Unit 3
Which pattern describes a type I survivorship curve? a high survival throughout the lifespan until individuals die in old age b low survivorship early in life with many individuals reaching adulthood c low survivorship early in life with few individuals reaching adulthood d high survival throughout the lifespan until individuals die during adolescence
a high survival throughout the lifespan until individuals die in old age
The intrinsic growth rate of a population a is the maximum potential for growth in a population under ideal conditions. b is the maximum potential for growth in a population given limited resources. c is the minimum number of births likely to occur in a population under ideal conditions. d is the number of yearly births minus the number of yearly deaths in a population.
a is the maximum potential for growth in a population under ideal conditions.
Human population growth has increased dramatically in the last 100 years because of a modern medicine. b access to reliable birth control. c genetically modified crops. d climate change.
a modern medicine.
Which would not be a benefit of higher genetic diversity within a species? a more diversity of species b higher disease resistance c less potential for inbreeding depression d more likely to survive environmental change
a more diversity of species
To determine the number of individuals that will be added to a population in a specified time we multiply the growth rate by the a original population size. b biotic potential. c environmental resistance. d final population size.
a original population size.
Which will do the most to reduce mortality in the developing world? a reducing child malnutrition b educating women about family planning options c improving diets to lower blood pressure d discouraging the use of tobacco
a reducing child malnutrition
In phase 3 of a demographic transition, _____________________ increases while _________________ decreases. a the crude death rate; the crude birth rate b family income; education funding c the crude birth rate; the crude death rate d affluence; the crude birth rate
a the crude death rate; the crude birth rate
Which is NOT a factor in a population's growth rate? a the number of male offspring b the reproductive lifespan c the age at which females first reproduce d the average number of offspring produced
a the number of male offspring
Phase 2 of demographic transition is characterized by a high birth rates and low death rates. b high birth rates and high death rates. c a decrease in population size. d a stable population size.
a. high birth rates and low death rates.
A country has a net immigration rate of 3 per 1,000, a CBR of 9 per 1,000, and a CDR of 11 per 1,000. What is the growth rate of this country? a. 0.1 percent b. 0.2 percent c. 0.5 percent d. 1 percent
a. 0.1 percent
If a population of 100 birds increases to 120 birds in a year, what is its rate of growth? a 0.20 b 0.16 c 1.2 d 2
a. 0.20
In 2018, the global crude birth rate was 23 and the global crude death rate was 9. What was the global population growth rate? a 1.4 percent b 2.3 percent c 1.8 percent d 0.9 percent
a. 1.4 percent
Doubling time can be approximated mathematically by a. 70/growth rate b. 10%/growth rate c/ 2% x growth rate d. CBR - CDR/10
a. 70/growth rate
Which of the following best describes a difference between generalist species and specialist species? Responses a. Generalists use a large range of resources, while specialists have a limited range of resources they use to survive. b. Generalists can thrive in a narrow range of environmental conditions, while specialists thrive in a variety of environmental conditions. c. Generalists are often herbivores, while specialists are often omnivores. d. Generalists are more prone to extinction than spe
a. Generalists use a large range of resources, while specialists have a limited range of resources they use to survive.
Which of the following statements best describes why birth and death rates are changing in a country that is in Phase 2 of the demographic transition? a. Individuals have better sanitation and access to clean drinking water. b. Individuals have increased availability of birth control and have smaller family sizes. c. The population has a high infant mortality rate because of the lack of health care. d. The population size stops increasing and may decline if birth rates are lower than death rates
a. Individuals have better sanitation and access to clean drinking water.
Following the exponential growth stage of Paramecium in Gause's experiment, a population graph would begin to display a(n) __-shaped curve as the population approaches __________. a S; carrying capacity b J; logistic growth c J; density maximization d J: carrying capacity
a. S; carrying capacity
A country is currently in the second stage of the demographic transition. Currently the country has a birth rate of 37.9 births per 1,000 individuals and a death rate of 13.4 deaths per 1,000 individuals. Which of the following changes would indicate that the country is moving from the second stage into the third stage of the demographic? a. The birth rate declines to 25.3 births per 1,000 individuals. b. The birth rate declines to 13.1 births per 1,000 individuals. c. The birth rate rises to 43
a. The birth rate declines to 25.3 births per 1,000 individuals.
