterone is released in response to
low blood pressure/volume
steroid hormone that regulates glucose levels (protein metabolism) ex. cortisol/cortisone (increase blood glucose by increasing gluconeogeniss and decreasing protein synthesis)
glucocorticoids
liver cells/pancreatic B islet cells induced by insulin Glut 2, high Km
glucokinase
liver/pancreatic cells most active with high levels of glucose induced by insulin
glucokinase
irreversible enzymes in glycolysis (different steps must be taken in gluconeogenesis)
glucokinase/hexokinase PFK-1 pyruvate kinase
how liver maintains glucose levels in blood during fasting (happens in kidneys too, but not as significant as liver)
gluconeogenesis
is a reversal of glycolysis, except at three steps
gluconeogenesis
glycolysis main process:
glucose --> 2 pyruvate
pick up phosphate group on G3P --> 1,3-BPG (NADH + ATP)
glyceraldehyde-3-Pdehydrogenase
oxidation and Pi addition G3P --> 1,3-BPG + NADH
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
NADH --> NAD+ with DHAP Reduces FAD --> FADH2 1.5ATP/NADH
glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle
membrane bound enzyme 1.5 ATP/NADH (glycolysis)
glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle
branched polymer of glucose, storage form of glucose
glycogen
primarily synthesized and degraded in the liver/skeletal muscle stored in cytoplasm as granules
glycogen
synthesis of glycogen granules; uses a branching enzyme
glycogenesis
break down of glycogen; uses a debranching enzyme
glycogenolysis
epinephrine promotes....and fatty acid release from adipose tissue
glycogenolysis
thyroxine promotes...and sugar absorption by intestines
glycogenolysis
cytoplasmic pathway that converts glucose --> 2 pyruvate
glycolysis
cytosolic NADH from....cannot directly cross mitochondrial matrix: therefore there must be shuttle mechanisms (alternate means of transport)
glycolysis
only energy yielding pathway in RBC
glycolysis
*carbohydrates associated with membrane bound proteins *cell wall contains high carbohydrates
glycoprotein coat
inducers signal via
gradients
mass of compound that produces on equivalent (1 mole cf charge)
gram equivalent weight
weight (g) that releases 1 acid/base equivalent from a compound
gram equivalent weight
stains pink, thin peptidoglycan layer
gram negative
stains purple, thick peptidoglycan layer
gram positive
two main types of cell walls:
gram positive, gram negative
....Keq= more spontaneous
greater
longer hydrocarbon chains=....combustion products (more exothermic)
greater
when you increase volume, decrease pressure (expand a system), always move towards...moles of gas
greater
2+ who share similar characterizes and sense of unity
group
the tendency toward making decisions in a group that are more extreme than the thoughts of the individual group members
group polarization
occurs when members being to conform to one another's views and ignore outside perspectives
groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
groupthink
crucial during first trimester, LH analog, estrogen and progesterone keep uterine lining in place
hCG
general impression of specific aspect can be affected by overall impression of individuals attractiveness plays into this
halo effect
different than temperature
heat
transfer of energy from one substrate to another as a result of their differences in temperatures (process function)
heat
example of process function=
heat, work
are you gonna kill the MCAT
hellll ya
similar function to desmosomes, but maintain attachment of epithelial cells to underlying structures
hemidesmosomes
galactose reaches the liver via the
hepatic portal vein
different phase catalyst
heterogeneous catalysis
most tissues most active with low glucose levels inhibited by G6P
hexokinase
widely distributed inhibited by G6P low Km (GLUT 4)
hexokinase
phosphate glucose, trap in cells (irreversible step)
hexokinase, glucokinase
transport glucose across membrane and phosphorylate it by kinase enzyme glucose --> G6P
hexokinase/glucokinase
strong acids have very....Ka values
high
stereotype content model -groups with high social status
high competence
since waxes have long-chain fatty acids and long chain -OH they have a
high melting point
stereotype content model -not indirectly compatible with in group
high warmth
least likely to result in ideal gas behavior at ....pressure and...temperature
high, low
....Ka/Kb, more dissociation, stronger the acid/base
higher
since 2,3-BPG does not bind well to fetal hemoglobin, fetal hemoglobin has a....oxygen affinity than maternal hemoglobin
higher
water moves in the direction of...solute
higher
Cluster B: -needs to be center of attention
histrionic
same phase catalyst
homogeneous catalysis
chemical message traveling through blood
hormone
signaling molecules that are secreted directly into the bloodstream to distant target cells
hormones
....if water is solvent
hydration
acids formed from anions with names that end in "identity" --->
hydro...ic acid
energy to make ATP comes from: ....moving from the intermembrane space --> mitochondrial matrix
hydrogen
cholesterol has both a....region
hydrophilic/hydrophobic
during repolarization, efflux of K+ causes an overshoot of resting membrane potential known as
hyper polarization
inhibitory signal decreases the membrane potential, make neuron less likely to fire an action potential
hyper polarization
neuron refractory to further action potentials refractory period
hyper polarization
occurs right after an action potential and is caused by excess K+ exiting the neuron
hyper polarization
when the potential across the axon membrane is more negative than the normal resting potential, the neuron is
hyperpolarized
excess of thyroid hormone
hyperthyroidism
solute concentration inside cell < solution
hypertonic
water moves out of cell
hypertonic
manic episodes, but not extreme
hypomania
hypothalamus is connected to anterior pituitary via the
hypopheseal portal
blood vessel system that directly connects the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary
hypophyseal portal system
anterior pituitary is also called the
hypophysis
bridge between nervous and endocrine systems located in forebrain release of hormones by this is regulated by negative feedback
hypothalamus
ADH is produced by
hypothalamus, posterior pituitary
cells swells, sometimes to point of lysing
hypotonic
higher solute concentration inside > solution
hypotonic
a hypothetical gas with molecules that have no intermolecular forces and occupy no volume
ideal gases
deviate at higher pressure, decreasing volume, and decreasing temperature
ideal gases
no attractive forces between molecules
ideal gases
no intermolecular forces no volume of particles
ideal gases
thoughts of specific condition (hypochondriac)
illness anxiety disorder
dense with strong ties (friends)
immediate network
the movement into a new geographic area
immigration
during this, the blastula burrows into the endometrium
implantation
selection of cues to form inference of others
impression bias
refers to the maintenance of a public image, which is accomplished thorough various strategies
impression management
in actual humans
in vivo
group which an individual belongs
in-group
calculated as the number of new cases of a disease per population at risk in a given period of time
incidence
an individual organism's success
inclusive fitness
regeneration capacity of humans
incomplete
two types of regeneration capacity
incomplete, complete
for gases: when temperature decreases, speed decrease, and intermolecular forces...
increase
immediate affect of aldosterone
increase activity of Na+/K+ pump (take up Na+)
ADH is released in response to
increase in plasma osmolarity
....pressures are uncomfortable for gases
increased
@ constant temperature and pressure, entropy...upon dissolution
increases
ADP high regulator: NADH/FADH2
increases
ADP high regulator: oxidative phosphorylation
increases
Ksp in increasing temperatures....non-gas solutes
increases
cholesterol @ low temperatures ....fluidity prevent crystal formation
increases
decreasing electric potential energy....stability
increases
electric potential energy....when 2 like move towards e/o or 2 opposite move apart
increases
....pressure= favor side with fewer moles of gas
increasing
type of cleavage: -cells that can still develop into complete organisms
indeterminate
two types of cleavage
indeterminate, determinate
weak organic acids/bases that have different colors in their protonated and deprotonated states
indicator
mate choice: -physical traits that signify overall good health and organism well-being
indicator traits
one personal discriminating against another person or group
individual discrimination
surrounding tissues that induce a developing cell to become a particular cell type
inducer
-often growth factors (peptides that promote differentiation and mitosis in certain tissues)
inducers
often related to differentiation; ability of one group of cells to influence the fate of nearby cells
induction
viral life cycle: -viruses only infect certain cells -enveloped viruses into cell via endocytosis (cell thinks its a nutrient) -baceteriophages --> infect genome
infection
viral life cycle
infection, translation and progeny assembly, progeny release
type of support: -providing info that will help someone
informational
(impression management) using flattery or conformity to win over someone else
ingratiation
O2 low regulator: CAC
inhibit
protrudes into the blastocoel and gives rise to the organism itself
inner cell mass
cristae folds, molecules and enzymes of ETC
inner membrane
fumarate formation (step 6) of the CAC is the only step that happens in the..., not the mitochondrial matrix
inner membrane
mitochondrial membrane: restricted permeable, cristae (numerous inholdings)
inner mitochondrial membrane
resting potential: K+ higher Na+ higher
inside cell outside cell
discrimiantion against person/group by entire organization, institution, government
institutional discrimination
do not easily distribute a charge over its surface and do not transfer that charge to another nuclei very well (nonmetals/closely linked electrons with nuclei)
insulator
have high resistance
insulators
Gluconeogenesis is inhibited by...(lower blood sugar levels)
insulin
antagonistic to glucagon
insulin
beta cells of pancreas secrete
insulin
hepatocytes (liver cells) PFK1 increased by...and decreased by...
