Unit 4-CHAPTERS 7 & 8

Telegraph

Samuel Morse in 1844 -Information becomes widespread -Efficient control and administration of politics, business, transportation, markets -OG text message

Election of 1824

-Democratic Party was seen fracturing -Official end to Federalist party. First election where no federalist candidate ran. All four candidates were Democratic-Republican: -Secretary of State John Q. Adams -General/Senator Andrew Jackson -Secretary of Treasury William Crawford -Speaker of the House Henry Clay *Corrupt Bargain: House of Representatives chooses Adams because Clay drops out of race to sway the House to vote for him instead of Jackson. Impact: Establishment of second party system: Democrats and National Republicans

Reform movements: Rehabilitation

-Dorothea Dix: Leader of prison reform. "Man is not made better by being degraded." -asylums/prisons for criminals and mentally ill guilty of mistreatment and overcrowding--> replacement of crude jails by "penitentiaries" to stop the abuse, to reform and rehabilitate inmates towards penitence, model of discipline. First penitentiary system in Pennsylvania. Doctrine of Asylum movement: structure and discipline would bring out moral reform.

Monroe's Presidency

-Era of Good Feelings -With him, the country acquired Florida, agreed on the Missouri Compromise, and adopted the Monroe Doctrine.

Agriculture and Cotton

-Evolution of Cotton due to technological advancements (cotton gin by Eli Whitney), improved transportation -COTTON IS KING -Impact of improved Agriculture: Regional specialization (on the farms and growth of cities), increased drive for western expansion and their land, increased demand for slavery.

Railroads

-Faster and durable form of transportation -Introduced in late 1820s -Only small lines between major regional cities -Mostly in the North

Frederick Douglass

-Former slave who spoke about the slavery and degradation of slavery from first hand experience. Advocated for both political and direct action to end slavery and racial prejudice. In 1847, he started writing the antislavery journal, "The North Star."

Daniel Webster

-From Massachusetts, representing the South -Federalist -McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) -Dartmouth College v. Woodland (1819) -Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) -Webster-Ashburn Treaty...more important stuff you'll learn about him later

planters; poor whites; mountain men

-planters had less than 20 slaves lived modestly and produced the bulk of the cotton crops -poor whites (3/4 of white southerners)--Most owned no slaves and were subsistence farmers. still defended slavery because they hoped to have their own some day & at least they were superior to someone -Mountain men--isolated Appalachian farmers who disliked planters & slavery

New Harmony

"Village of Cooperation" This was a society that focused on Utopian Socialism (Communism). It was started by Robert Owens but failed because everybody did not share a fair load of the work. The nonreligious experiment attempted to use socialist ideals to provide an answer to the problems of inequity and alienation caused by the Industrial Revolution.

First Political System

(1789-1824) Federalists and Democratic-Republicans

Thomas Jefferson

(1801-1809) Democratic Republican -Plantation and slave owner from VA -Statesman -Assembly man, Declaration of Independence, Governor, Minister of France, Secretary of State, Vice President, and President. -Founded the Democratic Republican party in opposition to Hamilton's Federalists. -Kentucky Resolutions -Inaugural Address: "We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists." GOAL: To unite the people through this speech. -"Renaissance Man"-Inventor, philosopher, architect.

American Colonization Society

(1816) -Founded by Quakers, abolitionists, former Upper South slave owners, Henry Clay, and James Monroe. -The idea of transporting freed slaves to the African colony of Monrovia,Liberia to establish their own settlement appealed to to moderate antislavery reformers and politicians from U.S. society. Eventually failed. (1821-1822)

America's Market Revolution

(AKA: First Industrial Revolution) -Subsistence farming to market specialization -Free enterprise (free trade)system -Capital investment and state charters. -Development of state and national infrastructure and networks -National Road (Cumberland Road): First interstate highway using both federal and state money, with different states receiving ownership of segments of the highway. that will lead to waterways such as the Ohio River. -Virginia will split in 1863 -First steamboat is built by Robert Fulton: "The Clermont" making round trip shipping on the nation's great rivers both faster and cheaper. -Erie Canal is the U.S.'s first canal in New York (man made) for steamboats to travel on.

American Party

(AKA: Know-Nothing Party) A former political party active in the 1850s to keep power out of the hands of immigrants and Roman Catholics (called nativists) An anti foreign society.

Florida Purchase Treaty (1819)

(Adams-Onis Treaty)1819 - Under the Adams-Onis Treaty, Spain sold Florida to the U.S., and the U.S. gave up its claims to Texas. Oregon Territory is claimed by U.S. and Great Britain. 42 degree N parallel is established granting Spain land below it.