During a single Oregon winter, minimum temperatures did not get much below freezing. The following summer, large mosquito populations were observed in ponds. Cold weather came early the next winter and most ponds froze for 3 months. The following summer, very low mosquito populations were observed. What best explains this pattern in the mosquito population? a density-independent factors b the ecosystem's carrying capacity c density-dependent factors d global warming
a. density-independent factors
_______is the study of factors that cause populations to increase or decrease. a Population ecology b Ecological science c Evolutionary biology d Environmental science
a. population ecology
The rule of 70 can be used to determine a population's doubling time. Doubling time is a measure of the a. population growth rate b. environmental impact of each individual in a population c. length of time an individual born in a population is expected to live d. average age of the first reproductive event per 1,000 women in a country
a. population growth rate
Which is a density-independent factor that could limit the size of a population? a the accidental spill of a pesticide that causes the population to decrease b the reduction of a competitor species c an increase in a predator population d low population numbers
a. the accidental spill of a pesticide that causes the population to decrease
A California lake is inhabited by 3,000 zooplankton, 100 crayfish, 8 sunfish, and 600 minnows. Which is the correct list of population densities from highest to lowest? a zooplankton, minnows, crayfish, sunfish b zooplankton, minnows, sunfish, crayfish c sunfish, minnows, crayfish, zooplankton d zooplankton, crayfish, sunfish, minnows
a. zooplankton, minnows, crayfish, sunfish
At the start of a study there were 200 spotted salamanders in an old-growth forest patch in western Oregon. Over the next year a biologist tracking the salamanders saw that 25 new salamanders hatched and 5 died. What was the population growth rate for that year? a 20 b 0.1 c 25 d 5
b 0.1
The infant mortality rate and the child mortality rate are defined as the number of deaths per 1,000 live births for children under ____ and ____ of age, respectively. a 2 years; 5 years b 1 year; 5 years c 6 months; 5 years d 5 years; 10 years
b 1 year; 5 years
According to the theory of demographic transition, birth rates may drop below death rates during phase a 1. b 3. c 4. d 2.
b 3.
A population of bacteria in a Petri dish is growing at an exponential rate. Assume a starting population of 200 bacterium. If the growth rate for the species increases 10 percent every hour, approximately how long will it take for the number of bacterium to reach 400? a 4 hours b 7 hours c 3 hours d 6 hours
b 7 hours
Using the rule of 70, a population growing at 10 percent would double in a 70 years b 7 years. c 10 years. d 15 years.
b 7 years.
Which country has stable population growth and is within phase 3 of the theory of demographic transition? a Nigeria b Canada c Russia d India
b Canada
Characteristics of an r-selected species include I. many offspring. II. fast population growth rate. III. short time to reproductive maturity. a I only b I, II, and III c I and II d III only
b I, II, and III
Which country is NOT in phase 4 of a demographic transition? a Germany b India c Denmark d Italy
b India
Populations with an age structure diagram that is narrower at the bottom than at the top have a a similar number of individuals in each age group. b a declining population. c high crude death rates. d a high growth rate.
b a declining population.
Which population distribution is observed among prey species living in large groups? a uniform distribution b clumped distribution c either uniform or clumped distribution d random distribution
b clumped distribution
The ___________ growth model is used to predict the growth of populations that are subject to density-______________ constraints, such as increased competition for food, water, or nest sites. a logistic; independent b logistic; dependent c exponential; independent d exponential: dependent
b logistic; dependent
Which factor is NOT typically density-dependent in an animal population? a food b severe storms c water d nesting sites
b severe storms
The per capita ecological footprint provides demographers with a way to measure a the total human population on Earth. b the amount of land required to support each person. c destructive technology. d demographic transition phases.
b the amount of land required to support each person.