insulin glucagon
regulate blood glucose
insulin, glucagon
space between inner and outer membrane
inter membrane space
melting point of solutions decrease upon solute addition due to:
interference with lattice formation
cell-cell adhesion, maintenance of cytoskeleton ex. keratin, desmin, vimentin, lamins
intermediate filaments
female reproductive anatomy is all
internal
voltage supplied by a circuit is lowered from its theoretical emf by some small amount
internal resistance
is what makes people like each other and is influenced by multiple factors
interpersonal attraction
secrete testosterone
interstitial cells of Leydig
where system is with respect to solubility equilibrium position
ion product (IP)
pressure is constant
isobaric
isocitrate --> alpha ketoglutarate + CO2
isocitrate dehydrogenase
rate limiting enzyme of the CAC
isocitrate dehydrogenase
slowest enzyme and rate-limiting step in CAC
isocitrate dehydrogenase
cannot exchange energy (heat/work) or matter with surroundings
isolated system
g6p --> f6p
isomerase
constant temperature
isothermal
karma people tend to be guilty of victim blaming
just-world hypothesis
refers to treating similar patients similarly and distributing healthcare resources fairly
justice
cell-cell communication: -adjacent cells
juxtacrine
the free energy that must be added for the kinetic pathway is...than that of the thermodynamic pathways
lower
when you decrease volume, increase pressure (compress a system) always move towards...moles of gas
lower
LH causes ruptured follicle to form corpus luteum (progesterone!!) high levels cause negative feedback on GnRH, LH, FSH (prevent ovulation of multiple eggs)
luteal phase
the conveyance of information by means other than the use of words, such as body language, prosody, facial expressions, and gestures
nonverbal communication
gases have negligible volume no intermolecular attractions/repulsions random motion leads to collisions collisions are elastic (conservation of momentum and KE) ke energy is proportional to temperature
kinetic molecular theory
the average kinetic energy of a molecule of gas is directly proportional to temperature of gas in K*
kinetic molecular theory
in the lens of transition state theory, reactants can undergo two different sets of reactions: -low temperatures= -high temperatures=
kinetic product thermodynamic product
standard conditions are used for
kinetics
fermentation in mammals key enzyme
lactate dehydrogenase
in animal cells during fermentation: pyruvate -->
lactate, NAD+
stages of bacteria growth: -adapt to environment
lag phase
stages of bacteria growth
lag phase log (exponential) phase stationary phase death phase
consists of spoken or written symbols combined into a system and governed by rules
language
Kf is always going to be....than Ksp
larger
higher pressure favor dissolution of gas solutes, and therefore the Ksp will be....for gases at higher pressures than at lower ones
larger
are unexpected, unintended, or unrecognized positive consequences of manifest functions
latent function
unintended positive effect on a system
latent function
if the system is at equilibrium, at a constant temperature, then you can find the Keq
law of mass action
states that attitudes are developed through forms of learning: direct contact, direction integration, direct instruction, and conditioning
learning theory
speed of impulse is determined by
length, cross-sectional area
in complex ions, the electron pair donors=
ligands
common source of resistivity besides actual resistors in a circuit
light bulbs
Collections of similar lipids with or without associated proteins that serve as attachment points for other biomolecules; often serve roles in signaling
lipid rafts
maintain constant glucose level in blood
liver glycogen
glycogen is stored in two places in the body
liver, skeletal muscle
concentration unit equal to the number of equivalents per liter of solution
normality
number of equivalents of interest per liter of solution mol of species of interest
normality
quantity of acidic or basic capacity
normality
societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior
norms
societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behaviors (shaking hands when meeting)
norms
selective two way exchange of material (cytoplasm/nucleus)
nuclear pores
cell bodies of neurons are grouped in tracts
nuclei
contains all of the genetic material necessary for replication of the cell surrounded by nuclear membrane/envelope
nucleus
houses DNA (which is organized into chromosomes)
nucleus
host genome as provirus/prophage replicates as bacteria reproduces environmental factors (radiation, light, chemicals) *causes provirus to leave genome and revert to lytic cycle makes cell less susceptible to multiple infections (super infection)
lysogenic cycle
membrane bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes that are capable of breaking down many substances
lysosomes
virus maximizes use of cell machinery with little regard of host cell survival cell lyses, infect other bacteria
lytic cycle
if a charge is not moving, there is no
magnetic field
magnetized objects and moving charges
magnetic field
if the magnetic field=0, there is no...
magnetic force
any moving charge creates a magnetic field
magnetism
episodic, severe enough to interfere with daily functioning symptoms: SIG E CAPS
major depressive disorder
last step of CAC
malate --> oxaloacetate
2.5 ATP/NADH (glycolysis)
malate aspartate shuttle
malate --> oxaloacetate
malate dehydrogenase
cytosolic oxaloacetate --> malate (able to pass through membrane in malate form) once in matrix, reverts back to NADH --> etc --> 2.5ATP/NADH
malate-aspartate Shuttle
urinary and reproductive system share a common pathway in
males
(impression management) refers to using props, appearances, emotional expression, or associations to create a positive image
managing appearances
positive intended effect on a system
manifest function
density (p)=
mass/volume
the status by which a person is most identified
master status
selection of a mate based on attraction
mate choice
type of support: -financial and material
material
includes the physical items on associates with a given group, such as artwork, emblems, clothing, jewelry, foods, buildings, and tools
material culture
space inside inner membrane
matrix
large cell with large quantity of cytoplasm/organelles nearly everything to zygote (sperm only donates 1/2 DNA)
mature ovum
reactions that are more than one step, sum gives overall reaction
mechanism
deals with lower SES peoples health insurance
medicaid
deals with older people's health insurance
medicare
homologous chromosomes separate no centromeres on the metaphase plate
meiosis
occurs in gametocytes (germ cells) *4 identical sex cells (gametes) different from mitosis *1 round of replication, 2 of division
meiosis
more similar to mitosis, with sister chromatids
meiosis II
oocytes are arrested in...until fertilization
meiosis II
electrochemical gradient
membrane potential
usually transmembrane proteins ex. ligand-gated ion channels (biosignaling), G-protein coupled receptors generally proteins (some carbohydrate/lipid viruses)
membrane receptors
bounded through electrostatic interactions with lipid-soluble bilayer ex. G-protein
membrane-associated (peripheral) proteins
as woman ages, ovaries less sensitive to FSH/LH, ovarian atrophy, endometrium atrophies
menopause
cyclic pattern of estrogen/progesterone rise and fall, endometrial lining grows and sheds
menstrual cycle
day 0 menstrual cycle=
menstruation
no implantation *corpus luteum loses LH stimulation, progesterone decreases, uterine lining sloughed off *loss of estrogen/progesterone increases GnRH to start next cycle
menstruation
refers to a society in which advancement up the social ladder is based on intellectual talent and achievement
meritocracy
adrenal cortex is formed from the
mesoderm
germ layer: -middle layer -"means of getting around" -bones, muscle, circulatory, gonads
mesoderm
thyroxine is super important in
metabolism
break down
metabolize
free flow of electric charge within them usually thought of as a metallic band (sea of electrons)
metallic conductivity
conductive types:
metallic, electrolytic
centriole pairs now at opposite cell ends align at metaphase (equatorial) plate -chromosomes align
metaphase
fibers align at
metaphase
secondary oocyte is arrested in....until fertilization, where it then is known as an
metaphase II, ovum
solid polymerized roots of actin cytokinesis (cleavage furrow)
microfilaments
three components of cytoskeleton
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
measure entropy in terms of
microstates
hollow polymers of tubulin kinesin/dyenin ex. cilil and flagella and centrioles (in centrosome)
microtubules
maintains the electrical signal within one neuron increases speed of conduction in the axon
myelin sheath
in Charles's Law,.... and...are held constant
n, P
in boyle's law,...and...are constant
n, T
Cluster B: -needs to be loved/admired by others
narcissistic
cell death in which cell dies as result of injury
necrosis
Ue for unlike charges=
negative
bond formation is a....#
negative
inside of neuron at resting potential is more
negative
opposite charges=....electric potential energy, closer they are, more stable
negative
particles with...charge in centripetal magnetic force move in the opposite direction
negative
in the follicular phase, estrogen causes.....on GnRH, FSH, and LH
negative feedback
products are inhibitors
negative feedback (common trend in CAC)
Single stranded RNA: -template for synthesis of complement strand, template for protein synthesis must carry RNA replicase
negative sense
hypothalamus is connected to posterior pituitary via the
nerve (giant axon)
end of axon enlarged/flattened to enhance signal transmission ensure proper neurotransmitter release
nerve terminal/synaptic button (knob)
collections of neurons in PNS --> multiple information types/ cell bodies in ganglia
nerves
control muscle movement, neurotransmitters, reflexes, and glandular secretions higher level thinking and mental function operates through basic electrical and chemical signals
nervous system
an observable pattern of social relationships between individuals or groups
network
observable pattern of social relationship amount individuals/groups
network
type of support: -gives a sense of belonging
network
have a nucleus located in the cell body (soma) location of ER and ribosomes
neurons
specialized cells capable of transmitting electrical impulses and then translating those electrical impulses into chemical signals
neurons
chemical message traveling down axons
neurotransmitter
chemicals that transmit information between neurons
neurotransmitter
for a signal to be conveyed to another neuron, action potential must travel down the axon and initiate... ...
neurotransmitter releases
Increase in Ca2+ triggers exocytosis of....which then bind to the postsynaptic membrane receptors
neurotransmitters
development of nervous system (ectoderm)
neurulation
acid + base = salt + water
neutralization
does not depend on amount of water mols of acid matters (not concentration) solvent does not influence things at all
neutralization
final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
oxygen
key regulator of ATP synthase
oxygen
hormones released by posterior pituitary
oxytocin, ADH
hormones that cause parturition
oxytocin, prostaglandins
# of protons in a solution
pH
proton motive force: ....decreases in inter membrane space
pH
solution optimally buffered if....
