Unit 3 Review

Which of the following is the best example of Descartes' deductive method if reasoning?

"I think, therefore, I am."

The text refers to which of the following as the most important book of the Enlightenment?

Encyclopedia

Potatoes became the dietary staple of a great amount of poor people. In some regions it replaced the role of grain. Which nation was known first to make this transition to a potato-centric diet?

Ireland

It appears from all this that the person of the king is sacred, and that to attack him in any way is sacrilege. God has the kings anointed by his prophets with the holy unction in like manner as he has bishops and altars anointed. But even without the external application in thus being anointed, they are by their very office the representatives of the divine majesty deputed by Providence for the execution of his purposes. Accordingly God calls Cyrus his anointed. "Thus saith the Lord to his anointed, to Cyrus, whose right hand I have holden, to subdue nations before him." Kings should be guarded as holy things, and whosoever neglects to protect them is worthy of death... There is something religious in the respect accorded to a prince. The service of God and the respect for kings are bound together. St. Peter unites these two duties when he says, "Fear God. Honour the king..." —Jacques-Benigne Bossuet, 1678 ​Which of the following would have been the most vigorous opponent of a philosophy like Bossuet's?

John Locke

The seventeenth-century astronomer who first suggested that the planets' orbits were elliptical rather than circular was

Kepler

The first European state to mandate compulsory elementary education was

Prussia.

Which of the following presented the most radical challenge to the traditional ruling regimes of 18th century Europe?

Rousseau's notion that a lawful government must be continually responsible to the general will of the people.

That "Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains" was the stirring pronouncement of

Rousseau.

According to the editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to

change the general way of thinking.

The greatest achievement of eighteenth-century medical science was the

conquest of smallpox.

The main purpose of Napoleon's Continental System was to

cripple Britain by cutting them off from the continent

Which of the following were factors leading up to the storming of the Bastille?

distress due to the soaring price of bread, fear of an aristocratic and royal plot against the Third Estate, and hope for positive change

Enlightenment philosophes

had mixed attitudes towards slavery.

Which of the following is a reason that the Church was alarmed by Copernicus' suggestion that the cosmos was heliocentric?

it required the Church to admit it had been in error, it contradicted the physical principles that served as the foundation of physics, it destroyed the theological coherence of the cosmos.

What claim about the Seven Years' War is correct?

it was the greatest of the European wars of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries and thus could be classified as a "cold war."

For Rene Descartes, existing things were related to either

mind or body.

One of the most important features of the Enlightenment was the

salons.

Those who were small shopkeepers, artisans, and wage earners are best denoted by the term

sans-culottes

A severe deficiency in vitamin C results in the disease known as

scurvy.

The spinning jenny resulted in major changes in

textile manufacturing.

What type of production became obsolete as a result of changes in the textile industry like the invention of the spinning jenny?

the "putting out" or cottage industry

It appears from all this that the person of the king is sacred, and that to attack him in any way is sacrilege. God has the kings anointed by his prophets with the holy unction in like manner as he has bishops and altars anointed. But even without the external application in thus being anointed, they are by their very office the representatives of the divine majesty deputed by Providence for the execution of his purposes. Accordingly God calls Cyrus his anointed. "Thus saith the Lord to his anointed, to Cyrus, whose right hand I have holden, to subdue nations before him." Kings should be guarded as holy things, and whosoever neglects to protect them is worthy of death... There is something religious in the respect accorded to a prince. The service of God and the respect for kings are bound together. St. Peter unites these two duties when he says, "Fear God. Honour the king..." —Jacques-Benigne Bossuet, 1678 ​What development in the eighteenth century did the most to undermine this form of government?

the Enlightenment.

The most powerful conflict between Austria and Prussia in the eighteenth century was over

the Prussian seizure of Silesia

The plan of this book is fairly simple. We must ask ourselves three questions. 1. ​What is the Third State? Everything. 2. ​What has it been until now in the political order? Nothing. 3. ​What does it want to be? Something... The Third Estate embraces then all that which belongs to the nation; and all that which is not the Third Estate, cannot be regarded as being of the nation. What is the Third Estate? It is everything. —Immanuel Joseph Sieyes, What Is the Third Estate?, 1789 ​Between 1789 and 1791, what best reflects the debate in France over how the Third Estate was to become "something" as referred to in the passage?

the discussion over confiscation of Church land

The success of the philosophes was the result of

the growing literacy of urban men and women.

All of the following precipitated the radical turn of the revolution

the outbreak of war w/ Ausria and Prussia, the division of the Assembly into facions, and the rise of the sans-culottes.

Voltaire believed all the following

the rule of law, religious tolerance, and the humane treatment of criminals was possible, superstition and blind obedience to religious authority are unacceptable, the people should be allowed to govern themselves.

The episode known as the Great Fear refers to

the rural rumors that aristocrats were organizing attacks on peasants.

The style of Enlightenment literature made famous by Voltaire was

the satire.

The most significant impact of the introduction of rural manufacturing in the 18th century was

the spur to the economy provided by increased production and the spread of capital throughout the population.