The population size (N) of Kenyan lions is a the maximum number of lions that can survive in Kenya. b the estimated number of lions living in South Africa. c the estimated number of lions in Kenya during the time of measurement. d the estimated number of lions living within each square mile in Africa.
b the estimated number of lions living in South Africa.
Which is NOT likely to limit a population's size? a the amount of food available b the genetic diversity of the population c the carrying capacity of the species d the number of predators
b the genetic diversity of the population
There are roughly 42 million ducks in the continental United States. Convert the number of ducks into scientific notation. a 42 × 10^5 b 4.2 × 10^7 c 4.2 × 10^6 d 42 × 10^4
b. 4.2 × 10^7
Based on current trends and patterns, which of the following statements best predicts how the human population will change over the next 50 years? a. As the amount of available food and drinking water increases, the population size will also increase. b. As the population density increases, there will be an increase in disease transmission, leading to increased mortality. c. A decrease in the number and magnitude of earthquakes and tsunamis will decrease the amount of land available for agricult
b. As the population density increases, there will be an increase in disease transmission, leading to increased mortality.
Which of the following claims best supports the classification of bees as an organism that displays a Type II survivorship curve, as shown in the graph above? Responses a. Queen bees are capable of laying up to 2,000 eggs in one day. foraging species. b. Away from the colony, bees experience a constant probability of death per unit time as a foraging species. c. Bees communicate using chemical signals and exchange information through vibration of their wings. d. Populations of bees are declining
b. Away from the colony, bees experience a constant probability of death per unit time as a foraging species.
A scientist is studying a biome that experiences large seasonal fluctuations in both temperature and precipitation patterns. Which of the following would best characterize the organisms that inhabit the biome? a. Habitat specialists would be most abundant, because they have broad niches. b. Generalists would be most abundant, because the resources available would be constantly changing. c. Generalists that feed only on animals would be more abundant in the summer months, while generalists that f
b. Generalists would be most abundant, because the resources available would be constantly changing.
Which of the following claims is best supported by the data shown in the table above? Responses a. The owl population experienced increased mortality between 2010 and 2015 because of small prey populations. b. The owl population experienced population overshoot between 1995 and 2000 because of increased competition for resources. c.The mouse population experienced increased fecundity between 2000 and 2005 because of declining resources. d. The mouse population experienced zero population growth
b. The owl population experienced population overshoot between 1995 and 2000 because of increased competition for resources.
Researchers monitored the number of reindeer over time on an island off the coast of Alaska. The reindeer were introduced in year 1, and the population size was counted every 5 years. The data are shown in the table above. Which of the following claims about trends in the population size over time is best supported by the data? Responses a. The population did not have enough males to help the herd survive, so the population declined over time. b. The population exceeded the carrying capacity of
b. The population exceeded the carrying capacity of the island, which led to a decrease in the population size following extreme resource depletion.
Which of the following statements best describes the pattern seen in age structure diagram C? a. The county has very little difference between the number of individuals in younger age groups and in older age groups, indicating a declining population size. b. There is an imbalance between males and females, with a ratio of 1.5 men to every woman in the population. c. The county most likely has a total fertility rate of less than 2.0. d. There are more women than men between the ages of 35-49 as
b. There is an imbalance between males and females, with a ratio of 1.5 men to every woman in the population.
An inbreeding depression can lead to a an increase in disease resistance. b an increase in the expression of harmful genetic mutations. c a decrease in species extinction. d an increase in gene flow.