pH=pKa pOH=pKb
bronsted-lowry occurs in.. (conjugate acid-base pairs)
pairs
both exocrine and endocrine functions grouped into islets of langeerhaans (alpha, beta, delta)
pancreas
insulin is released from the
pancreas
insulin and glucagon are produced in the...most specifically then
pancreas, islet of langerhaans
characterized by a sense of impending doom
panic disorder
cell-cell communication: -cells in local area
paracrine
unpaired slightly attract temporary magnets
paramagnetic
cluster A: intense mistrust of other people
paranoid
4 small pea-sized structures that sit on the posterior surface of the thyroid
parathyroid glands
increases calcium absorption decreases kidney excretion of calcium
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
movement disorder decreased dopamine production impact basal ganglia treated by increasing dopamine
parkinson's disorder
pressure exerted by each individual gas
partial pressure
weak acids....dissociate
partly
rhythmic contractions of uterine smooth muscle
parturition (vaginal childbirth)
concentration gradients: Gibbs free energy < 0 --> spontaneous.....and increase with increasing temperature
passive (primary motivator=increase in entropy)
do not require intracellular energy sources, utilize concentration gradients
passive transport
stereotype content model -housewives, elderly -low competence, high warmth
paternalistic
refers to the social influence placed on individuals by others they consider equals
peer pressure
assimilation of self-selected individuals
peer-group
PPP aka hexose monophate (HMP) shunt cytoplasm NADPH and sugars for biosynthesis rate limiting: G6P dehydrogenase (increased by NADP+, decreased by NADPH)
pentose phosphate pathway
ADH type:
peptide hormone
-rapid, but short lived effects -water soluble (travel freely in the bloodstream without a carrier)
peptide hormones
amino acids -charged/cannot pass plasma membrane, must bind to extra cellular receptors -signaling cascade
peptide hormones
classification of hormones by chemical structures:
peptide, steroid, amine
innervates skeletal muscle and is responsible for voluntary movement some are reflex arcs pathways can involve 2+ neurons depending on signal type
peripheral nervous system
exception to acid/base nomenclature (MnO4-)
permanganate
contain h2o2, break down fatty acids via beta oxidation
peroxisomes
less severe, longer duration than major depressive disorder
persistent depressive disorder
behavior that is inflexible, maladaptive, ego-syntonic cluster A, B, C
personality disorder
a specific scientific occurrence given to us by the question
phenomenon
mate choice: -observable traits that make a potential mate more attractive to the opposite sex (nurturer)
phenotypic benefit
substitutes one fatty acid chain of triacylglyderol with a phosphate group -assemble micelles or liposomes (due to hydrophobic interactions) -membrnae synthesis and produce a VLDL lipid transporter -primary component of cell membrane -can serve as second messengers
phospholipids
cell membrane components (lipids)
phospholipids, steroid molecules, cholesterol, waxes
in the fetus, oxygenation happens at the...since fetal lungs aren't fully developed
placenta
carry DNA not necessary for prokaryote survival
plasmid
extrachromosomal material carry genes that often benefit the bacteria (ex. antibiotic resistance)
plasmids
mnemonic to remember substrates for CAC
please, can I keep selling seashells for money, officer?
cells can differentiate into any cell type, except for those found in the placental structure
pluripotent
female with 2+ exclusive male relationships
polyandry
male with 2+ exclusive female relationships
polygyny
sensory neuron may fire onto a motor neuron as well as interneurons that fire onto other motor neurons
polysynaptic reflex arc
Ue for like charges=
positive
current (I) deals with the flow of...charges
positive
during threshold: more...inside (depolarization) inactivated K+ channels open to restore potential
positive
like charges=....electric potential energy, closer they are, less stable
positive
oxytocin is different than other hormones in the sense that it has a
positive feedback loop
Single stranded RNA: -genome directly transcribed to functional proteins by ribosomes of host cell (like mRNA)
positive sense
two types of single stranded RNA
positive sense negative sense
delusions hallucinations disorganized thought disorganized behavior
positive symptoms
proton motive force ....delta G, ....
positive, endergonic
is characterized by intrusive symptoms, avoidance symptoms, negative cognitive symptoms, and arousal symptoms
post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
connected to hypothalamus via a long axon
posterior pituitary
at resting potential, there is an outward movement of K+ via...
potassium leak channels
determine what tissues a particular stem cell can differentiate into
potency
all action potential within the same neuron have the same... ...during depolarization
potential difference
in action potentials, when increase intensity, you don't increase the...but increase the....of firing
potential difference frequency
a socioeconomic condition. in the United States; the line is determined by the government's calculation of the minimum income requirements for families to acquire the minimum necessities of life
poverty
ability to achieve goals
power
across each resistor in a circuit, a certain amount of...is dissipated, when is dependent on the current through the resistor and the voltage drop across the resistor
power
rate at which energy is dissipated by a resistor
power
the capacity to influence people through real or perceived rewards and punishments
power
solid at bottom, if more solute is put in after reaching saturation
precipitating
modulates impulsiveness decreases emotional activity
prefrontal cortex
an irrational +/- attitude toward a person, group, or thing prior to actual experience with that entity influenced by power, prestige, class
prejudice
increase in....causes particles to be pushed closer together, causing the volume to be less than ideal
pressure
gases depend on:
pressure, volume, temperature, moles
level of respect shown by others
prestige
the respect and importance tied to specific occupations or associations
prestige
is calculated as the number of cases of a disease per population in a given period of time
prevalence
first impression is more important than subsequent ones
primacy effect
type of active transport that uses ATP
primary active transport
interactions are direct with close bonds, intimate relations long periods of time
primary group
at birth, eggs are
primary oocytes (arrested in prophase I)
process of initially learning actions/attitudes through observation
primary socialization
after S stage, spermatogonia-
primary spermatocyte
types of active transport
primary, secondary
infectious proteins cause misfiling of other proteins (alpha helix to B-sheet)
prions
small and sub viral particles that can cause disease
prions, viroids
A variable that depends on the path taken to get from one state to another. Includes work and heat.
process function
if change in enthalpy is negative, it is an exothermic reaction, meaning that you can treat heat as a
product
removing...does not affect reaction rate, since rate law is only based on reactants
product
...are never included in rate laws (only equilibrium)
products
viral life cycle: -cell death --> spilling of viral progeny -lyse host cell as a result of too many irons
progeny release
LH in females stimulates...production
progesterone
development/maintains of endometrium, but not the initial thickening
progesterone
end of first trimester, corpus luteum leaves, and placenta secretes its own
progesterone
peaks at luteal phase
progesterone
lack nucleus/membrane-bound organelles single celled
prokaryotes
simplest of all organisms
prokaryotes
single celled, no nucleus
prokaryotes
milk production in mammary glands
prolactin
no exclusive relationships
promiscuity
condensation of chromatin --> chromosomes centrosomes move to opposite sides centrioles form spindle fibers contact chromosomes because of dissolving nuclear membrane nucleoli disappears
prophase
spindle apparatus interact with fibers at end of
prophase
chromatin --> chromosomes 1st major difference vs. mitosis *homologous chromosomes come together and intertwine in a process called synapsis
prophase I
crossing over in meiosis happens at
prophase I
time of birth until ovulation, eggs are arrested in....of...
prophase, meiosis I
4 phases of mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (cytokinesis)
complex ions are found in
proteins (iron in hemoglobin) (coenzymes and cofactors)
ATP generation decreases pH and voltage differential increases in intermembrane space (electrochemical gradient)
proton motive force
electron transport chain produces....
proton-membrane electrochemical gradient
an electrochemical gradient generated by complexes of the ETC
proton-motive force
Bronsted Lowry deals with
protons
in relation to attraction: -we like people who are physically close -convenience -mere exposure effect/familiarity
proximity
complex of enzymes carrying out multiple reactions in succession requires multiple coenzymes/cofactors inhibited by Acetyl-CoA
pyruvate dehydrogenase
turns pyruvate into acetyl CoA inhibited by Acetyl CoA and NADH
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
is irreversible happens in the liver (is activated by insulin)
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH complex)
irreversibly dephosophorlyes PEP activated by F-1,6-BP (feedforward activation) ATP via substrate phosphorylation
pyruvate kinase
last enzyme in aerobic glycolysis PEP + ADP --> pyruvate + ATP feedforward activation by PFK-1 reaction (F-1,6-BP)
pyruvate kinase
enzymes that catalyze irreversible steps in glycolysis
pyruvate kinase PFK-1 hexokinase
to figure out which way magnetic force is going: -thumb in direction of... -fingers in direction of.... -...is in the direction of the magnetic force
qv, magnetic field, palm
a social constructed based on phentoypic differences between groups of people; there may be either real or perceived differences
race
vapor pressure depression, as more solute is dissolved in solvent, the vapor pressure of solvent decreases
raoult's law
can only be determined experimentally!!