John Quincy Adams

(NR)(1825-1829) -Sixth US President -Son of Federalist John Adams -National Republican -Corrupt Bargain alongside buddy Henry Clay -Most of his proposals rejected by a pro-Jackson Congress -Alienated the South and West (they felt alienated #notmypresident) -Tariff of 1828=Tariff of Abominations *-Tariff of Abominations (called that by Southerners)(People don't feel represented) (Protected North states)

The Era of Good Feelings

(President James Monroe's election from 181g-the Panic of 1819) -The period's nickname where optimism nationalism within the country was strong. The basic ideals of nationalism and patriotism would dominate most public schools, art, books, and aspect of the 19th century. The Federalists faded into nonexistence and Monroe's Party, the Democratic-Republicans adopted some of their policies and dominated politics. -However, throughout the era people did have heated debates over tariffs, the national bank, internal improvement, and public land sales. Sectionalism views over slavery became more apparent and the Democratic-REpublican party would split in two as most had Federalist views.

Jacksonian Democracy

- The era of the "Common man" and "self-made man" *-Universal male suffrage=all white men can vote -Strict constructionist -Laissez-faire economics -Democratization of nominations for elected office---Change from party caucuses to nation conventions -Increase in local and state elected offices -Rise of third parites *-Spoils System: In exchange for helping me run for office what position do you want to be rewarded with in my cabinet (Even if people have no credentials) *-Manifest Destiny: Moving west is our destiny for all land (sea to shining sea) -Industrial Revolution -Transportation Revolution

Oneida Community

-"Perfectionists" -Married to all -Children raised communally a radical utopian community established in New York, in which complex marriage (free love), male consistence (a form of birth control), and controlled breeding to create a new superior generation, were all practiced. the community lasted for over thirty years because artisans made advanced steel traps and the Oneida Community Plate (made of silver).

Aaron Burr Downfall

-A Democratic-Republican caucus (closed meeting) in 1804 decided not to nominate Aaron burr for a second term for vice president. -Secretly forming a political pact with radical New England Federalists, Burr planned to win the election for governor as New York to unite the New England States in pursuit of seceding from the nation, threatening to break up the Union. -However, Alexander Hamilton defeated Burr in the election and challenged the Federalist leader to a duel in 1804. There Burr fatally shot Hamilton, depriving the Federalists of their last great leader. Jefferson ordered for Burr's arrest and trial for treason after learning that he pushed his followers to take Mexico from Spain and unite it with Louisiana under his rule. Marshall found Burr innocent.

Economic Nationalism

-A political movement to support the growth of the nation's economy through two main aspects 1-Subsidizing internal improvements (the building of roads and canals) 2-Protecting budding U.S. industries from European competition

Urbanization? Urban life?

-A population shift from rural to urban areas and the ways in which each society adapts to the change. -As the urban populations in the North (ex: Boston to Baltimore) experienced rapid growth, slums expanded. Crowded housing, poor sanitation, infectious diseases, and high rates of crime became more apparent.

Reasons for Westward Expansion during the presidencies of Madison and Monroe

-Acquisition of American Indian Lands: Large areas were open for settlement as American Indians were driven from their lands by the victories of Generals William Henry Harrison and Andrew Jackson. -Economic Pressures: The economic difficulties in the Northeast from the embargo and the war caused people from this region to seek a new future across the Appalachians. In the South, tobacco planters needed new land to replace the soil exhausted by years of poor farming methods so they moved to find good land for farming cotton in Alabama, Mississippi, and Arkansas. -Improved Transportation: Pioneers had an easier time reaching the frontier as a result of the building of roads and canals, steamboats, and railroads. -Immigrants: More Europeans were being attracted to America by speculators offering cheap land in the Great Lakes region and in the valleys of the Ohio, Cumberland, and Mississippi Rivers.

Election of 1832

-Andrew Jackson (D) WON -Henry Clay (NR) -William Writ (Anti-Masonic) -All candidates elected by national party convention -Bank of the United States was the central issue

Women in Market Revolution

-As American society became more urban and industrialized, women worked less alongside husbands and in farms. Women seeking employment in a city had limited choices: domestic service or teaching. Factory jobs in the Lowell system were not common. Most working women were single because married life meant duties in the home. Legal restrictions remained(ex:they couldn't vote)

A Divided Nation Who voted for the war and who voted against it?

-Congress, Pennsylvania and Vermont joined the Southern and western states for the war declaration. -Representatives from New York, New Jersey, and the rest of the states in New England voted against the war.