b. an increase in the expression of harmful genetic mutations
Which is NOT a factor in gross domestic product? a. consumer spending b. cost of environmental damage c. government spending d. imports and exports
b. cost of environmental damage
Song sparrows are found in a variety of habitats, including marshes, grasslands, agricultural fields, and suburban areas. They feed on a variety of organisms, including beetles, caterpillars, snails, and earthworms. They also consume plants, including different types of grains and berries. The table below summarizes the reproductive data for song sparrows. Based on the description and the data table above, which of the following combinations best classifies the song sparrow? Responses a. K-strat
b. r -strategist and generalist
In a boreal forest, there are two species of wolves that hunt the same species of rabbit. Initially, there are enough rabbits to feed both species. As the population size of both wolf species increases, rabbits become a limiting resource. After several generations, one species of wolf dominates, and the other species no longer lives in the forest. This is an example of a artificial selection. b the competitive exclusion principle. c a Malthusian catastrophe. d natural selection.
b. the competitive exclusion principle
The population size (N) of Kenyan lions is a the estimated number of lions living in South Africa. b the estimated number of lions in Kenya during the time of measurement. c the maximum number of lions that can survive in Kenya. d the estimated number of lions living within each square mile in Africa.
b. the estimated number of lions in Kenya during the time of measurement.
Thomas Malthus introduced a. the study of human demographics. b. the hypothesis that humans could exceed Earth's carrying capacity. c. the concept of variation in replacement-level fertility due to differences in industrialization. d. the age structure diagram.
b. the hypothesis that humans could exceed Earth's carrying capacity.
Suppose a nation has a crude death rate of 10 deaths per 1,000 individuals, a crude birth rate of 20 births per 1,000 individuals, an immigration rate of 5 immigrants per 1,000 individuals, and an emigration rate of 0. What is the national population growth rate? a 15 percent b 1.5 percent c 2 percent d 3.5 percent
c 2 percent
Cuba has a population of roughly 12 million people. It has a CBR of 8 and a CDR of 6. Ignoring migration, how many years will it take Cuba's population to double? a 175 years b 50 years c 350 years d 235 years
c 350 years
Approximately what percentage of people in developed countries live in urban areas? a 50 percent b 25 percent c 75 percent d 10 percent
c 75 percent
Cycloclasticus is a genus of bacteria that consumes hydrocarbons, which are a major component of all forms of oil. Cycloclasticus populations increased in the Gulf of Mexico following the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010. Assume that an oil spill of 500 liters can sustain 20,000 Cycloclasticus bacterium. If there was a 2,000 liter oil spill, what would be the carrying capacity for Cycloclasticus bacterium? a 20,000 b 40,000 c 80,000 d 60,000
c 80,000
Under which of the following conditions would a population grow? a The birth rate and the death rate are equal. b Emigration exceeds immigration and the birth rate equals the death rate. c The birth rate exceeds the death rate and there is no immigration or emigration. d The birth rate equals the death rate and immigration is equal to emigration.
c The birth rate exceeds the death rate and there is no immigration or emigration.
Which of the following accurately compares growth patterns in eagles and bacteria? a Because eagles are larger than bacteria, they have a J-shaped growth curve. b Populations of bacteria show exponential growth, whereas populations of eagles do not. c Under ideal conditions, bacteria and eagle populations both grow exponentially. d Eagles show r-selected growth patterns and bacteria show K-selected patterns.
c Under ideal conditions, bacteria and eagle populations both grow exponentially.
An age structure diagram in which the youngest people are the smallest percentage of the population probably represents a country with a a population in which the replacement fertility rate has been exceeded. b a stable population. c a population that will begin to shrink when that age group reaches sexual maturity. d a population that is about to grow very rapidly.
c a population that will begin to shrink when that age group reaches sexual maturity.
