Unit 3

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introns

After a eukaryotic mRNA has been transcribed, ____ are removed.

coiling

Elongated genomes may fit inside the minuscule volumes of a cell because of the complex ____

In RNA uracil replaces thymine; RNA is single stranded

How does RNA differ from DNA....

operans

Prokaryotic DNA is arranged into systems called ___

Cytoplasm

Protein synthesis takes place in the ____ of bacterial cells.

rRNA

This type of RNA forms part of the ribosome

guanine pairs with uracil

All of the following pertain to nitrogenous bases except

occurs on a ribosome in the cytoplasm.

All of the following pertain to transcription, except it

posttranslational modifications

Alterations to a protein made after translation, such as removal of f-met, addition of cofactors and joining with... ___ ____

inducible

An ___ operan, such as the lac operan....

polymerase

An enzyme that is named for its ability to build strands of DNA is DNA _____

The plasmid is intergrated into the chromosome of an Hfr cell but not in a F+ cell

How do an Hfr cell and a F+ cell differ?

fungi; bacteria

Plasmids are found in which types of organisms?

prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S rather than 80S

Protein synthesis is more effecient in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes for all the following reasons except?

excision

Protein that remove incorrect bases and replace them with correct ones are termed ____ repair enzymes.

anticodon

The ___ of tRNA is complimentary to mRNA codon in translation.

redundacy

The ___ of the genetic code results in several codons encoding the same amino acids.

start

The ____ codon AUG of mRNA is associated with the tRNA anticodon UAC and the amino acid methionine.

template

The ____ strand of DNA contains the order of nucleotides that are transcribed into RNA

ames

The ____ test used to determine...

genotype; phenotype

The entire genetic makeup of an organism is its ____ , but the expression of certain genetic traits are known as its ____

chloroplasts; mitochondria; plasmids; chromosomes

The genome of a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell includes DNA found in which sites?

transposons

The jumping of a gene from one location to another is done by

control; structural

The lactose operon is composed of the regulator, the ___ locus, and the ___ locus.

RNA polymerase

The large enzyme complex involved in synthesizing RNA from a DNA templete is which of the following?

start

The mRNA sequence AUG....

RNA polymerase

The main enzyme responsible for transcription is

frameshift mutation

The most serious type of mutation is

wild type

The native or ____ strand describes cells that carry nonmutated DNA.

lagging

The newly forming DNA strand that is discontinously replicated in segments...

thymine; adenine; guanine; cytosine;

The nitrogenous bases found in DNA

ribose

The pentose sugar found in RNA

excision repair

The process in which mutations are removed and the correct bases added is called

rRNA

The prokaryotic ribosome is composed of ___ and protein.

repressor

The protein product of a repressor gene is the ____....

guanine

The purine ___ pairs with the pyrimidine cytosine.

rRNA and protein

The ribosome is composed of two subunits containing

translation

The ribosome, composed of rRNA and protein, is involved in the process of ___

translated

The ssRNA of positive strand viruses come ready to be ____

triplet

The term ____ or codon, is a sequence of 3 nucleotides in mRNA, that encodes an acid.

seperation of RNA from DNA templete

The termination of transcription involves

initiation; elongation; termination

The three events of translation in order

regulator

What is the term for the gene that codes for a protein capable of repressing the operon?

replication

What must occur prior to cell division to ensure that each new cell...

prokaryotes

What type of organisms have their DNA arranged into operons?

primase

Which enzyme synthesizes primer sequences during replication initiation?

Each new DNA helix contains one parent strand and one newly synthesized strand

Which is true regarding DNA replication?

mRNA

Which molecule contains the codons for polypeptides?

nonsense

Which mutation changes an amino acid producing codon into a stop codon?

promoter; operator; structural genes

Which of the following are components of an operan in a sequence of DNA?

synthesizes an RNA molecule from DNA templete; unwinds the DNA so that transcription can take place

Which of the following are functions of RNA polymerese?

deoxyribose sugar; nitrogenous base; phosphate

Which of the following are parts of a nucleotide in DNA?

enter host cell in RNA form; smaller genomes; virus cycle occurs in cytoplasm

Which of the following are true of RNA viruses compared to DNA viruses?

formal methionine (F-Met) is removed; cofactors are added to proteins destined to become enzymes; proteins join with other proteins to form quaternary structures; a tertiary protein conformation forms

Which of the following occur during posttranslational modification?

peptide bonds form adjacent amino acids; translocation of ribosome; tRNA delivers amino acid to empty A site

Which of the following occur during translation elongation?

enzymatic breaking of bond between tRNA and polypeptide chain

Which of the following occurs during translation termination?

mRNA

Which of the following types of RNA is the transcribed version of a structural gene in DNA, that is later read for translation into protein

papillomavirus; herpesvirus; hepatitis B virus

Which of the following viruses insert their DNA into the host genome increasing the risk of cancer?

single or double stranded DNA or RNA

Which of the folowing is the genetic pattern of viral genomes?

operator

Which part of the control locus acts as an off/on switch for transcription?

photoactivaiton

Which process repairs DNA that has been damaged...

transformation

Which recombination method involves the uptake of free DNA by competent bacterial recepient cells?

leading

Which strand is replicated continuously without segments during DNA replication

3'-AAAAACCTACAT-5'

Which templete DNA sequence encodes the peptide sequence?

spontaneous mutation

Which type of mutation is due to random mistakes in replication?

inducible operon

Which type of operon is typically in the "off" position until the appropriate substrate is present?