Naval Victories and Military Defeats in the War of 1812

-Invasion of Canada: A poorly equipped American army initiated military action in 1812 by launching a three-part invasion in Canada. The troops were easily taken down by British defeats, but Americans did manage to anger the British with burnings and raids on government buildings in York (Toronto) -Naval Battles: U.S. warship "Old Ironsides" raised American morale by defeating and sinking a British ship. Battle of Thames where Tecumseh was killed. -Chesapeake Campaign: The defeat of Napoleon in Europe led the British to march through the nation's capital, and set fire to the White House and also attempted to take down Baltimore. But Fort McHenry held out the nights fires, exactly when Francis Scott Key wrote "Star Spangled Banner." -Southern Campaign: General Andrew Jackson led Battle at Horseshoe Bend in Alabama, ending the power of an important British ally- the Creek nation. The Battle of New Orleans took place although the Treaty of Ghent had been signed.

Panic of 1837

-Land speculation and crop failures -Hard currency led to devalue of paper money and inflation -Denial of bank charter -States overextended in infrastructure projects -Banks closed, unemployment increased, depression for next 5 years. The panic was blamed on Van Buren because of the National Bank disaster by Jackson -National debt was paid off in 1835 so people were scared for a **** up. *-Specie Circular (1836) (last thing Jackson did):Purchase of federal lands by gold and silver

Election of 1836

-Martin Van Buren (D) WON -4 Whig Candidates from different regions ran in attempt to win a spot in the office.

Reform Movements: Theatre

-Minstrel Shows or Racist shows where the actors went black face -Led to rise in leisure.

The South- White Hierarchy

-Planter Class: 20 or more slaves, 0.6% of the population. -Small Slave Owners: 88% of slave owners, strived to be Planters, usually worked in fields with slaves. -Professionals: Lawyers, doctors, clergy, writers. Depended on planter class. -Yeoman Farmers: Backbone of Southern Society. Independent, self sufficient, local commercial market. -Poor Whites: 10% of population, Pine barrens, pastoral farming. Perceived as lazy or uneducated.

Jefferson's First Term

-Relatively free of trouble -Louisiana purchase -Lewis and Clark Expedition -Marbury v. Madison and judicial review (Angered Jefferson) -Impeachment Campaign of Federal court judges (Failed: Federalists remained majority in judicial court system)

What is Jeffersonianism?

-Republicanism and civil virtue -Civic duty: voting, right to education -Federalism and state's rights -Yeoman (intellectual) farmers as ideal citizens -Agriculture over Manufacturing/Industry -Empire of Liberty and Foreign Policy (America's responsibility to spread democracy) -Republican motherhood, absent from politics. -Natives are "noble savages" Able but need to catch up -Black inferiority and white superiority (even though "all men are created equal") -Seperation of church and state supporter.

Brook Farm

-Share equally labor and leisure. A utopian community founded in Massachusetts, by twenty transcendentalist intellectuals. this community failed when fire engulfed an almost completed building in 1846, and the community went into debt. this community inspired "The Blithedale Romance (1852)," by Nathaniel Hawthorne, in which the main character was modeled after Margaret Fuller, who was a feminist writer. Emerson also went here. Brook Farm was remembered for its atmosphere of artistic creativity, its innovative school, and its appeal to New England's intellectual elite and their children.

Abolitionism

-Slavery had begun to be considered a sin by many Christians and a violation of rights after 2nd Great Awakening -American Colonization Society (1816) -Black Abolitionists: Harriet Tubman, David Ruggles, Sojourner Truth, and William Still -Creation of Liberty Party

Effects of the Market Revolution

-Specialization on the farm, the growth of cities, industrialization, and the development of modern capitalism (free trade) led to a growing interdependence among people. Farmers fed the workers in the urban cities, who in turn provided farm families with an array of mass-produced goods. Standard of living increased, meaning gaps between the very wealthy and the very poor increased.

Innovations of America's Market Economy

-Steam Engine -Spinning jenny -Interchangeable parts: making rifles for the War of 1812 -Cotton gin: Eli Whitney

Penny Press

-Steam-powered printing press machines, state-mandated public education, affordable. -Growth in literacy rates, more opinionated Americans, better vocabulary.

Transcendentalism

-Stressed intuition/instinct/emotionalism, feelings over reason and logic -Promotion of the individual, individualism was highly regarded -Finding spiritual enlightenment through Nature -Viewed artistic expression as more important than wealth -Rejects materialism, doctrine -Famous transcendentalists: Ralph Waldo Emerson ("Self-Reliance and "The American Scholar") and Henry David Thoreau (Walden; On Civil Disobedience)

American Romanticism in Literature

-The Last of the Mohicans by James Fenimore Cooper -The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne -Moby Dick by Herman Melville -Edgar Allen Poe's poems

Judicial Review

-The idea that the Supreme Court alone has the power to determine whether an act of Congress or of the President was constitutional or not. Can overrule unconstitutional actions of the other branches. Chief John Marshall established this concept after Marbury vs. Madison and it angered Jefferson during his Presidency because he felt that it was increasing federal power.

