Unit 2_Biology A_Mid-Unit

Enzymes

are a class of proteins that act as catalysts, or compounds that speed up chemical reactions. including bringing molecules closer together, as well as making or breaking bonds between molecules.

proteins

are large organic molecules made of one or more polypeptides which are chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

monosaccharide

basic unit of all carbohydrates is a single sugar, Mono- means one, and -saccharide means sugar, Glucose is a common monosaccharide Formula C6H12O6.

Describe the importance of water in living things

most living things are made up of 70% of water, acts as solvent for food, waste, signaling molecules, also it can fill empty spaces.

Carbohydrates

one of the four major classes of large organic molecules made from carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

Understand that some chemical compounds in living things can benefit humans.

penicillin, a compound made by a fungus and used as the first widely-available antibiotic. Many antidotes come from plants. many different plants can be helpful to health in the human body

recognize that trace elements are found within some organic compounds

Starch, Lipid, Protein.

Organic Compounds

Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen.

Inorganic Compounds

Compounds that do not contain carbon

R-group

Gives the amino acid unique characteristics.

Recognise that carbon's ability to combine with other atoms makes it unique.

It has 4 Valence Electrons, the limit is 8 so it had a good chance of having room for more Valence Electrons.

Describe the chemical nature of water

Its made of 2 Hydrogen and 1 oxygen (H2O), It's a polar molecule, makes a great solvent (lots of stuff dissolve into it) high heat capacity.

Adhesion

An attraction between the molecules of one substance and the molecules of another substance

explain the differences between different atoms

An element is defined by its atomic number, which is the number of protons in its nucleus, different atoms have different numbers of protons.

Chemical Reactions

Are driven by chemical energy, used for moving cells

Cohesion

Attraction between the same kind of molecules or substances

DNA and RNA are made of?

Each of these molecules is made up of five-carbon sugars, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases. DNA exists as a double-stranded molecule, often called a double helix for its twisted-ladder shape. RNA exists as a single-stranded molecule.

Valence Electrons

Electrons located in the outer energy level of an atom.

understand the characteristics of organic compounds.

It forms very stable bonds with 2nd and 3rd row elements. The bonds formed are very strong and long. Organic compounds can be polar enough to dissolve in water.

Carbohydrate

Organic compound containing C, H, and O that tests positive with a starch test.

Lipid

Organic compound made of fatty acids, that tests positive with the chemical indicator Sudan III

chemical energy

Produce by ATP is used to drive chemical reactions

What roles do Protein play?

Proteins play many important roles in living organisms, including storage, transport, response, and defence.

Understand that various tests can be used to detect the presence or certain macromolecules

Starch - Iodine Dk Blue or purple Lipid - Sundan III Red Protein - Copper Sulfate and Sodium hydroxide Black

polar molecule

Water (H2O) is an example of a polar molecule since it has a slight positive charge on one side and a slight negative charge on the other.

Universal Solvent

Water, because it has a partial negative side (O) and a partial positive side (H).

ADP

When ATP breaks down it turns into ADP it is eventually built back up to ATP in a process that recycles the molecules in your body over and over.

Explain how matter tends to a disorganized states

When matter is organised rather disorganised it's fresh, take a strawberry for example one after 2-3 days is fresh, intact, but after 2-3 months, it decomposes that is what matter does to disorganised states.

Cellulose

an unbranched polysaccharide, formed from glucose subunits, found in plant cell walls, used for structural support. Most animals cannot digest cellulose.

Nucleic acids

are large, carbon-containing molecules called DNA and RNA

Lipids

are organic molecules made largely of carbon and hydrogen.Most lipids contain long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked together in various ways. nergy storage, transmit chemical messages, and provide waterproof coatings for many organisms.

The main classes of these organic molecules in lipids are

fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes.

polysaccharide

a carbohydrate composed of many simple sugar molecules bonded together in an unbranched or branched chains

Disaccharides

a carbohydrate molecule composed of two monosaccharides bonded together

polypeptides,

a chain of hundreds or thousands of amino acids

starch

a complex polysaccharide that is formed from glucose subunits, found in grains and potatoes, and used for energy storage Different types of plants make different types of starches

peptide

a compound of two or more amino acids

lactose

a disaccharide sugar that is commonly found in milk; consists of galactose and glucose

sucrose

a disaccharide, with glucose and fructose subunits

Deoxyribose

a monosaccharide; the sugar component of DNA

ribose

a monosaccharide; the sugar component of RNA

enzyme

a protein that is a catalyst for chemical reactions in organisms; it increases the rate of the reaction without being used up or changed

tertiary structure

he folding of a polypeptide with secondary structure in which amino acids far apart from one another in the chain bond

covalent bond

is a circle diagram

Fructose

is a common monosaccharide found in fruits

ATP

is a complex organic molecule that provides energy for life processes such as growth, development, and response to the environment. currency of energy transfer in living organisms The source of usable energy or energy

What are the four level of proteins structure

primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure.

Are sensitive too

surrounding condtions

quaternary structure

the association of two or more polypeptide chains in a spatial relationship to make up a protein

secondary structure

the coiling or folding of a polypeptide in which amino acids near one another in the chain bond

Glucose

the main carbohydrate converted into energy by living things.

primary structure

the order of amino acids that makes up a protein or polypeptide

amino acids

the organic molecules that serve as the units from which proteins are made. They share a chemical backbone of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen.

hydrophobic

water hating; not soluble in water

hydrophilic

water loving; soluble in water

Entropy

All organized systems tend toward an unorganized stat

Ionic Bond

Bond between two atoms that involves the transfer of electrons.

Hydrogen Bonds

Bonds that are weaker than covalent bonds that form between partially charged atoms or molecules.

Covalent Bond

Bonds that involve the sharing of electrons between two or more atoms.

what is often used as a source of energy.

Carbohydrates

Ion

Charged particle that can conduct an electrical current

do not change in a

Chemical Reaction

Speed up

Chemical Reactions

activation energy

Enzymes reduce

how do ions play important roles in living things

Ions produce electrolytes which help maintain good blood pressure, circulate nutrients, and rebuild damaged body tissue. which Basically repairs, help anything in our body and maintains certain things