transposons

___ are able to shift from one part of the genome to another.

tRNA

___ bring the amino acids to the ribosome.

transduction

___ involves the transfer of DNA via bacteriophages.

transformation

___ involves the uptake of free DNA by competent bacterial recipent cells.

Uracil

___ is the nitrogenous base unique to RNA molecules

transcription

___ is the process of decoding DNA into messenger RNA.

Regulatory

____ RNA may exert control on several levels....

structural

____ genes code for proteins.

eukaryotic

____ genes may be regulated during growth and development...

recombination

____ refers to the transfer of genes between donor and recepient microorganisms.

okazaki

_____ fragments are formed during DNA replication of the lagging strand.

helicase

the enzyme ___ unzips the DNA helix prior to the start of replication.

codon

A ___ is a specific sequence of 3 mRNA...

mutagen

A ___ is an agent that induces changes in DNA.

bacteriophage

A ___ serves as the vector for transduction in bacteria.

missense

A ____ mutation results in a different amino acid being incorporated into a protein, with varying results.

template

. During replication, each parent DNA strand serves as a _____ for synthesis of new DNA strands

competent

A bacterial cell described as ____ can accept soluble DNA from the surrounding environment.

generalized transduction

A bacteriophage transfers DNA of the previous host to the current host. This is an example of

cereprossor

A ___ binds to an inactive repressor to make an active repressor.

3

A codon contains how many nucleotides?

chromosome

A discrect cellular structure composed of a neatly packaged DNA molecule.

RNA

A primer of ____ is needed at the origin of nucleotide addition

5'; 3'

A strand of mRNA is contructed in the ___ to ____ direction.

mutant

An organism that has a mutation is called a ____

genotype; phenotype

An organism's genetic makeup is referred to as its ____, whereas the expression of those genes is referred to as the organism's ___

induced

Any alteration in DNA that occurs as a consequence of exposure to chemical or physical ....

base

Any nitrogen containing molecule found in DNA and RNA that provides the basis for the genetic code is a nitrogenous ____

building the DNA chain

DNA polymerase II is responsible for:

building the DNA chain

DNA polymerase III is responsible for:

II; I

DNA polymerse ___ is the main..... wherease DNA polymerse _____

1;1

DNA triplet encodes ____ codon and ___ amino acids.

genes

There are approximately 4,200 ____ in the chromosome of escherichia cell.

pilus

Donor and recipient bacterial cells are connected by the sex ___ during conjuction

semiconservative

During ____ DNA replication the newly made double...

translation

During ____ mRNA is converted into a protein.

primase

During replication initiation, the enzyme ___ synthesizes primer sequences.

replication

During semiconservative ___ the DNA is duplicated prior to binary fission.

elongation

During transcription _____, RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand, adding complementary...

RNA; DNA

During transcription, RNA polymerase synthesizes ____ from a ____ templete.

operons

Gene expression can be regulated through inducible or repressible ____

DNA polymerese

Gene regulation can involve a protein repressor that blocks _____ from initiating transcription

pore in cell wall

Gram positive cells conjugate and transfer genetic material...

thymine; guanine

In DNA, adenine pairs with __, wheares cystosine pairs with ___

plasmid

In bacterial conjugation, F+ donor cells are high frequency recombinant (Hfr) cells when the ___ is....

F-

In bacterial conjugation, which term refers to a recipent cell that does not have a fertility plasmid?

binding of RNA polymerese to promoter region

Initiation of transcription involves:

RNA polymarase II

Large enzyme complex involved in synthesizing....

3'

Nucleotides can only be added to the ___ end of a growing chain.

transcription; translation

One reason protein synthesis is more effecient in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes because prokaryotic ___ and ___ are simultaneous.

enzymes; structural molecules

Proteins contribute to the phenotype of an organism by functioning as

smaller

RNA virus genomes are usually ____ than DNA virus genomes.

reverse transcriptase

Retroviruses contain the enzyme ___ ____

oncogenic

Several DNA viruses are known to be initiators of cancers and are thus termed ___

mRNA

The RNA form that contains the transcribed code for a protein from the original DNA strand is mRNA.

transfer RNA

The RNA molecules that carry amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis are called

termination

The region of DNA that signals the end of an RNA transcript is the ____ sequence.

tRNA

The RNA type that transfers amino acids to the growing peptide chain in translation is ___

nitrogenous

The ___ bases are either purines or pyrimidines.

RNA polymerese; promoter

The initiation of transcription occurs when ____ ____ recognizes and binds to a region of DNA....

cytosine

Thymine and ___ are pyrimidines found in DNA.

cytoplasm; nucleus

Transcription occurs in the ___ of bacteria and the ___ of yeast cells.

a bacteriophage

Transduction occurs through

false

True or False: The promoter of an operon is the location where RNA polymerase binds....

ribosome

Two subunits of the ____ compose the site...

corepressor

What binds with an inactive repressor to make...

DNA encodes RNA which encodes protein

What is the central dogma hypothesis of genetics?

abnormal bonding between adjacent pyrimidines

What is the main effect of ultraviolet radiation on DNA?

ligase

Which enzyme completes the final sealing of nicks in a newly synthesized DNA strand?

continuous; discontinous

___ (leading strand).... ___ (lagging strand)

introns

___ are DNA sequences that do not encode protein, but may have regulatory function.

mutagen

defines a chemical or physical agent that induces change in DNA

plasmid

small circular segment of DNA found in the cytoplasm of


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