Commonwealth vs. Hunt

1842- A Massachusetts Supreme Court case regarding the issue of worker unions; it ruled that unions were not illegal conspiracies provided that their actions were honorable and peaceful. Ruled that "peaceful" unions had the right to negotiate labor contracts with employers. While this did not legalize the worker strikes and their work was continued to be limited by (1) periodic depressions, (2) employers and courts that were hostile to unions, (3) an abundant supply of cheap immigrant labor. It was a milestone for later acts regarding worker unions.

Seneca Falls Convention

1848 -Leading feminists Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady, and Susan B. Anthony led the campaign for equal voting, legal, and property rights for women. -Issued a document modeled after the Declaration of independence there called their, "Declaration of Sentiments," declaring, "all men and women are created equal. " and listed the women's grievances against laws and customs that discriminated against them.

Trail of Tears

6,000+ Cherokee Indians were forced to make a grueling march in the winter of 1838-39. About 15,000 died under the poor management, exposure, disease, and starvation. They were placed near military posts above New Spain.

"Peculiar Institution"

A euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the american south. the term, used by sensitive whites about how they treated other humans, aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose declaration of independence states that "all men are created equal." These apologists justified slavery as an economic necessity and would attempt to use historical and religious arguments to support their claim that slavery was good for both slave and master. it was one of the key causes of the civil war.

Hartford Convention

A meeting of radical New England Federalists held in Hartford, Connecticut urging that the Constitution be amended and at last resort, secession be voted upon.These radical Federalists opposed the war of 1812. To limit the growth of the Democratic-Republicans in the South and the West, they adopted a number of proposals, calling for a two-thirds vote of both houses for any future declaration of war, embargoes, or for state administration. Wanted to repeal three-fifths compromise, make one-term presidency, and no same state successor. The Hartford Convention was an example of the growing issue of sectionalism and was another event in the weakening of the Federalist Party as they were viewed as unpatriotic/traitors.

pet banks

A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836.

Free African Americans (by 1860)

African Americans who were free citizens; majority lived in cities where they could own property, however they were still not considered equal with whites. They were not allowed to vote or travel freely in the South. They were denied the ability to hold many professional jobs.(Even though, as in the North, racial prejudice restricted their liberties)

Macon's Bill No.2

After economic hardships continued, Congressman Nathaniel Macon passed Macon's Bill No.2 in 1810, restoring trade with Britain and France within the U.S. It provided, however, that if either Britain or France formally agreed to respect U.S. neutral rights at sea, then the United States would prohibit trade with that nation's foe.

Non-Intercouse Act

After repealing the Embargo Act , James Madison passed the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809, formally reopening trade with all nations in the world, except Britain and France. -Madison hopped to end economic hardship while maintaining his country's rights as a neutral nation.

Tariff of 1816

After the War of 1812, American manufacturers feared that British goods would be dumped on American markets and take away from their business. Congress raised tariffs for the express purpose of protecting U.S. manufacturers from competition. This was the first protective tariff in U.S. history-the first of many time. New England, which had little manufacturing at the time, opposed the tariff. The South and West supported the 1816 tariff, believing that it was needed for national prosperity (they would oppose the tariffs to come)

Irish immigrants

Almost 2 million Irish immigrants came to the United States driven from their homeland by potato crop failures and a devastating famine in the 1840s. Most were tenant farmers, arriving with little interest in farming, little money, and few special skills. They faced discrimination for their Roman Catholic religion and fought hard against African Americans for domestic work and unskilled labor jobs. Many joined the Democratic Party, which had long traditions of Anti-British feelings and support for workers. They were initially excluded from joining NYC's Democratic organization but soon in the 1880s they controlled this party organization.

Election of 1828

Also called the Revolution of 1828, Andrew Jackson (D) ("Old Hickory") vs. John Q. Adams (NR) for President. Jacksonian were ready to use the discontent of southerners and westerners to win over Adams. Beyond attending parades and barbecues, Jackson's party decided to smear Adams reputation by accusing his wife of being born out of wedlock. Supporters of Adams retaliated, accusing Jackson's wife of adultery. The mudslinging campaign attracted a lot of interest and voter turnout soared. Jackson won by a landslide!!! (VP: Calhoun, who then resigns....)

Liberty Party

America's first antislavery political party, formed in 1840 whose pledge was to bring about the end of slavery by political and legal means. When the party ran a presidential candidate in the 1844 election, it split the Republican vote and inadvertently tipped the 1844 election in favor of Democrat James Polk.