rate laws
refers to carrying out the behaviors of a given role
role performance
contains all of the different roles associated with a status
role set
occurs when one has difficulty satisfying multiple requirements of the same role simultaneously
role strain
ribosomes are located here permit translation of proteins destined fro secretly directly into its lumen
rough er
Ksp in increasing pressure....non-gas solutes
s
cell replicates genetic material so that each daughter cell will have identical copies
s stage
neuron signal hops from node to node
saltatory conductions
main component of animal fats solids at room temperature processed foods= "less healthy" decrease overall membrane fluidity
saturated
maximum amont is dissolved in a solution
saturated
... ...with a catalyst have a maximum turnover rate that cannot adjust the rate constant or reaction rate any higher
saturated solution
at the.... ....solute concentration is at its maximum value for a given temperature and pressure
saturation point
equilibrium of solution=
saturation point
electric potential is a...quantity
scalar
cluster A few interpersonal relationships (no desire for social interactions)
schizoid
high levels of dopamine are associated with
schizophrenia
prototype psychotic disorder positive symptoms: behaviors added on negative symptoms: take away from normal behaviors
schizophrenia
dopamine increase dopamine decrease
schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease
cluster A odd and magical thinking
schizotypal
external south that hands below the penis allows 2-4*C lower temp than the body
scrotum
testes are located in
scrotum
onset in winter months (abnormal melatonin metabolism) treat with bright light therapy
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
rate that is proportional to either the concentration of two reactants or to the square of a single reactant
second order reactant
refers to an exacerbation of health outcomes caused by social injustice
second sickness
tremendous growth moves around human face; fingers/toes elongate
second trimester
type of active transport that uses coupled transport (symport/antiport)
secondary active transport
superficial, short relationships
secondary group
after meiosis I primary oocytes are
secondary oocyte (polar body--due to unequal cytokinesis)
based on learning the rules of specific social environments
secondary socialization
after meiosis I primary spermatocyte =
secondary spermatocyte
"good", child fells like caregiver is consistent and reliable -child explores the world and prefers caregiver > strangers -grows up with adequate social skills
secure attachment
in anaphase I, the separation of homologous chromosomes is known as
segregation
(impression management) sharing of factual information
self-disclosure
in relation to attraction: -people like when they can share their fears, thoughts, and goals and be met with nonjudgemental empathy and reciprocity
self-disclosure
person acts in stereotypical way, validating it
self-fulfilling property
own success=internal failure=external
self-serving bias
game theory: -organism one does not share but organism two does
selfishness
sperm + seminal fluid=
semen
mitochondria are....contain own genes and replicate independently of the nucleus via binary fission
semiautonomous
as sperm passes through, mixed with... ...
seminal fluid
sperm produced here
seminiferous tubules
result of multiple molecular and metabolic processes (shortening of telomeres during cell division)
senescence
afferent, enter spinal cord on dorsal side
sensory neurons
two major functions of the thyroid
setting basal metabolic rate (T3/T4) and calcium homeostasis (calcitonin)
in conjugation, in order to form pilus bacteria must contain plasmids known as
sex factors
in conjugation, bridge is composed of... ...(donor male)
sex pili
reproduction under hormonal control
sexual development
can be defined by one's sexual interest toward members of the same, opposite, or both sexes
sexual orientation
in neurons,...matches function
shape
NADH from glycolysis must use...for electron transport chain
shuttles
NADH that is not produced in the CAC, cannot cross membrane without specialized...
shuttles
least likely to result in ideal gas behavior when size becomes...violates ideal gas law
significant
in relation to attraction: -similar backgrounds/values -opposites can attract if they are complementary
similarity
substrates move down concentration gradient; only freely permeable membranes
simple diffusion
types of passive transport
simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
judgements on personality made quickly and subconciously
simplicity personality theory
external-- related to surroundings
situational
glucose to muscle during exercise
skeletal muscle glycogen
heavier gases diffuse
slower
larger the gas molecule,...they move
slower
if p is big, -log number is
small
....Ka= weaker the acid, less dissociate
smaller
...Kb= weaker the base, almost exclusively amines
smaller
lacks ribosomes and is utilized for lipid synthesis
smooth er
fear/anxiety in social situations
social anxiety disorder
the investment people make in their society in return for economic or collective rewards
social capital
states that emotions are solely based on the situational context of social interactions
social construction model
explores the ways in which individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon a given social reality
social constructionism
how individuals put together their social reality
social constructionism
a sense of powerlessness when individuals feel alienated from society
social exclusion
describes the tendency of people to perform at a different level based on the fact that others are around
social facilitation
perform better on simple tasks in the presence of others (Yerkes-Dodson Law)
social facilitation
are well-established social structures that dictate certain patterns of behavior or relationships and are accepted as a fundamental part of culture. Common social institutions include the family, education, religion, government and the economy-- and health and medicine
social institutions
allows one to acquire higher-level employment opportunities by achieving required credentials and experience can either occur in positive/negative direction
social mobility
are organized to either promote (proactive) or resist (reactive) social change
social movements
social cognition make judgements/impression of others (perceiver, target, situation)
social perception components
refers to the passing on of social inequality, especially poverty, from one generation to the next
social reproduction
children with disorganized, ambivalent, avoidant attachment grow up with
social skill deficit
perception/reality that one is cared fro by a social network has major health benefits
social support
the process of developing and spreading norms, customs and beliefs
socialization
social stratification is based on.... based on ascribed status and achieved status
socioeconomic status (SES)
cell at threshold: voltage gated....open in the membrane response to depolarization, and permit Na+ passage strong electrochemical gradient that promotes migration of Na+ into the cells
sodium channels
driving force of Na+ into cells is caused by
sodium leak channels
...of gas increases with increasing partial pressure of gas (this is important in the circulatory system for gas/nutrient exchange)
solubility
maximum amount of that substance that can be dissolved in a particular solvent @ a given temperature
solubility
(in terms of solubility) Delta G= -
soluble
complex ions form to become more...in solution
soluble
dissolved in a solvent
solute
homogeneous mixtures of two+ substances that combine to form a single phase (different combinations of three phases)
solution
breaking intermolecular interactions between solute molecules and solvent molecules and form new intermolecular interactions between molecules
solvation
electrostatic interaction between solvent and solute molecules
solvation/dissolution
in neurons, ribosomes are primarily located in the..
soma (cell body)
blood glucose back to base line, important in converting fatty acids to acetyl CoA
somastatin
inhibit both glucagon and insulin
somastatin
cells not involved in sexual reproduction
somatic cells
affected individual experiences pain, injury, or illness that cannot be explained by a medical condition
somatic symptom disorder
symptom not linked to a medical condition
somatic symptom disorder
delta cells of pancreas secrete
somatostatin
Q in electricity=
source charge
solutes that dissolve minimally in the solvent (molar solubility under 0.1M)
sparingly soluble salts
summation type: additive effects based on number and location
spatial
a form of social stratification across territories and their populations, and can occur along residential, environmental, and global lines
spatial inequality
some membranes are specialized to accomplish specific functions
specialized membranes
membrane transport, ions larger molecules
specialized transport
c= about of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1*C/K
specific heat
irrational fear of something, most common type of anxiety disorder
specific phobia
cell is reversibly designated as a specific cell type
specification
three stages of cell specialization
specification, determination, differentiation
potency is a..
spectrum
after meiosis II secondary spermatocyte=
spermatid
formation of haploid sperm through meiosis (happens in seminiferous tubules)
spermatogenesis
in males FSH affects
spermatogenesis
diploid sperm stem cell=
spermatogonia
development of a mature sperm
spermatogonium 1* spermatocyte 2* spermatocyte spermatid spermatozoan
after maturation spermatid =
spermatozoa
mature sperm=
spermatozoa
important for cell membranes *do not contain glycerol *classes: ceramide, sphingomyelins, cerebrosides, gangliosides
sphingolipids
classification of bacteria by shape: spiral-shapped
spirilli
game theory: -two organisms fight for resources
spite
Gibbs free energy, when negative is
spontaneous
Q < Keq
spontaneous
exergonic processes are
spontaneous
can occur by itself without have to be driven by energy from an outside source can be slow/not always go to completion
spontaneous process
the enthalpy required to produce one mole of a compound from its elements in their standard states
standard heat of formation
most stable physical state of an element @ 298*K and 1 atm
standard state
under standard conditions, the most stable for of a substrate=
standard state
plants store glycogen as
starch
Hess's Law applies to any...function
state
describe the system in an equilibrium state (one spot to another)
state function
electrical potential energy is a
state function
cells that have not yet differentiated or that give rise to other cells that will differentiate
stem cells
attempts to classify stereotypes using warmth and competence
stereotype content model
nervous about confirming stereotype about group, affect performance
stereotype threat
used to make sense of complex world attitutdes/impressions are based on limited/superficial info about a group or person can have negative connotations
stereotypes
aldosterone type of hormone
steroid (cholesterol)
-nonpolar (easily cross membrane) -effects=slower, longer lived, bind to DNA to alter gene transcription -not water soluble (carried by proteins) ex. estrogen, testosterone
steroid hormones
derived from cholesterol and produced primarily by gonads and adrenal cortex
steroid hormones
The extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society.
stigma
greater density of magnetic field= greater...
strength
HBr, HI, H2SO4, HNO3, HCLO4
strong acids
NaOH, KOH
strong bases
Refer to a group of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong
subcultures
greatest energy change in terms of entropy
sublimation
solid to gas
sublimation
3-phosphoglycerate kinase converts ADP to ATP via....which means it is not dependent on oxygen
substrate level phosphorylation
only way to create ATP from glycoside in an aerobic environment
substrate level phosphorylation
succinate --> fumarate
succinate dehydrogenase (flavoprotein)
succinyl-coA --> succinate + GTP
succinyl-coA synthetase
3 essential control points of the CAC: alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex inhibitors: activators:
succinyl-coA, NADH, ATP ADP, calcium ions
additive effect of multiple signals
summation
pattern of excitation
summation
IP > Keq=
supersaturated
includes the ideas associated with a cultural group
symbolic culture
recognition of an ethnic identity that is only relevant on special occasions or in specific circumstances and does not speciaically impact everyday life
symbolic ethnicity
is the study of the ways individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures, and other symbols
symbolic interactionism
magnetic field has same...as source
symmetry
epinephrine is important in the
sympathetic nervous system
nerve terminal, synaptic cleft, postsynaptic membrane
synapse
space between neurons where neurotransmitters are released
synapse
In prophase I, homologous chromosomes come together and intertwine in a process called
synapsis
small space into which the terminal portion of the axon releases neurotransmitters bind to dendrites of adjacent neurons
synaptic cleft
covalent bonds without energy
synthase
covalent bond with energy input
synthetase
creates new covalent bond with energy source
synthetase
what is being observed
system
what you need to determine delta G
t, entropy, enthalpy
last point in the meiotic cycle which the cell has a diploid number of chromosomes
telophase II
split -reverse of prophase -new nuclear membrane form
telophase/cytokinesis
average kinetic energy of the particles of a substance scale how hot/cold something is thermal energy increase, this also increases
temperatrue
Gibbs free energy is....dependent when deltaH and deltaS have the same sign
temperature
due to kinetic molecular theory, KE is the same for all gases at a given
temperature
equilibrium constant is...dependent
temperature
solubility constants are only impacted by...