In his 1798 book, An Essay on the Principle of Population, Thomas Malthus stated "...the power of [Earth's human] population [to increase] is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man." He explained that our population increases exponentially while we can only increase our food supply linearly. Using our modern terminology, what did Malthus mean by "the power of the earth to produce subsistence for man?" a birth rate b environmental resistance c ca
c carrying capacity
During a single Oregon winter, minimum temperatures did not get much below freezing. The following summer, large mosquito populations were observed in ponds. Cold weather came early the next winter and most ponds froze for 3 months. The following summer, very low mosquito populations were observed. What best explains this pattern in the mosquito population? a density-dependent factors b the ecosystem's carrying capacity c density-independent factors d global warming
c density-independent factors
In phase 2 of a demographic transition, there is _______ in the crude birth rate and _______ in the crude death rate. a an increase; no change b no change; no change c no change; a decline d no change; an increase
c no change; a decline
What shape is the age structure diagram of a typical developing nation? a inverted triangle b column c pyramid d circular
c pyramid
A California lake is inhabited by 3,000 zooplankton, 100 crayfish, 8 sunfish, and 600 minnows. Which is the correct list of population densities from highest to lowest? a sunfish, minnows, crayfish, zooplankton b zooplankton, minnows, sunfish, crayfish c zooplankton, minnows, crayfish, sunfish d zooplankton, crayfish, sunfish, minnows
c zooplankton, minnows, crayfish, sunfish
Scientists collected data for 35 years on the populations of mice and owls in a given area. Based on the trends shown in the table, in which of the following years was the owl population at carrying capacity? a. 1985 b. 1990 c. 2015 d. 2020
c. 2015
A population of honeybees has 15 females and 45 males. What is the sex ratio for this population? a 1:4 b 1:3 c 3:1 d 1:2
c. 3:1
Based on the data in the graph, what was the average number of children born per woman in less-developed regions in 1975 ? a. 1.9 b. 3.9 c. 4.7 d. 5.4
c. 4.7
Approximately what percentage of the population of developed countries lives in urban areas? a. 44 percent b. 50 percent c. 75 percent d. 86 percent
c. 75 percent
Which of the following density-independent factors can affect the size of a human population? a. Disease b. Availability of food c. Heat waves d. Access to clean water
c. Heat waves
A country's impact on the environment is influenced by I. population. II. technology. III. affluence. a I b II c I, II, and III d I and III
c. I, II, and III
Characteristics of an r-selected species includeI. many offspring.II. fast population growth rate.III. short time to reproductive maturity. a I only b I and II c I, II, and III d III only
c. I, II, and III
Based on the survivorship curves shown below, which of the following is a possible reason for the change in the shape of the curve from 1900 to 1980? a. Increased immigration and decreased emigration b. Increased infant mortality rate c. Improvements in health-care services and medical research d. Decreased urbanization
c. Improvements in health-care services and medical research
An age structure diagram with roughly similar numbers of individuals in each group is representative of which country? a. India b. Mexico c. Sweden d. Venezuela
c. Sweden
Which of the following is a characteristic of an organism that displays a Type III survivorship curve, as shown in the graph above? Responses a. The organism has a fairly constant mortality rate over time. b. The organism reaches reproductive maturity after many years. c. The organism produces large numbers of offspring every time it reproduces. d. The organism provides constant parental care to its offspring for several years.
c. The organism produces large numbers of offspring every time it reproduces.
Which of the following best describes the trends seen in the total fertility rates for the world population from 1950 to the projected rates in 2040 ? Responses a. Total fertility rates fell below carrying capacity after 1965 because of an increase in global conflicts. b. Total fertility rates remained fairly steady from 1970 to 1985 as less-developed regions shifted to more agricultural-based economies. c. Total fertility rates declined rapidly from 1960 to 2000 because women had children later
c. Total fertility rates declined rapidly from 1960 to 2000 because women had children later in life as a result of increased educational opportunities.
In his 1798 book, An Essay on the Principle of Population, Thomas Malthus stated "...the power of [Earth's human] population [to increase] is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man." He explained that our population increases exponentially while we can only increase our food supply linearly. Using our modern terminology, what did Malthus mean by "the power of the earth to produce subsistence for man?" a birth rate b biotic potential c carrying capacity d environmental resistance
c. carrying capacity
Which population distribution is observed among prey species living in large groups? a either uniform or clumped distribution b random distribution c clumped distribution d uniform distribution
c. clumped distribution
The age structure of a population can help determine how quickly species will grow. A K-selected species typically would have what kind of age structure and population growth rate? a a few young individuals; fast growth rate b a few older reproductively mature individuals; fast growth rate c many older reproductively mature individuals; slow growth rate d many young individuals; slow growth rate
c. many older reproductively mature individuals; slow growth rate
There are roughly 42 million ducks in the continental United States. Convert the number of ducks into scientific notation. a 42 × 10^5 b 42 × 10^4 c 4.2 × 10^6 d 4.2 × 10^7
d 4.2 × 10^7
A country has a growth rate of 0.2 percent, a TFR of 2.6, and a net migration rate of -8. What will happen to the population of this country? a The population will grow for a few generations before shrinking. b The population will increase at a steady rate. c The population will grow for a few generations before stabilizing. d The population will decrease over time.