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)

Henry David Thoreau, "On Civil Disobedience"

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War. Henry David Thoreau wrote this essay where he expressed opposition to the Mexican War. He argued that individuals have a moral responsibility to oppose unjust laws & unjust actions by gov'ts. This essay influenced Dr. King's philosophy of nonviolent ... ... .

Webster-Hayne Debate

An argument between Daniel Webster (MA) and Robert Hayne (SC), about the issue states' rights versus national power. Webster said that Hayne was a challenge to the integrity of the Union. Hayne responded with a defense of the theory of nullification. Webster then spent two full afternoons delivering what became known as his "Second Reply to Hayne." He concluded with the ringing appeal: "Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable.

Embargo Act of 1807

As an alternative to war, Jefferson convinced Congress to issue this Act, forbidding American trading from leaving the United States towards any foreign port. It was meant to force British and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. Also, since the U.S. was Britain's largest trading partner, Jefferson hoped that the British would stop violating the rights of neutral nations rather than losing U.S. trade. The act also backfired and hurt the U.S. national economy more than the Britain as the British had little difficulty substituting supplied from South America for U.S. goods. It was so bad that merchants and shipbuilders from New England tried to secede from the Union. Recognizing the Act had failed, Jefferson called for a repeal in 1809, however, U.S> ships could still legally trade with all nations except Britain and France.

Battle of Thames

Battle win for Americans in the war of 1812. Tecumseh was finally killed!

Cult of Domesticity

Believed men and women had separate spheres -Public sphere: men -Private sphere: Women, their "proper sphere" "Cult of Womanhood": Written by men on what women should follow 1.) Piety: sacredly religious 2.) Purity 3.) Submissiveness 4.)Domesticity

Rotation in Office

By limiting a person to one term in office he could then appoint some other deserving Democrat in his place. Both the spoils system and the rotation in office holder affirmed the democratic ideal that one man was as good as another and that ordinary Americans were capable of holding any government office position.

Tariff of 1828

Called the "Tariff of Abominations" by angry Southerners, the protective tariff passed by Congress under President John Q. Adams, generally satisfied northern manufacturers but alienated Southern planters. Took away his chances of reelection as more people hated him.

Romanticism

Characteristics: -Nostalgia -Emotionalism -Glorification of Nature -Sublime -Individualism -Myth and Folklore -Spiritualism

The Missouri Compromise

Congress had been attempting to serve a sectional balance between the North and the South. Keeping the balance in the house was more difficult because population in the northern states was growing more rapidly than in the South. However, in the Senate, the votes remained divided evenly: 11 slave and 11 free states. Missouri's bid for statehood slammed the North because slavery was well established there and if they came in as a slave state, it would tip the political balance in the South's favor. Henry Clay won majority support for his three billed compromise: 1-Admit Missouri as a slave-holding state 2- Admit Maine as a free state. 3- Prohibit slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36 degrees 30' (North of the line is free, South of the line is free) Aftermath: The Missouri Compromise preserved sectional balance for more than 30 years. However, Americans began to feel torn between feelings of nationalism (loyalty to the Union) and feelings of sectionalism (loyalty to one's own region) on the other.

Was Jefferson Jeffersonian

Consider the following concepts in regards to to question. -The Federal Judiciary -Louisiana Purchase -Barbary/Tripoli Pirates -Embargo Act of 1807

Andrew Jackson's Presidency

Democrat (1829-1837) -Used his veto power more than any president -Maysville Road (1830): To be near Henry Clay's home of Kentucky under the American System(internal improvements). Jackson hated clay so he vetoed it. *-Kitchen Cabinet (spoils system): Due to the tension in his real cabinet because of the Peggy Eaton affair, Jackson trusted no one there and had an unofficial "kitchen" cabinet with his close friends or private group of trusted advisors. -Major Issues: Native Removal, Nullification Crisis, Bank of the United States.

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)

During Monroe's first year as president, British and American negotiators agreed to a major disarmament pact. It strictly limited naval armament on the Great Lakes. Ultimately, the border between the United States and Canada was to become the longest unfortified border in the world.

Jackson's Military Campaign in Florida

During the war of 1812, U.S. troops had been occupying land in western Florida, land held by Britain's ally-Spain. After the war, groups of Seminoles, runaway slaves, and white outlaws conducted raids into U.S. territory and retreated to safety across the Florida border. in 1817, president Monroe commissioned General Jackson to stop the raiders and try to pursue them across the border into Spanish west Florida. A year later he led a force of militia into Florida, destroyed Seminole villages, and hanged two Seminole chiefs. Capturing Pensacola, Jackson even drove out the Spanish governor and hanged British traders accused of helping the Seminoles.