The Reign of Terror

was necessary. according to Robespierre, to establish a democratic republic.

Among the elite classes, how did attitudes toward children change?

Children were no longer considered miniature adults and books about and for children became popular.

Which monarch described himself/herself as "the first servant of the state"?

Frederick II of Prussia

Which of the following is true of the War of Austrian Secession?

Maria Theresa was able to rally the Hungarians to her cause, it violated the terms of the Pragmatic Sanction, it began when Frederick the Great of Prussia challenged Maria Theresa's right to the throne of Austria.

Which of the following is part of Rousseau's thought?

The early years of a child's education should be spent developing the senses, sensibilities, and sentiments, "Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains," the virtuous citizen should be willing to subordinate his own self-interest to the general good of the community.

Which of the following is true of the philosophes?

They aimed to educate the public, they wrote in many different genres, and their ultimate goal was a society governed by reason.

It appears from all this that the person of the king is sacred, and that to attack him in any way is sacrilege. God has the kings anointed by his prophets with the holy unction in like manner as he has bishops and altars anointed. But even without the external application in thus being anointed, they are by their very office the representatives of the divine majesty deputed by Providence for the execution of his purposes. Accordingly God calls Cyrus his anointed. "Thus saith the Lord to his anointed, to Cyrus, whose right hand I have holden, to subdue nations before him." Kings should be guarded as holy things, and whosoever neglects to protect them is worthy of death... There is something religious in the respect accorded to a prince. The service of God and the respect for kings are bound together. St. Peter unites these two duties when he says, "Fear God. Honour the king..." —Jacques-Benigne Bossuet, 1678 ​This form of government would have been likely to exist in the seventeenth century in a state where

a large majority of the population was Catholic.

The Junkers were

aristocratic German landowners.

In June 1791, Louis XVI

attempted to flee France to rally foreign support against the revolution.

Medieval Christian scholars advocated the Aristotelian view of the cosmos

because there was an intellectual fit between the Aristotelian view and Christian theology

The Civil Constitution of the Clergy

curbed the power of the clergy but alienated many Catholics.

The plan of this book is fairly simple. We must ask ourselves three questions. 1. ​What is the Third State? Everything. 2. ​What has it been until now in the political order? Nothing. 3. ​What does it want to be? Something... The Third Estate embraces then all that which belongs to the nation; and all that which is not the Third Estate, cannot be regarded as being of the nation. What is the Third Estate? It is everything. —Immanuel Joseph Sieyes, What Is the Third Estate?, 1789 What development in 1789 France precipitated the publication of this work?

debate over the voting procedure to be used in the Estates-General

The religious belief of the majority off the philosophes was

deism.

The Great Fear of the summer of 1789

demonstrated the desperation of an overtaxed peasantry.

Enclosure

denied peasants access to commons and farm land in England.

All of the following were attributes of the Third Estate

growing poverty towards the end of the 18th century, lack of access to choice positions in the church and government, and bourgeoisie, peasants, and urban laborers.

Most leaders of the Enlightenment sought to

impose an ordered freedom on social and political institutions.

Cottage industry

refers to the engagement of the rural population in small-scale textile production.

Which of the following is part of Joseph II of Austria's reforms?

religious toleration for Protestants and Jews, a unified code, and an emproved education system.

The "enlightened" policies of Frederick II of Prussia included all of the following

religious toleration, abolition of the torture of prisoners, and promoting schools

The concordat between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII

stated that Catholicism was the religion of the majority of French citizens.

The ideals of the Enlightenment that shaped the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 included

the destruction of the privilege and despotism of the Old Order, the emancipation of humanity from superstition and tradition, and the refashioning of institutions according to reason and justice.

The main obstacle to solving France's financial problems was

the fact that both the nobility and clergy were exempt from most taxes.

In Thermidor,

the moderate portion of the propertied bourgeoisie reasserted its power.

The event that finally caused the Church to summon Galileo before the Inquisition was

the publication of the Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World

On the night of June 20, 1791, Louis and his immediate family, disguised as servants, left Paris. They traveled as far as Varennes on their way to Metz in eastern France where a royalist military force was waiting for them. At Varennes the king was recognized, and his flight was halted. On June 24, a company of soldiers escorted the royal family back to Paris. Eventually the leaders of the National Constituent Assembly, determined to save the constitutional monarchy, announced the king had been abducted from the capital. This convenient public fiction could not cloak the reality that the king was now the chief counterrevolutionary in France...Profound distrust now dominated the political scene. Assuming the passage describes a "turning point" in the French Revolution, what statement best describes the next stage? —Donald Kagan, The Western Heritage

A radical phase was about to begin, one that would seek to overturn all existing institutions and remake France completely.

Jethro Tull, Charles Townsend, and Robert Bakewell each played a significant role in the

Agricultural Revolution.