temperature
speed of gas is related to...
temperature
solubility of a solvent depends on
temperature solvent gas-phase solute (pressure) addition of other substance to the solution
solubility product constant (Ksp) is dependent on
temperature, pressure
summation type: multiple signals, short period of time
temporal
two types of summation
temporal, spatial
substances that interfere with development, causing defects or death of embryo
teratogens
q in electricity=
test charge
male primitive gonad
testes
increased levels of....with aggression
testosterone
maintains/develops male reproductive system 2nd sexual characteristics
testosterone
negative feedback on hypothalamus/anterior pituitary in males
testosterone
in male "birth control" you need to increase...to stop...production
testosterone, GnRH
integration of foreign genetic material into the host genome
transformation
activated complex (greatest energy) (cannot be isolated)
transition state
viral life cycle: -translation of viral genetic material -normal (nucleus --> cytoplasm)
translation and progeny assembly
protein completely through lipid bilayer ex. transporters, channels, receptors
transmembrane
three types of membrane proteins
transmembrane embedded membrane-associated (peripheral)
two types of integral proteins
transmembrane, embedded
storage lipids involved in human metabolic processes *3 fatty acid chains esterfied, to a glycerol molecule
triacylglycerides
surround blastocoel, give rise to chorion and later the placenta
trophoblast
.....gives rise to the chorion
trophoblastic cells
FLAT in anterior pituitary hormones are
tropic
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH (FLAT) are examples of
tropic hormones
require an intermediary to act (GnRH)
tropic hormones
work by causing the release of another hormone at organ level
tropic hormones
diabetes mellitus: ..... autoimmune, kill B cells
type 1
diabetes mellitus: ... non-responsive insulin (still producing, just not working like it should) usually from obesity
type 2
permeability of free space
u0
carry deoxygenated blood with waste away from fetus
umbilical arteries
blood and waste away from embryo
umbilical artery
carry blood away from fetus to the placenta
umbilical artery
The embryo is connected to the placenta by the
umbilical cord
blood and nutrients to embryo
umbilical vein
carries blood towards fetus from the placenta
umbilical vein
carries oxygenated blood with nutrients towards baby
umbilical vein
everything can make a solution as long as it is a....mixture
uniform (homo. appearance)
IP < Keq=
unsaturated
liquid at room temperature "healthier" one+ double bond fluidity to membrane
unsaturated
supersaturated solutions are very
unstable
refers to the process of dense areas of populations creating a pull for migration; in other words, creating cities
urbanization
carries sperm through penis to exit body
urethra
extremely hydrophobic lipid class rarely found in animal cell membranes, but sometimes in plants (long-chain fatty acids and long chain -OH)
waxes
in cell membrane...causes stability
waxes
most serve extracellular function (protection/waterproofing)
waxes
....titrations are rarely performed
weak acid/weak bases
only partially dissociate in aqueous solutions, achieve an equilibrium state
weak acids/bases
indicators must always be...than what is being titrated
weaker
cluster A, B, C mnemonics
weird, wild, worried
action potential=
"all or nothing"
prevalence=
# of cases/total population
resting potential of membrane
-70mV
peptide/AA hormones usually end in
-in, -ine
p=
-log
steroid hormones usually end in
-one, -ol, -oid
acids formed from oxyanions --> oxyacids -ite (less oxygen) ---> ... -ate (more oxygen) ---> ....
-ous acid -ic acid
at equilibrium Gibbs free energy=
0
at equilibrium, Gibbs free energy=
0
for like charges, as r increases, Ue is essentially
0
heat of vaporization at the critical point and up=
0
if a cell is not driving current, the internal resistance=
0
in an ideal solution, enthalpy of dissolution=
0
standard heat of formation of elements=
0
there is not temperature below
0*K
generate ATP via substrate-level phosophorylation only ATP gained in anaerobic respiration
1,3-BPG PEP
capacitors in series
1/c
facilitate oxygen unloading in erythrocytes
2,3-BPG (made from 1,3-BPG)
@ STP mole of an ideal gas=
22.4 L
biological sex is determined by...pair of chromosome
23
standard conditions:
25*C 1 atm pressure 1 molar concentration
standard temperature and pressure (STP)
273K 1 atm
energy spontaneously disperses from being localized to spread out if it is not hindered from doing so
2nd law of thermodynamics
hCG levels decline, because placenta can secrete own progesterone/estrogen, increased levels cause negative feedback on GnRH
2nd trimester
equivalence point pH for titration: -strong acid and strong base
7
explosions: Gibbs free energy....0
<
electron transport chain deltaG...0=
<, exergonic
equivalence point pH for titration: -strong acid and weak base
<7
ATP formation, deltaG...0=
>, endergonic
equivalence point pH for titration: -weak acid and strong base
>7
efforts to improve healthcare for underserved populations include the
ACA medicare medicaid
released by hypothalamus: CRF released by anterior pituitary in response: ?
ACTH
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex regulation: -activated by
ADP
overall, the CAC is activated by
ADP, NAD+
dissociate to from an excess H+ in solution
Arrhenius acid
dissociate to form excess OH- in solution
Arrhenius base
gives more information on the collision theory rate increases with increasing temperature increases with number of molecules
Arrhenius équation
all gases at a constant temperature and pressure occupy volumes that are directly proportional to the number of mols of gas present
Avogadro's principle
Alzheimer's disease is associated with genetic factors, brain atrophy, decreases in acetylcholine, senile plaques of....and....of hyperphosphorylated tau protein
B-amyloid neurofibrillary tangles
don't forget to....equations
BALANCE
takes place in the mitochondrial matrix
CAC
ferromagnetic materials:
Co, Ni, Fr
NADH-CoQ oxidoreductase
Complex I
transfer of electrons from NADH --> CoQ flavoprotein subunit involved (FMN) 4H+ move to intermembrane space Coenzyme Q --> CoH2
Complex I
converted to glycerol instrumental in triglyceride synthesis (liver and adipocytes) can also be converted to G3P in glycolysis
DHAP
triacylglycerol synthesis -formed from F-1,6-BP -isomerized --> G3P --> glycerol (triacyl. backbone)
DHAP
manic symptom mnemonic
DIG FAST
contains genes (wrapped around histones into chromosomes)
DNA
in the G1/S restriction point, before going to the S stage, there must be proper
DNA complement
by birth, eggs have undergone....
DNA replication
diagnostic tool based on description not treatment
DSM-5
the total pressure of a gaseous mixture= the sum of partial pressures of the individual composition
Dalton's law of Partial Pressure
....of menstrual cycle LH surge/ ovulation
Day 14
estrogen is controlled by
FSH
cells that do not divide go from G1 to....where cell is living and carrying out its function without any preparation for division
G0
example of retrovirus
HIV
at different pressures, gas concentration increases or decreases
Henry's Law
higher concentration of...inside cell at resting potential
K+
acid dissociation constant
Ka
electron pair acceptor
Lewis acid
electron pair donor
Lewis base
homologous chromosomes being separated, generating haploid daughter cells (reductional division)
Meiosis I
in ideal gas law...=ideal gas constant (be careful about what value you are using for this!!)
R
higher amounts of this cause higher cellular respiration, negative feedback
T3/T4
released by hypothalamus: TRH released by anterior pituitary in response: ?
TSH
sex-determining region (SRY) initiates testis differentiation
Y
at equilibrium potential of potassium
[K+]in=[K+]out
during ovulation, the oocyte goes to the
abdominal cavity
low pH=
acidic
achiral citrate --> isocitrate
aconitase
if axon hillock receives enough excitatory input to be depolarized to the threshold value this will cause an
action potential
if the signal at the dendrite is excitatory enough, it causes an
action potential
four components of cell theory:
all living things are composed of cells the cell is the basic functional unit of life cells arise only from preexisting cells cells carry genetic information (DNA)
early fluid exchange b/w embryo and yolk sac umbilical cord formed from the remains of this and the yolk sc
allantois
glucagon=.....cells of pancreas
alpha
alpha-ketoglutarate --> succinyl CoA
alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
essential fatty acids
alpha-linolenic acid, linoleic acid
(impression management) imposing an identity onto another person
alter-casting
flow changes direction periodically long distance charge
alternating current
explained by evolution in communities that are closely related-- sacrifice so family can survive (difficult to understand in humans with strangers)
altruism
game theory: -organism 1 shares, but organism 2 does not
altruism
amyloid beta plaque peptide and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein
alzheimer's disease
caregiver has inconsistent response to distressed child child distressed when caregiver leaves, mixed response upon return
ambivalent attachment
least common derived from 1/2 AA different types of message transduction ex: epinephrine, norepinephrine, triodothryonine, and thyroxine
amino-acid derivative hormones
gain/lose a proton
amphiprotic
there are multiple types of...that do not require oxygen
anaerobes
fermentation takes place in an....environment
anaerobic
centromeres split so that each chromatid has its own distinct centromere sister chromatids separate
anaphase
takes place not only between nonhuman animals, but between humans and other animals as well
animal communication
Arrhenius definition is limited to...bases/acids
aqueous
bronsted-lowry is not limited to...