Tallmadge Amendment

Earlier in 1819, when Missouri was being organized as a territory, Representative James Tallmadge of New York had proposed an amendment that would ultimately have ended slavery there; this effort was defeated. His amendment called for (1) prohibiting the further introduction of slaves into Missouri and (2) requiring the children of Missouri slaves to be emancipated at the age of 25.

The Panic of 1819

Era of Good Feelings ended in 1819 by the first major financial disaster since the constitution had been ratified. First recession of market economy. THE FAULT= Second Bank of the United States. Caused by extensive speculation, the loose lending practices of state banks, a decline in European demand for American staple goods, tightened credit in a last minute effort to control inflation, and mismanagement within the bank accused of corruption. Many states banks closed and unemployment, bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debt increased sharply. In the west things were worse where many people were in debt because they they speculated on land during the postwar euphoria, changing their political outlook calling for land reform. Nationalistic views were shaken. Northern manufacturers demanded high tariffs since it benefitted the North. Southern farmers demanded low tariffs.

Specie Circular

Executive order by Jackson that required payment in gold/silver in order to buy land since paper money was inflating.It was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. It produced the financial panic of 1837 that began in the first months of Van Buren's presidency. It caused banks and business to fail and unemployment grew.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1819)

Facts of the Case: Case began from a dispute over a perceived monopoly granted to a ferry boat company on the rivers of New York. The rival ferry boat operator, Gibbons, sued on the basis that since he was operating in both New York and New Jersey, then the required license violated the Constitution. Decision: Marshall claimed that the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce was "complete in itself" and might be "exercised to its utmost extent." The Court ruled that the new York monopoly was unconstitutional and Aaron Ogden's state-granted monopoly was void. Significance: Marshall established the federal government's control of interstate commerce. Reassured federal power over state power.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

Facts of the Case: Supreme Court case in 1819 involving a low of New Hampshire that changed Dartmouth College from a privately chartered college into a public institution. Decision: The state law was declared unconstitutional by the Marshall Court. Significance: Established that a contract for private corporation could not be altered by the state.

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

Facts of the case: Arose out of a series of notorious land frauds in Georgia, the Supreme Court had to decide whether the Georgia legislature of 1796 could repeal the act of the previous legislature granting lands under shady circumstances including bribing to the Yazoo Lands Companies. Decision: The Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the legislature's repeal of the law was unconstitutional. Marshall concluded that a state could not pass legislation invalidating a contract. Significance: The case marks the first time that the Supreme Court declared a state law to be unconstitutional. (Marbury v. Madison dealt with a federal law)

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Facts of the case: Maryland attempted to place a prohibitory tax on bank notes of the Second Bank of the United States in Maryland. Decision: Marshall ruled that although not explicitly stated, the Constitution gave the federal government the "implied power" to create a national bank. (Elastic Clause) States could not tax a federal institution because federal laws are supreme over state laws. Significance: Strengthened federal authority and upheld the constitutionality of the bank of the United States by establishing that the state of Maryland (or any state for that matter) did not have the power to tax the bank.

The War of 1812's Legacy

From President Madison's point of view, the war achieved none of its original aims. However it had a number of important consequences: 1-Having survived two wars with Britain, the U.S. gained respect from other nations. 2- The United States accepted Canada as part of the British empire. 3- Denounced for its talk of secession, the Federalist party came to an end as a national force and declined even in New England. 4-Talk of nullification and secession in New England set a precedent that would later be used by the South. 5- Abandoned by the British, American Indians were forced to surrender land to white settlement. 6-With the British naval blockade limiting European goods, U.S. factories were built and Americans moved toward industrial self-sufficiency. 7-War heroes such as Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison will soon be future government leaders and Presidents. 8-The feeling of nationalism grew stronger as did a belief that the future for the U.S. lay in the West and away from Europe.

Marbury v. Madison

Important Supreme Court case in 1803 ruled by Federalist judge John Marshall. The issue was that William Marbury sued for his commission as a judge because he had been promised a job by John Adams that Jefferson refused to give him. Although he had tried to use the Judiciary Act of 1789 to help Marbury, Marshall said the act had given the court greater power than the Constitution allowed. Thus, he said the law of Congress was unconstitutional, declared Marbury would not receive his commission, and established judicial review.