d The population will decrease over time.
When mosquitoes are very abundant in an area, purple martins flock to that area and specialize on them. When mosquito populations are not large, purple martins go elsewhere. The movement of the birds is related to a a density-independent factor. b community carrying capacity. c ecosystem carrying capacity. d a density-dependent factor.
d a density-dependent factor.
Sustainable development refers to a the development of urban slums into more affluent communities. b the improvement of living conditions in nations such as Denmark and Sweden, which have sustainable energy programs. c the improvement in the standard of living for individuals with a sustainable lifestyle. d an improvement in living conditions through use of resources without causing environmental harm or depletion of resources.
d an improvement in living conditions through use of resources without causing environmental harm or depletion of resources.
Family planning has been beneficial in many developing countries because it a restricts information about birth control. b discourages contraceptive use. c increases crude birth rates. d decreases total fertility rates.
d decreases total fertility rates.
The human population is currently following roughly a J-shaped curve. This means that the population is a growing more slowly than it did 100 years ago. b changing in a cyclical pattern. c shrinking at a small but steady rate. d increasing exponentially.
d increasing exponentially.
The IPAT equation uses which three major factors to assess environmental impact? a invention, production, attainment b population, area, terrestrial life c affluence, progressiveness, telecommunication d technology, population, affluence
d technology, population, affluence
The total fertility rate (TFR) is an estimate of a the average number of years an infant born in a population can be expected to live. b the average number of children in a population that will survive past infancy. c the number of births per 1000 people per year in a particular population. d the average number of children each woman in a population will bear.
d the average number of children each woman in a population will bear.
Which is NOT a reason that the population of the United States continues to grow? a advances in medical technology b high emigration c net migration d the baby boom of the 1940s through 1960s
d the baby boom of the 1940s through 1960s
There are roughly 42 million ducks and 120,000 lakes in the continental United States. How many ducks per lake are there in the continental United States? a 0.35 × 10^2 b 0.28 × 10^2 c 3.5 × 10^3 d 3.5 × 10^2
d. 3.5 × 10^2
The demographic transition model describes population change over time as a country becomes more developed. Age-structure diagrams describe how populations are distributed across age ranges. Which of the following age-structure diagrams best displays the age ranges in a country that is in stage 2 of the demographic transition? a. A stationary age-structure diagram b. An inverted pyramid age-structure diagram c. A constrictive age-structure diagram d. An expansive pyramid age-structure diagram
d. An expansive pyramid age-structure diagram
A variety of plants and animals inhabit a forest ecosystem. Which statement correctly explains why certain organisms would be more likely to survive than others if a forest fire burned the area? Responses a. Specialist species are more likely to survive because they can thrive in a narrow range of environmental conditions and they have a limited diet. b. Specialist species are more likely to survive because they can thrive in a large range of environmental conditions and can make use of a variet
d. Generalist species are more likely to survive because they can thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources.
Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the table? Responses a. The European toad is a K-selected species because it has a Type III survivorship curve. b. The black rhino is a K -selected species because it provides no parental care. c. The European toad is a K-selected species because it can live up to 10 years. d. The black rhino is a K-selected species because it has a low number of offspring per reproductive event.
d. The black rhino is a K-selected species because it has a low number of offspring per reproductive event.