aqueous
extremophiles alternate sources of energy common origin with eukaryotes resistant to many antibiotics
archaea
capacitance in parallel plates dependent on
area distance between plates
high pH=
basic
something a person considers to be true
belief
insulin= ...cells of pancreas
beta
mature sperm (spermatozoa) are very...
compact
gap junctions are also called....(alignment and interaction of pores composed of 6 connexion molecules)
connexons
stages of bacteria growth: -depletion of resources
death phase
pH increase in mitochondrial inter membrane space ....proton gradient ...ATP synthesis ...NADH (CAC inhibition)
decreased decreased increased
released by hypothalamus: PIF (dopamine) released by anterior pituitary in response: ?
decreased prolactin secretion
Ksp in increasing temperatures....gas solutes
decreases
a model used to represent drops in birth and death rates as a result of industrialization
demographic transition
refer to the statistics of populations and are the mathematical applications of sociology
demographics
carry signals towards soma
dendrites
any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society
deviance
refers to any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society
deviance
dysfunction of glucagon/insulin
diabetes mellitus
repelled temporary magnets paired e- "nonmagnetic" wood/skin
diamagnetic
insulation increases capacitance by dielectric constant (k)
dielectric material
missing memories of past experiences due to psychological trauma
dissociative amnesia
avoidance of stressors by escape from identity and reality
dissociative disorder
conducting path that usually has one or more voltage sources (battery) connected to 1+ passive circuit element (resistors)
electric circuit
study of stationary charges and the forces that are created by and which act upon charges
electrostatics
proteins that are only interior or exterior
embedded
energy absorbed
endergonic
general underlying theory of cell (plasma) membrane semipermeable phospholipid bilayer
fluid mosaic model
burn up glucose store as glycogen (liver storage) beta cells
insulin
increase in blood sugar= release of
insulin
equal concentration of solute inside and outside of cell does not prevent all movement, just net movement
isotonic
no change in volume
isovolumetric
amino acids can be: ....(ketone bodies, alternate fuels, Lys/Leu) ...(all the rest)
ketogenic, glucogenic
temperature is an expression of
kinetic energy
often forms faster, less stable
kinetic products
in gram negative....trigger immune response in humans
lipopolysaccharides
pure...and...are not involved in equilibrium expressions
liquids, solids
gluconeogenesis primarily takes place in the
liver
glycogen is stored in the
liver
very happy, full of life
mania
are deliberate actions that serve to help a given system
manifest function
distant spread of cancerous cells through the bloodstream/lymphatic systems
metastatis
exclusive mating pattern
monogamy
the average number of deaths per population size over time, usually measured as the number of deaths per 1000 people per year
mortality rate
after several divisions, the embryo becomes a solid mass of cells called a
morula
efferent, exit spinal cord on ventral side
motor neurons
a magnetic force must be
moving
disturbance of affect (expression of emotion) abolition (loss sense of goal-setting)
negative symptoms
multiple nervous, PNS sensory, motor, mixed
nerve
act in best interest and avoid treatments where potential harm > potential benefits
nonmaleficence
refers to avoiding treatments for which risk is larger than benefit
nonmaleficence
synthesizes rRNA
nucleolus
when there is more than one gas in container, each gas contributes to the whole as if it were the
only gas present
cancer can be caused by a mutation in... cell cycle does not stop to repair damaged DNA; cancer--> rapid cell division --> tumor
p53 (TP53)
...move rapidly in the plane of the membrane through simple diffusion
phospholipids
glycerophospholipid is also known as
phospholipids
medications for schizophrenia address....not...
positive symptoms, negative symptoms
citric acid overall
pyruvate + acetyl CoA --> NADH, CO2, GTP, FADH2
activated by Acetyl-CoA pyruvate --> oxaloacetate PEP via PEPCK (bypass pyruvate kinase) activated by glucagon and cortisol
pyruvate carboxylase
process by which one discards one behaviors in favor of new ones
resocialization
common....: cAMP, IP3, Ca2+
second messengers (peptide hormones)
a category of people with shared socioeconomic characteristics. the three main are upper, middle, lower similar lifestyles, job opportunities, attitudes, and behaviors
social class
states that attitudes are formed through observation of behavior, personal factors, and environment
social cognitive theory
component of a solution that remains in the same phase after mixing greater in quantity
solvent
forward and reverse reactions have stopped
static equilibrium
stages of bacteria growth: -reduction of resources, decrease in reproduction
stationary phase
a position in society used to classify individuals
status
position in society/individual
status/role
testosterone is produced by
testes
during puberty in males.... increases and sperm production begins
testosterone
more stable, more negative deltaG
thermodynamic products
antibody transfer growth rate slows down, less movement (less room)
third trimester
calcium homeostasis is controlled by the
thyroid/parathyroid
prevent solutes from leaking into the cell via a paracellular route
tight junctions
seen in epithelial cells; physical link between cells as they form a single layer of tissue "watertight seal"
tight junctions
procedure used to determine the concentration of a known reactant in solution (acid/base, redox, complex)
titration
circular motion of flagella deals with
torque
genetic elements capable of inserting and removing themselves from the genome
transposes
cells entering G2 have...as much DNA as cells in G1
twice
fetal lungs have..shunts to actively direct blood away from organs while they develop
two
what a person deems important in life
value
ADH is also called
vasopressin
embryo is supported by the...until functional placenta; this is also the site of early blood cell development
yolk sac
interphase stages
G1, S, G2
four phases of the cell cycle
G1, S, G2, M
first restriction point in the cell cycle
G1-S
two types of refractory periods
absolute, relative
speeds up impulses
myelin
substrates in glycolysis that create ATP via substrate level phosphorylation
1,3-BPG PEP
cause ATP production in glycolysis create ATP by transferring a phosphate group to ADP
1,3-BPG, PEP
3 processes of genetic recombination in prokaryotes
1. transformation 2. conjugation 3. transduction
electric potential is inverse related to
1/r
resistors in parallel
1/r
Force is inversely proportional to
1/r^2
1,3-BPG +ADP --> ATP + 3-phosphoglycertate
3-phosphoglycerate kinase
1,3-BPG ---> ATP (via substrate level phosphorylation, not O2 dependent)
3-phosphoglycerate kinase
total ATP created via aerobic respiration
30-32
normal chromosome number
46
regulation (respiratory control) limited...., low.... (decreases) abundant...., adequate... (increases)
ADP, O2
activators in CAC
ADP/NAD+
isomerase: positive feedback by
AMP
ETC: protons moving for mitochondrial matrix to inter membrane space of mitochondria causes a higher H+ gradient, that can be used to drive....
ATP production
protein complex that links ETC with final ATP product
ATP synthase
spans entire inner mitochondrial membrane and protrudes into the matrix
ATP synthase
spans mitochondrial membrane and protrudes into matrix
ATP synthase
1,3-BPG produces
ATP, NADH
overall, the CAC is inhibited by
ATP, NADH
isocitrate dehydrogenase inhibited by: activated by:
ATP, NADH ADP, NAD+
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex regulation: -inhibited by
ATP, NADH, Acetyl-CoA
CAC negative feedback:
ATP, NADH, FADH2 (products)
alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex inhibited by: activated by:
ATP, NADH, succinyl-CoA ADP, NAD+, Ca2+
citrate synthase inhibited by:
ATP, NADH, succinyl-coA, citrate
isomerase: negative feedback by
ATP, citrate
PFK-1 is inhibited by...and.... activated by...
ATP, citrate AMP
trends: these ratio determine inhibition/activation
ATP/ADP NADH/NAD+
3 essential control points of the CAC: Isocitrate Dehydrogenase inhibitors: activators:
ATP/NADH ADP/NAD+
3 essential control points of the CAC: citrate synthase inhibitors: activators:
ATP/NADH, citrate, succinyl-coA (allosteric inhibitors)
refers to acting in the patient's best interest
Beneficence
four key ethical tenets to American medicine
Beneficence Nonmaleficence Respect for autonomy Justice
cell-cell junctions are usually comprised of
CAM (cell-adhesion molecules)
tracts are in the
CNS
glucocorticoids are under control of which hormone released from the hypothalamus? anterior pituitary?