Jackson's Birthday Dinner

Hayne and Webster both wanted to hear what President Jackson thought of the argument and at Jefferson's annual Democratic Party banquet they finally got their answer. As the President gave his toast he said "Our Federal Union- It must be preserved." All while looking directly at Calhoun. Then Calhoun responded saying "The Union, next to our liberty most dear"

Jefferson's 2nd Term

He tried to avoid war and maintain neutrality despite increasing interruptions from France and Britain during the Napoleonic Wars. -Barbary Pirates -British Impressment* -Chesapeake-Leopard Affair -Embargo Act of 1807

Henry Clay's American System

Henry Clay of Kentucky, a leader in the House of Representatives, proposed a comprehensive method for advancing the nation's economic growth through a system of three parts: (1. PROTECTIVE TARIFFS)-Argued they would promote American manufacturing and also raise revenue with which to build a national transportation system of federally constructed roads and canals.The tariffs would chiefly benefit the east. Tariff of 1816 was the first one. (2. NATIONAL BANK)- Would keep the system running smoothly by providing a national currency. The bank would aid the economies of all sections. The charter of Hamilton's bank expired in 1811, so Congress also chartered the Second Bank of the United States in 1816. (3. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS)- Would promote growth in he West and the South. Unfortunately, Madison and Monroe objected that the Constitution did not explicitly provide for the spending of federal money on roads and canal, thus the individual states were left to make internal improvement on their own.

Highest and Lowest slave populations

Highest: South Carolina-57% Lowest: Delaware: 1.5%

Treaty of 1818

Improved relations between the United States and Britain continued in a treaty that provided for (1) shared fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland; (2) joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for ten years; and (3) the setting of the northern limits of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel, thus establishing the western U.S.-Canada boundary line.

Labor Unions

In the 1790s, low pay, long hours, and poor working conditions in factories led to widespread frustration among factory workers.A prime goal of the early unions was to reduce the workday to ten hours. The obstacle to union success, however, were many: (1) immigrant replacement workers, (2) state laws outlawing unions, and (3) frequent economic depressions with high unemployment.

The West

In the 1800s, this was the land beyond the Mississippi River, and reached as far as California and the Oregon Territory

Worcester vs. Georgia

In the 1832 court case, the Supreme Court reversed itself and determined soverghnty of Native tribes therefore not subject to state laws. -Aprocryphal: "John Marshall had made his decision. Now let him enforce it." --Andrew Jackson. Significant because although the Supreme Court decided this, Jackson valued executive power and ignored the order by passing the Trail of Tears.

Corrupt Bargain

In the election of 1824, neither candidates John Q. Adams or Andrew Jackson were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State. Although Jackson won the popular vote. Angry supporters of Jackson called this a "corrupt bargain."

Party nominations convention/ King Caucus

In the past elections, candidates for office has been nominated either by state legislatures or by "King Caucus"-a closed door meeting of a political party's leaders in Congress. Common citizens had no opportunity to participate. However, in the 1830s, caucuses were replaced by nominating conventions. Party politicians and voters would gather in a large meeting hall to nominate the party's candidates.

Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia

In this court case in 1831, the Cherokees fought for defense against the Indian Removal Act and against the Georgia Legislature's nullification of Cherokee laws. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the Cherokee had "an unquestionable right" to their lands, but that they were "not a foreign state, in the sense of the Constitution" but rather a "domestic, dependent nation" and so could not sue in a United States court over Georgia's voiding their right to self-rule. Although this was a blow to the Cherokee case against Georgia, it cast doubt on the constitutionality of the Indian Removal Act.

Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution in America occurred between 1790 and 1820 as manufacturers and merchants reorganized work routines and built factories. Due to rapid construction of transportation and infrastructure by both state governments and individuals, goods became more widespread among the nation. This actually increased living standards as well. (ECONOMIC)

Native American Removal

Indian removal was a nineteenth century policy of the government of the United States to relocate Native American tribes living east of the Mississippi River to lands west of the river; most emigrated reluctantly or were killed.

Spoils system

Jackson believed in the spoils system to bring in loyal democrats into his office. The system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power; practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs. -Practice of dispensing government jobs for party loyalty.

Nullification Crisis

Jackson favored states' rights-but not disunion. (1832-1833) This became a showdown between President Andrew Jackson and the South Carolina legislature, which declared the 1832 tariff and the Tariff of Abominations (1828) null and void, or to be unconstitutional. In doing so, it affirmed a theory advanced by Jackson's first VP John C. Calhoun-the nullification theory, that said each state had the right to decide whether to obey a federal law or to declare it null and void (of no effect). South Carolina proceeded to continue to threaten with secession if the federal government tried to collect duties. Jackson sought to compromise. In March 1833, he signed a new tariff bill that lowered tariffs even further, thereby appeasing the South. But he also signed the Force Bill, which authorized the compulsory collection of import duties from the South—by force of arms if necessary. It was a signal to Southerners that threats of nullification and secession would not be tolerated. But no one saw the eventual outbreak of the civil war coming.