Which of the following accurately compares growth patterns in eagles and bacteria? a Eagles show r-selected growth patterns and bacteria show K-selected patterns. b Because eagles are larger than bacteria, they have a J-shaped growth curve. c Populations of bacteria show exponential growth, whereas populations of eagles do not. d Under ideal conditions, bacteria and eagle populations both grow exponentially.
d. Under ideal conditions, bacteria and eagle populations both grow exponentially.
The intrinsic growth rate of a population a is the minimum number of births likely to occur in a population under ideal conditions. b is the number of yearly births minus the number of yearly deaths in a population. c is the maximum potential for growth in a population given limited resources. d is the maximum potential for growth in a population under ideal conditions.
d. is the maximum potential for growth in a population under ideal conditions.
Which of the following is not a K-selected species? a elephant b human c panda d mouse
d. mouse
Which is NOT a reason that populations of predators increase when populations of prey are high? a It is easier to find prey. b Reproductive output may increase. c Predator nutrition is better. d There is more competition among predators for prey.
d. there is more competition among predators for prey
In a given country, the population size is decreasing because there are fewer prereproductive-aged individuals in the population. Which of the age structure diagrams best illustrates the population of this country?
A. a, op-heavy age structure diagram, like the one for Charlotte County, Florida, as shown in the figure, illustrates a declining population size because the number of prereproductive- and reproductive-aged individuals is low.
Approximately how many females in population B are between the ages of 50 and 59? a 20,000,000 b 30,000,000 c 5,000,000 d 500,000
a 20,000,000
In which phase of demographic transition is population growth the highest? a Phase 3 b Phase 2 c Phase 1 d Phase 4
b Phase 2
Which is NOT likely to limit a population's size? a the amount of food available b the genetic diversity of the population c the number of predators d the carrying capacity of the species
b the genetic diversity of the population
If women in a country delay childbearing, a the population growth rate will increase. b the population growth rate will decrease. c there will be an increase in the growth rate followed by a decrease. d the population growth rate will stay the same.
b the population growth rate will decrease.
Based on the data in the graph, when did more-developed regions first reach replacement level fertility? a. 1950 b. 1970 c. 1990 d. 2010
b. 1970
Cycloclasticus is a genus of bacteria that consumes hydrocarbons, which are a major component of all forms of oil. Cycloclasticus populations increased in the Gulf of Mexico following the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010. Assume that an oil spill of 500 liters can sustain 20,000 Cycloclasticus bacterium. If there was a 2,000 liter oil spill, what would be the carrying capacity for Cycloclasticus bacterium? a 60,000 b 80,000 c 40,000 d 20,000
b. 80,000
Which does NOT cause rapid growth in a population? a increase in food supply b introduction of a new parasite c elimination of a pollutant d elimination of predators
b. introduction of a new parasite
Which is a density-independent factor that can limit population size? a availability of nest sites b weather c competition d predation
b. weather
Urban populations represent approximately ____ percent of the world population, but consume ____ percent of the world's resources. a 25; 50 b 10; 25 c 50; 75 d 10; 50
c 50; 75
Which formula can be used to estimate population size? a CBR + Immigration + CDR + Emigration b CBR + Immigration + CDR - Emigration c CBR + Immigration - CDR - Emigration d CBR - Immigration - CDR - Emigration
c CBR + Immigration - CDR - Emigration
Country A has a higher crude death rate than country B, but country A has a higher standard of living. What is one likely explanation for this deviation from the norm? a Country A has a younger population. b Country B has a higher immigration rate. c Country A has an older population. d Country B has a better healthcare system.
c Country A has an older population
Which endangered species has suffered inbreeding depression because of population size? a prairie dog b grizzly bear c Florida panther d African lion
c Florida panther
Which is most likely if a country's death rate among the elderly increases? a The population will continue to decrease. b The time required to reach a given population will increase. c Population growth will shift from exponential to linear. d The crude birth rate will decrease.
c Population growth will shift from exponential to linear.