CRF, ACTH
at constant pressure, volume of gas is proportional to its absolute temperature (Kelvin)
Charles's Law
3 essential control points of the CAC
Citrate Synthase Isocitrate Dehydrogenase alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
transfer of electrons from coenzyme Q --> cytochrome C Q Cycle: CoQH2 --> CoQ translocate 4 protons
Complex III
culminating step of ETC transfer of e- from cytochrome C --> oxygen (oxygen is the final electron acceptor) forms water translocates 2 protons
Complex IV
force directly proportional to charges inverse^2 between force and distance
Coulomb's law
quantifies the magnitude of the electrostatic force between two charges
Coulomb's law
checkpoint that makes sure its good enough for synthesis
G1/S
ion channel in ATP synthase, spontaneous, exergonic
F0
ion channel spans the membrane interacts with the proton motive force ATP synthase
F0 portion
phosphorylates ADP --> ATP, endergonic
F1
phosphorylated ADP --> ATP in ATP synthase
F1 portion
cells create organelles fro energy and protein production and increase size
G1
presynaptic gap
G1
is a group unified by mutual self-interests in achieving a goal
Gesellschaft (society)
measure of the change in enthalpy and entropy as a system undergoes a process (nonspontaneous or spontaneous)
Gibbs free energy
three types of corticosteroids
Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids Cortical sex hormones
only in lumen of ER in liver cells G6P --> glucose bypasses glucokinase
Glucose-6-Phosphatase
high levels of....are not seen during pregnancy
GnRH
prior to puberty, hypothalamus restricts...hormone
GnRH
@ puberty, hypothalamus releases pulses of....which causes the anterior pituitary to release....(hormones that develop and maintain the reproductive system)
GnRH, LH, FSH
stacked membrane-bound sacs, modify cellular products "mail room"
Golgi apparatus
rates at which two gases diffuse are inversely proportional to the square root of the molar mass
Graham's Law
relative rates of effusions of 2 gases at same temperature and pressure are given by inverse ratio of the square roots of the masses
Graham's Law of effusion
all salts of.....metals and all....salts are soluble
Group 1, Nitrate
proton motive force: ....increases in inter membrane space
H+ concentration
enthalpy changes of reactions are additive switch signs when reverse equation and multiply by stoichiometric coefficient
Hess's Law
closing of Na+ channels during repolarization causes the opening of
K+ channels
resting membrane potential is closer to...because cell is slightly more permeable to it
K+ equilibrium
2 most important ions in membrane potential
K+, Na+
equilibrium constant when dealing with gases
Kp
indicates solubility of ionic compounds in water
Ksp
solubility of complex ion solutions=
Ksp
solubility product constant, equilibrium constant for its solubility in an aqueous solution
Ksp
in CAC: fumarate --> malate only...forms
L-malate
...produces testosterone (interstitial cells)
LH
...surge causes ovulation
LH
in males,...affects testosterone (male develop)
LH
hormones released by the anterior pituitary that develop and maintain the reproductive system
LH, FSH
released by hypothalamus: GnRG released by anterior pituitary in response: ?
LH, FSH, GH
if a stress is applied to a system, the system shifts to relieve that applied stress in order to reestablish equilibrium
Le Chatelier's Principle
separate sister chromatids equational division
Meiosis II
triggered when sperm penetrates both layers of oocyte
Meiosis II
work to restore working potential
Na+/K+ ATPase
magnetic field goes from...to...
N--> S
carries more electrons than FADH2
NADH
low oxygen= buildup of....and....(shift to right)
NADH, pyruvate
transfer e- to carrier proteins located along the inner mitochondrial membrane of the electron transport chain
NADH/FADH2
in electron transport chain, ....are electron donors and...is the electron acceptor
NADH/FADH2 oxygen
concentration in resting potential is reverse of K+
Na+
undoes the effect of potassium's movement
Na+
continually pump ions back to where they should be (most ATP in the cell is used here)
Na+/K+ ATPase
to maintain resting potential you have to move Na+/K+ against their gradients via....
Na+/K+ ATPase
negative sense single stranded RNA viruses must carry
RNA replicase
holds only when the attraction between molecules of the different components of the mixture are equal to the attraction between the molecules of any one component in its pure state (ideal solutions only)
Raoult's Law
ideal solution behavior is observable when solute-solute, solvent-solvent, solute-solvent interactions are all very similar
Raoult's Law
refers to respecting patients' rights to make decisions about their own healthcare
Respect for autonomy
iodination of amino acid (tyrosine) in the follicular cells of the thyroid (# refers to # of iodine atoms)
T3/T4
negative symptom of schizophrenia; loss sense of goal-setting
abolition
when people do not have enough resources to acquire basic life necessity, such as shelter, food, clothing and water
absolute poverty
no amount of stimulation can cause another action potential to occur
absolute refractory period
poverty can either be....or...
absolute, relative
breaks down diphosphate hexose --> 2 monophosphate triodes (DHAP/G3P)
aldolase
(impression management) the use of excuses to account for questionable behavior
aligning actions
put in series, measures current, negligible resistance
ammeters
surrounds allantois filled with amniotic fluid (shock absorbed during pregnancy)
amnion
acid or base redox sometimes amphiprotic
amphoteric
one that reacts like an acid in a basic environment and like a base in an acidic environment
amphoteric species
fertilization happens in the... which is the widest part of the Fallopian tube
ampulla
activated in threatening situations -promotes aggression
amygdala
biological basis of aggression
amygdala, prefrontal cortex
A state of normlessness in which values and norms have little effect, and the culture no longer provides adequate guidelines for behavior
anomie
placenta barrier helps with immunity because of crossing of..
antibodies
process by which a person prepares for future changes
anticipatory socialization
Cluster B: -disregard for rules and laws, lacks empathy
antisocial
opening in archenteron=blastopore *deuterstomes (humans)= *protostomes=
anus mouth
at least ten different disorder, fear/worry, long duration, severity, hard to maintain normal functions
anxiety disorders
mitochondria can release enzymes to kill cells via
apoptosis
programmed cell death; occurs at various times in development
apoptosis
during apoptosis the cell undergoes changes in morphology and divides into many self contained piece
apoptotic blebs
when a cell undergoes apoptosis the membrane blebs into tiny bit size parts that macrophages can eat
apoptotic bodies
in relation to attraction: -symmetry -golden ratio
appearance
born into (race/gender)
ascribed status
involuntary and derives from clearly identifiable characteristics such as age, gender, and skin color
ascribed status
have the best health profiles
asian Americans, pacific islanders
better overall health profiles than white Americans
asian-americans
....volume= favor side with fewer moles of gas
decreasing
a loss of self-awareness in large groups, which can leads to drastic changes in behavior
deindividuation
losing sense of individuality, becoming an anonymous part of a group
deindividuation
somastatin=...cells of pancreas
delta
radiate from soma receive incoming messages from other cells
dendrites
no...in Ksp because solids and liquids are not in equilibrium constant
denominator
the ratio of the mass per unit volume of a substance (usually g/L)
density
Cluster C: -need for reassurance from others -dependance on one person
dependent
feel detached from mind/body
depersonalization/derealization disorder
caused by an excitatory input raising the membrane potential (Vm) from its resting potential, neuron is more likely to fire an action potential
depolarization
when a sensory neuron receives a single that is strong enough to bring it to threshold: -receptor=... (stimulus --> AP) -AP (sensory neurons) --> CNS --> release.... -allows... of the AP to other sensory neurons
depolarized, neurotransmitters, spread
bind adjacent cells by anchoring their cytoskeletons
desmosomes
interface between two epithelial tissues
desmosomes
type of cleavage: -cells with determined fates -committed to differentiating into a certain cell type
determinate
was previously defined last the commitment of a specific cell type to a particular function in the future; prior to this, a cell can become any cell type, even after specification, commitment to a particular cell type
determination
resting membrane potential depends on -....distribution of ions across the axon membrane -.... of ions across membrane
differential, active transport
changing of the structure, function, and biochemistry of cell to develop into a determined cell type
differentiation
selective transcription of genome *only the genes needed for that particular cell type are transcribed *often related to induction
differentiation
membrane transport; small, non polar
diffusion
when solvent is added to a solution of higher concentration to produce a solution of lower concentration
dilution
completion of meiosis II -pronuclei of haploid sperm and egg=
diploid zygote
PEG in anterior pituitary hormones are
direct
charge flows in one direction (Household batteries)
direct current
secreted and act directly on a target tissue
direct hormone
prolactin, endorphins, growth hormones (PEG) are examples of
direct hormones
classification of hormones by target tissue
direct, tropic
occurs when prejudicial attitudes cause certain individuals to be treated differently than others
discrimination
called this if it disrupts daily life
disorder
4 membrane bound complexes (series of redox rxns) oxygen=final electron acceptor shuttle links NADH (from glycolysis)
electron transport chain
Takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
electron transport chain
has a proton gradient that ultimately produces ATP
electron transport chain
acids that have...elements nearer to acidic hydrogens are strong than those that do not
electronegative
after the first cleavage, the zygote is now considered an
embryo
the movement away from a geographic area
emigration
type of support: -listens, affirms, empathy
emotional
formation of ATP=
endergonic
gain energy=
endergonic
cell-cell communication: -hormones in bloodstream; distant target
endocrine
deals with glands and hormones
endocrine system
bring in cell
endocytosis
germ layer: -innermost layer -epithelial linings
endoderm
uterus lining
endometrium
interconnected membrane that are contiguous with nuclear envelope
endoplasmic reticulum
lysosomes function with
endosomes
transport, package, and sort cell material traveling to and from membrane
endosomes
+ enthalpy=
endothermic
absorb heat, DeltaQ> 0=
endothermic
most dissolutions are...
endothermic
solvation: -when old bonds > new bonds solvation is.... favored at...temperatures
endothermic, higher
final color of indicator=
endpoint
concentration gradients: Gibbs free energy >0 --> non spontaneous and require....(active)
energy
a state function, heat changes at constant pressure
enthalpy
heat under constant pressure
enthalpy
measure of the spontaneous dispersal of energy at a specific temperature
entropy
cell wall + cell membrane=
envelope
viruses without....are more resistant
envelopes
stereotype content model -rich people, feminists -high competence, low warmth
envious
refers to an uneven distribution of environmental hazard in communities.
