Unit 3 & 4

In terms of the sensory experience of light, wavelength is to _____ as wave intensity is to brightness.

hue

According to Skinner, what two things does good instruction demand

immediate feedback and direction of the next step to be taken

Ringing of the ears is to possible hearing damage, as _____ is to possible bodily harm.

pain

Marla has a persistent itch on her arm. This is most likely caused by pain ____.

receptors

People perceive a tomato to be red because it ______ the long wavelengths of red.

reflects

Watson and Rayner taught Little Albert to fear white rats by

repeatedly pairing a loud noise with the presentation of a white rat

The perceptual tendency to organize _____ into coherent groups is known as grouping.

stimuli

Today, a man on television described his experience of _____, a condition in which the senses become joined. He explained that, when certain types of music are played, he often sees patterns of colors

synesthesia

Most learning involves the process of association. With classical conditioning, an organism comes to associates

two stimuli

Perceptual sets are the result of schemas, which people form to organize and interpret _____ information.

unfamiliar

Afterimages are best explained by

opponent-processing theory

Which type of coping occurs when one cannot - or believes they cannot - change a situation

Emotion-focused coping

What happened after Watson classically conditioned Little Albert to fear a tame white rat

Generalization occurred: Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects

When people are repeatedly faced with traumatic events over which they have no control, they feel helpless, hopeless, and depressed. This described the phenomenon known as what

Learned helplessness

_____ involves the removal of an aversive stimulus after a response. It serves to strengthen the response

Negative reinforcement

_____ refers to our sense of smell.

Olfaction

_____ behavior operates on the environment, whereas _____ behavior occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button

Operant; respondent

_____ occurs when there is damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves.

Sensorineural hearing loss

In order to increase self-control you can extinguish undesirable behaviors through the use of operant conditioning. What is the first step in this method of self-improvement

State a realistic goal in measurable terms and announce it

_____ threshold is the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular sensory stimulus (e.g., light, sound, pressure, taste) 50 percent of the time.

absolute

Sensory _____ allows people to be aware of things that change.

adaption

The _____ of sound waves determine their loudness.

amplitude

After an evening at the opera, as Enrique walks out into the fresh air, he notices his ears are ringing. This ringing indicates possible damage to the hair cells of his

basilar membrane

According to the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory, the retina has three types of color receptors. Each of these types is sensitive to one of three colors: red, green, or _____.

blue

Relative luminance most clearly contributes to _____ constancy.

brightness

Raul is a building contractor surveying the progress on a home that is being built. From one angle, it appears that the home is completely framed. However, when he moves to the right, he see the gaps. This illustrates the principle of:

closure

The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are three tiny bones that transmit vibrations to the_____.

cochlea

The sense of touch is a combination of these senses: pressure, warmth, _____, and pain

cold

At the optometrist's office, Lou failed to distinguish numbers from the color designs shown to him. Lou is most likely

colorblind

Sensory adaptation helps people

concentrate on more important things.

_____ creates an expectation that top-down processing influences our perception

context

A neutral facial expression may be perceived as sadder at a funeral than at a circus. This best illustrates

context effect.

Perceptions can be influenced top-down by

context, emotions, expectations

Kittens, monkeys, and humans who experience sensory deprivation early in life end up with permanent damage to their visual functioning. This finding suggests that there is a(n) _____ period for normal sensory and perceptual development.

critical

Punishment _____ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement _____ the rate of operant responding.

decreases; increases

John and Jaqueline have been married for 10 years and love each other very much. They just had an argument where John told his wife that she was useless. The argument took place in front of Jaqueline's friend, Simone. Jaqueline tells Simone that "He's just having a bad day." Jaqueline perceives the argument as minimal due to her _____.

emotions

B.F. Skinner believed that _____ influences, not thoughts and feelings, shape animal and human behavior.

external

Relative luminance most clearly contributes to

lightness constancy

The strength of a sound wave (i.e., the amplitude of the wave) determines what aspect of hearing?

loudness

Some theorists have speculated that people with autism spectrum disorder display reduced imitative yawning and difficulty modeling other observed behaviors because of broken

mirror neurons

If people stare at an object, it does not disappear because their eyes are _____.

moving

One chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward. The first chimp then imitates how the second chimp solved the puzzle. This best illustrates

observational learning

Memories of painful events tend to depend on the pain's _____ moment and the amount of pain felt at the end.

peak

In terms of vision, _____ is the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or inverted visual field.

perceptual adaptation

Judith suffers from painful arthritis. Judith's physician gave her medication to help ease her pain. The medication Judith was given contained water, rather than actual medicine. However, Judith reported that her pain reduced. Judith was given a(n) _____.

placebo

A famous Hollywood director has decided to present his latest film in 3-D. This will create a great movie-going experience for viewers as 3-D movies exaggerate

retinal disparity

Change blindness is an example of _____ attention.

selective

The _____ may all be influenced by perceptual set.

senses

One sense influencing the perception of another is known as

sensory interaction

Athletic performance can be improved by reinforcing small successes and then gradually increasing the challenge. This process is called

shaping

Coyotes who have been fed sheep carcasses that have been laced with a nausea-inducing poison are less likely to prey on sheep in the wild. This phenomenon is best explained by which classical conditioning phenomenon

taste aversion

Perceptions can be influenced, _____, by expectations, the context, emotions and motivation.

top down

_____ refers to the conversion of one form of energy into another.

transduction

According to the Young-Helmholtz _____ theory, the retina has three types of color receptors. Each of these types is sensitive to one of three colors: red, green, or blue. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished.

trichromatic