Following the exponential growth stage of Paramecium in Gause's experiment, a population graph would begin to display a(n) __-shaped curve as the population approaches __________. a J: carrying capacity b J; density maximization c S; carrying capacity d J; logistic growth
c S; carrying capacity
Population B is most likely a growing rapidly. b going to decline in the next 20 years. c stable. d growing slowly.
c stable.
Replacement-level fertility is a. just under 2 children in the United States. b. the number of births per 1,000 women. c. always greater than 2. d. the base level of 1 child to replace the mother.
c. always greater than 2.
The IPAT equation was developed to estimate a. the affluence of a country's population. b. the rate of demographic transition. c. the impact of human lifestyles on Earth. d. the gross domestic product of a country.
c. the impact of human lifestyles on Earth.
There are roughly 42 million ducks and 120,000 lakes in the continental United States. How many ducks per lake are there in the continental United States? a 0.28 × 10^2 b 3.5 × 10^3 c 0.35 × 10^2 d 3.5 × 10^2
d 3.5 × 10^2
Population A I. is likely to have a higher level of education than population B. II. is likely to have had a recent decline in infant mortality. III. is likely to be poorer than population B. a I and II b I only c I, II, and III d II and III
d II and III
Approximately how many males in population A are under the age of 10? a 15,000,000 b 20,000,000 c 110,000,000 d 130,000,000
d. 130,000,000
Which of the age structure diagrams best illustrates a county that has a stable population size and slow or no population growth?
d. D, The column-shaped diagram indicates population stability.
Which has contributed to increased family planning worldwide? I. women's education II. increased income III. advertising campaigns a. I and II b. I and III c. II and III d. I, II, and III
d. I, II, and III
According to the theory of demographic transition, countries move through growth phases in which order? a. stable growth, rapid growth, slow growth, declining growth b. rapid growth, slow growth, stable growth, declining growth c. slow growth, declining growth, rapid growth, stable growth d. slow growth, rapid growth, stable growth, declining growth
d. slow growth, rapid growth, stable growth, declining growth
A laboratory experiment followed the growth of a flour beetle population over time. At first the population increased dramatically but later growth slowed and the population size leveled off. While food (the wheat flour in which they live) was abundant, the flour beetles began to eat their own eggs when densities got high. What might we hypothesize about this behavior in the flour beetles? a It serves as a density-dependent means of population control. b It has no effect on the growth of the pop
a It serves as a density-dependent means of population control.
In general, what is the relationship between life expectancy, child mortality, and affluence? a Life expectancy is directly proportional to affluence, while child mortality is inversely proportional to affluence. b Life expectancy is inversely proportional to affluence, while child mortality is directly proportional to affluence. c Life expectancy and child mortality are inversely proportional to affluence. d Life expectancy and child mortality are generally directly proportional to affluence.
a Life expectancy is directly proportional to affluence, while child mortality is inversely proportional to affluence.
_______is the study of factors that cause populations to increase or decrease. a Population ecology b Environmental science c Evolutionary biology d Ecological science
a Population ecology
Why might the population of a country with a TFR of 1.6 continue to grow over a longer time? a The net immigration is high enough to overcome low TFR. b The life expectancy has fallen. c Child and infant mortality is very low. d The country had experienced population momentum in the past.
a The net immigration is high enough to overcome low TFR.
A country has a total fertility rate equal to replacement level fertility, and emigration equal to immigration. Which of the following must be true? a The population is stable. b The country has population momentum. c The population is shrinking. d The population is rising.
a The population is stable.
Which is NOT a reason that populations of predators increase when populations of prey are high? a There is more competition among predators for prey. b Predator nutrition is better. c Reproductive output may increase. d It is easier to find prey.
a There is more competition among predators for prey.
Populations with a column-shaped age structure diagram have a a similar number of individuals in each age group. b low crude death rates. c a declining population. d high crude death rates.
a a similar number of individuals in each age group.
If a population's age structure diagram looks like a pyramid, the population is a expanding. b shrinking. c stable. d experiencing population momentum.
a expanding.