It appears from all this that the person of the king is sacred, and that to attack him in any way is sacrilege. God has the kings anointed by his prophets with the holy unction in like manner as he has bishops and altars anointed. But even without the external application in thus being anointed, they are by their very office the representatives of the divine majesty deputed by Providence for the execution of his purposes. Accordingly God calls Cyrus his anointed. "Thus saith the Lord to his anointed, to Cyrus, whose right hand I have holden, to subdue nations before him." Kings should be guarded as holy things, and whosoever neglects to protect them is worthy of death... There is something religious in the respect accorded to a prince. The service of God and the respect for kings are bound together. St. Peter unites these two duties when he says, "Fear God. Honour the king..." —Jacques-Benigne Bossuet, 1678 What philosophy of government is advocated in the passage?

Divine Right Monarchy

On the night of June 20, 1791, Louis and his immediate family, disguised as servants, left Paris. They traveled as far as Varennes on their way to Metz in eastern France where a royalist military force was waiting for them. At Varennes the king was recognized, and his flight was halted. On June 24, a company of soldiers escorted the royal family back to Paris. Eventually the leaders of the National Constituent Assembly, determined to save the constitutional monarchy, announced the king had been abducted from the capital. This convenient public fiction could not cloak the reality that the king was now the chief counterrevolutionary in France...Profound distrust now dominated the political scene. —Donald Kagan, The Western Heritage What was the most plausible explanation for Louis' actions on June 20, 1791?

Louis hoped to rally foreign support against the revolution in his wife's native Austria and elsewhere.

Which of the following was argued by Descartes in his Discourse on Method?

The only true statements are those one cannot possibly doubt.

The immediate cause of the Parisian women's march on Versailles was

a shortage of bread in Paris.

The plan of this book is fairly simple. We must ask ourselves three questions. 1. ​What is the Third State? Everything. 2. ​What has it been until now in the political order? Nothing. 3. ​What does it want to be? Something... The Third Estate embraces then all that which belongs to the nation; and all that which is not the Third Estate, cannot be regarded as being of the nation. What is the Third Estate? It is everything. —Immanuel Joseph Sieyes, What Is the Third Estate?, 1789 ​The Storming of the Bastille (1789), the Women's March to Versailles (1789) and the September Massacres (1792) all reflect the sentiments expressed in the passage because each event was

a violent reaction to real or perceived inequities in French society.

Sir Isaac Newton

believed a physical universe that followed rational principles proved the existence of God.

The economic policy known as Laissez-faire

is based on the notion that human self-interest produces natural laws that govern economic behavior.

The significance of the storming of the Bastille was that

it demonstrated that the crowd could be an important ally for the Assembly.

Enlightenment economic thought included

praise for enterpreneururship and free markets unencumbered by governments, the inevitability of progress in capitalism, and the belief that the laws of economics could be discovered.

During the new "Republic of Virtue" following the French Revolution, the renaming of the days of the week and the months of the year reflected

the attempt to disassociate France with the Church.

The Seven Years' War was preceded by numerous other general European wars. What best explains the role played by the European concept of "balance of power"?

the conflicts were fought in order to prevent any one nation from becoming Europe's dominant power.

Hobbes and Locke DISAGREED in their belief that

the natural state of men is one of war.

The plan of this book is fairly simple. We must ask ourselves three questions. 1. ​What is the Third State? Everything. 2. ​What has it been until now in the political order? Nothing. 3. ​What does it want to be? Something... The Third Estate embraces then all that which belongs to the nation; and all that which is not the Third Estate, cannot be regarded as being of the nation. What is the Third Estate? It is everything. —Immanuel Joseph Sieyes, What Is the Third Estate?, 1789 Which statement best describes the "Third Estate" referred to in the passage?

the non-noble, non-clerical, section of the French population

Locke argued that the primary aim of government is

to assure the right to property.

Which of the following was part of the triangle of trade?

tobacco, cotton, and timber

On the night of June 20, 1791, Louis and his immediate family, disguised as servants, left Paris. They traveled as far as Varennes on their way to Metz in eastern France where a royalist military force was waiting for them. At Varennes the king was recognized, and his flight was halted. On June 24, a company of soldiers escorted the royal family back to Paris. Eventually the leaders of the National Constituent Assembly, determined to save the constitutional monarchy, announced the king had been abducted from the capital. This convenient public fiction could not cloak the reality that the king was now the chief counterrevolutionary in France...Profound distrust now dominated the political scene. —Donald Kagan, The Western Heritage The passage foreshadows what subsequent event during the French Revolution?

trial and execution of King Louis XVI

On the night of June 20, 1791, Louis and his immediate family, disguised as servants, left Paris. They traveled as far as Varennes on their way to Metz in eastern France where a royalist military force was waiting for them. At Varennes the king was recognized, and his flight was halted. On June 24, a company of soldiers escorted the royal family back to Paris. Eventually the leaders of the National Constituent Assembly, determined to save the constitutional monarchy, announced the king had been abducted from the capital. This convenient public fiction could not cloak the reality that the king was now the chief counterrevolutionary in France...Profound distrust now dominated the political scene. —Donald Kagan, The Western Heritage ​Following the events described in the passage, what development greatly complicated the issues involved in Revolution?

war broke out between France and Austria.