environmental injustice
sperm formed they go to the...where they gain flagella that gives mobility and store until ejaculation
epididymis
where sperm gain mobility/stored until ejaculation
epididymis
subsets of plasmids,...can integrate into the genome of bacteria
episomes
(lowest energy state of a system under a given set of temperature pressure conditions)
equilibrium
...is not affected by adding a catalyst (but can affect rate constants)
equilibrium
the dynamic state of a chemical reaction in which the concentration of reactants/products stabilize over time in a low-energy configuration
equilibrium
when you use Q, the system is not at
equilibrium
IP=Keq=
equilibrium (saturated)
regers to the movement of people from one geographic location to another
migration
salt/water homeostasis (most profound effect on kidneys) ex. aldosterone (opposite of ADH) increases Na+ reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of the nephron Water follows Na+ (osmosis effect)
mineralocorticoids
from glycolysis --> .... ---> ..... ---> ....
mitochondria, acetyl CoA, CAC
CAC takes place in the
mitochondrial matrix
citric acid cycle happens in the
mitochondrial matrix
in ETC: protons move from...to....
mitochondrial matrix inter membrane space of mitochondria
encloses the mitochondrial matrix (where CAC takes place) no cholesterol here
mitochondrial membrane
succinate ---> fumarate takes place in the
mitochondrial membrane (only step that does)
happens along with cytokinesis 4 phases cytokinesis autosomal (two dental daughter cells) germ (daughter cells are not equivalent)
mitosis
sister chromatids separate centromeres directly on the metaphase place
mitosis
two identical daughter cells are created from a single cell
mitosis
all solutions are....but not all....are solutions
mixtures
boiling point elevation and freezing point depression are based on
molality (not molarity!!)
gases with increasing...will leak more slowly according to Graham's Law of effusion
molar masses
concentration of solute at equilibrium
molar solubility
molarity of a solute in a saturated solution
molar solubility
sensory neuron fires directly onto the motor neuron
monosynaptic reflex arc
two types of reflex arcs
monosynaptic, polysynaptic
single zygote splits in two division incomplete leads to conjoined twins identical twins
monozygotic
burden of illness/severity/ degree of illness
morbidity
the burden or degree of illness associated with a given disease
morbidity
at lower pressures, favor side with....gas
more
when water (s-->l) ...dense,....volume
more, less
refers to death caused by a given disease
mortality
three types of neurons:
motor, interneurons, sensory
refers to the encouragement of multiple cultures within a community to enhance diversity
multiculturalism
nerves carry...types of info
multiple
differentiate into multiple types of cells within a particular group
multipotent
reposition carbonyls pep-pyruvate precursor
mutase, enojase
does not affect the magnitude of the potential difference in an action potential
myelin
fatty membrane, to prevent single loss or crossing of signals
myelin
most mammalian nerve fibers are insulated by these
myelin
a change in behavior based on a command from someone seen as an authority figure
obedience
modification of behavior due to authority figure presence
obedience
require oxygen for metabolism
obligate aerobes
cannot survive in oxygen containing environments
obligate anaerobes
viruses are.... meaning that they do not reproduce by themselves, they must express/replicated genetic information within a host cell (because they don't have any ribosomes to do this)
obligate intracellular parasites
persistent instructive thoughts
obsessions
Cluster C: -obsessed with perfection, like rules, hate change (ego-syntonic), not OCD
obsessive compulsive personality disorder
persistent irrational thoughts
obsessive-compulsive disorder
basic law of electricity: for a given magnitude of resistance, the voltage decrease across the resistor will be proportional to the magnitude of the current
ohm's law
resistance measure; self-powered, negligible resistance
ohmmeters
myelin in the CNS is produced by
oligodendrocytes
tracts carry....types of info
one
information of impulse propagation flows in
one direction
production of female gametes
oogenesis
can exchange energy and matter with surroundings
open system
are bodies of people with a structure and culture designed to achieve specific goals they exist outside of each individuals' membership within
organization
entities that are set up to achieve specific goals
organization
specific simple diffusion with water -lower solute --> higher solute concentrations -higher water --> lower water
osmosis
driving force behind osmosis
osmotic pressure (colligative property)
bone build up, calcium decrease in blood
osteoblast
bone break down, calcium increases in blood
osteoclast
group with which an individual is in opposition with
out-group
barrier between cytosol and inner environment of mitochondria
outer membrane
mitochondria:
outer membrane inner membrane
mitochondrial membrane: highly permeable due to large pores
outer mitochondrial membrane
higher Na+ concentration....cell
outside
female gonads=
ovaries
produce estrogen and progesterone
ovaries
under FSH/LH control in females
ovaries
between puberty and menopause, 1 egg a month is released in a process called
ovulation
estrogen levels reach threshold -positive feedback for GnRH, LH, FSH (spike) -LH surge causes this
ovulation
positive feedback of estrogen in what stage
ovulation
release of ovum from ovary to the abdominal cavity
ovulation
in the luteal phase, negative feedback of progesterone prevents
ovulation of multiple eggs
magnetic charge is not affected by its
own field
The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.
oxidation phosphorylation
slowest step in any proposed mechanism overall reaction cannot proceed any faster than this
rate-determining step
states that individuals will make decisions that maximize potential benefit and minimize potential harm
rational choice theory
same as Keq equation, but just explains where equation is in terms of equilibrium
reaction quotient (Q)
deviate from ideal gases,
real gases
most recent info=most important
recency effect
two tissues both induce further differentiation in one another
reciprocal induction
in relation to attraction: -we like people who like us
reciprocity
erythrocytes=
red blood cells
amphoteric species are....agents
redox
ability of an organism to regrow certain parts of body
regeneration capacity
neurotransmitters must be
regulated
comparative term, being poorer than those in the surrounding populations
relative poverty
when one is poor in comparison to a larger population
relative poverty
there must be a greater than normal stimulation to cause an action potential because the membrane is starting from a potential that is more negative than its resting value
relative refractory period
perceiver's desire to categorize a target
reliance on central traits
K+ concentration restoration of negative membrane potential efflux of K+ causes an overshoot of resting membrane potential
repolarization
opposition within any material to the movement and flow of charge
resistance
thought of as a nonconservative force in circuits
resistance
number that characterizes the intrinsic resistance to current flow in a material
resistivity
resistance depends on:
resistivity length cross selectional area
resistance level between conductors and insulators
resistors
induced cell=....must be competent (able to respond to the inducing signal)
responder
balance of Na+/K+=
resting membrane potential
net electric potential difference that exists across the cell membrane, created by movement of charged molecules across that membrane
resting potential
G1/S and G2/M checkpoints are known as
restriction points
enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses carry reverse transcriptase (synthesize DNA from single stranded RNA) DNA integrated into host cell genome (only way to remove virus is to kill the cell)
retrovirus
equilibrium is
reversible
increased 2,3-BPG increased CO2 increased H+ increased temperature decreased pH shift...in oxygen unloading
right
Formalized ceremonial behavior in which the members of a group or community regularly engage governed by specific rules, including appropriate behavior and a predetermined order of events
ritual
a set of beliefs, values, and norms that define the expectations of a certain status in a social situation
role
set of beliefs, values, attitudes, and norms that define expectations for those who hold the status
role
occurs when one has difficulty in satisfying the requirements of multiple roles simultaneously
role conflict
another individual who helps define a specific role with the relationship
role partner
ETC: energy released from transporting electron facilitates proton transfer at...specific location
three
fetus has...shunts to actively direct blood away from organs while they develop
three
in humans there the gestation has... .....
three trimesters
Na+ channels open --> flood cells
threshold
controlled by thyroid-stimulating hormone (AP)
thyroid
thyroxine is released from the
thyroid gland
incidence=
total # of new cases/ @ risk population
greatest potency, embryonic stem cells
totipotent
CNS, axons bundled together only carry one type of info
tracts
collections of neurons in CNS --> only one type of information, cell bodies in nuclei
tracts
incorporate a segment of host DNA during assembly
transduction
only genetic recombination process that requires a vector
transduction
correct ideal gas law for internal attractions and molecular volume
van der Waals equation of state
when dealing with colligative properties, don't forget about the
van't hoff factor
pressure exerted by evaporated particles above the surface of a liquid
vapor pressure
muscle around scrotum that can raise/lower the testis to maintain proper temperature for sperm development
vas deferens
surrounded by muscle that raises and lowers the testes to maintain a constant temperature suitable for sperm production
vas deferens
ejaculation process:
vas deferens ejaculatory duct urethra
a virus that carries genetic material from one bacterium to another (in transduction)
vector
motor neurons enter spinal cord on...side
ventral
the conveyance of information through spoken, written, or signed words
verbal communication
communication includes both
verbal, nonverbal
single/double stranded RNA/DNA
viral genome
viral progeny, can be released to infect other cells
virions
infect plants (small circular RNA) silence genes in plant genome
viroids
plasmids may carry... .... *traits that increase pathogenicity
virulence factors
lytic cell is also known as
virulent
are not living organisms
viruses
helps us absorb calcium from sun (usually)
vitamin D
potential difference is also known as
voltage
potential difference=
voltage
proton motive force: ..... increases
voltage difference
parallel, measures voltage decreases, large resistance
voltmeters
effect on osmolarity and volume: aldosterone
volume/pressure increase uptake Na+, water follows
according to Avogadro's principle, equal amounts of gas at same temperature/pressure=
volumes
external female anatomy=
vulva
example of an amphoteric species
water
in ETC, the electron given to oxygen in form of H- forms
water
in aqueous solutions, the solvent is
water
3 basic phases of parturition
water breaks uterine contracts (fetus birth) after birth (placenta/umbilical cord expelled)
transfer of energy
work
in an isovolumetric system, no .... ...
work performed
conversion of one sugar epimer to another
wpimerase
ideal gases assumes...volume, not physically possible since gases themselves take up space
zero
the rate of formation of product is independent of concentration changes of reactants
zero-order reaction
glycoprotein (protects oocyte) sperm cell binding
zona pellucida