Proclamation to the People of South Carolina

Jackson's edict stating nullification and disunion were treason

Lewis and Clark expedition

Jefferson asked Congress to fund an expedition of the trans-Mississippi west led by explorers Lieutenant William Clark and Captain Mariwether Lewis. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase. The benefits of the Lewis & Clark expedition led to greater geographic and scientific knowledge of the new Louisiana region, stronger U.S. claims to the Oregon Territory, better relations with American Indians, more accurate maps, and precise land routes for future settlement and trade hubs.

Slave codes

Laws that were passed in the South to control the lives of enslaved African Americans and deny them basic rights. Prohibited slaves from marrying, learning to read and write, and leave their master's property without a pass.

Women's Rights Movement

Letter on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes- Sarah Grimke (1837) -Genders are equal in standing -Men have kept women in inferior positions -Women capable of same skills as men. Seneca Falls Convention (1848) -However the issue of women's were overshadowed for a while by the crisis of slavery in the 1850s.

Election of 1808

Madison's Presidency -Nominated by Jefferson and elected as a Democratic-Republican

Tecumseh/Battle of Tippencanoe

Most important naval battle-Shawnee tribe religious leader , warrior, and known as their Prophet-Tecumseh attempted to weld together a confederacy of all the tribes east of the Mississippi River. General William Henry Harrison soon suspicious, gathered an army and marched to Tecumseh's headquarters. The Prophet attacked Harrison's army but the Shawnees were defeated and Tecumseh was forced to ally with the British. This highlighted new found frontier pressures and Americans on the frontier blamed the British for instigating the Battle of Tippencanoe.

Surge in immigration was due to?

Most traveled by ships onto the northern seacoast cities of Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, while others traveled to farms and cities of the Old Northwest. Few journeyed to the South, where the plantation economy and slavery limited the opportunities for free labor. Due to (development of inexpensive and rapid ocean transportation, (2)famines and revolutions in Europe that drove people from their homelands, and (3) growing reputation of U.S. as a country offering economic opportunities and political freedom.

War Hawks

Mostly a group of young Democratic-Republicans from frontier states (Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio) who held these hopes for the U.S. in the War of 1812 were known as War Hawks. Led by warhawk members of Congress: (House of Representatives) Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina arguing FOR war against Britain in Congress as the only way to defend American honor.. (Loved war, wanted to go to war)

Communal Societies

Or Utopias: "perfect" societies. These ideas are shared b/c of Great Awakening. -Brook Farm -Robert Owen's New harmony -Shakers -Oneida community

Nativists

Nativists are people who favor those born in his country and is opposed to immigrants, specifically, a native born American who wants to limit immigration (and outside influence). They hated minorities, immigrants and Catholics(Irish), and many Germans. Feared that newcomers would take their jobs and would weaken the culture of the Anglo majority.

Region Specialization

North: Industrialization, Urbanization, and high immigration (most populous) Northeast-New England and Middle Atlantic and Old Northwest-Ohio to Minnesota, Reform movements West: Nation's Breadbasket, fur traders, cattle ranching, mining South: King Cotton, Plantation system, upper South, peculiar insitution

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

One incident at sea especially aroused an Anti-British feeling across America. In 1807, a few miles off the coast of Virginia, the British warship Leopard fired on the U.S. warship Chesapeake. Three Americans were killed and four others were taken captive and impressed into the British navy. People demanded war but Jefferson resorted to diplomacy in order to maintain neutrality.

Shakers

One of the earliest religious communal movements. -Held property in common and shared rewards. -Strict celibacy (forbidding marriage and sexual relations) -Kept women and men strictly separate ("Separate but equal")

Charles Finney

One of the most important revivalists. Preached from (1) Free will, (2) Salvation for all, and (3) Perfectionism -Revival meeting -New York's Burned-Over District

Indian Removal Act

Passed in 1830,authorized Jackson to negotiate with Native tribes for removal west to lands west of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the voluntary—although it ended being more forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West. It was strongly supported by the South whom was eager to gain access to the lands inhabited by the American Indians. The Bureau of Indian Affairs was created in 1836 to assist the resettled tribes.

Peggy Eaton Affair

Peggy Eaton, the wife of Jackson's secretary of war, was a target of gossip by the other cabinet wives. They also refused to invite her to their parties because they believed she was an adulteress. Jackson attempted to force the cabinet wives to accept Peggy Eaton, but this only resulted in most of the Cabinet members resigning. This also contributed to Jackon's vice president, John C. Calhoun, resigning. Martin Van Buren was chosen as the new vice president.

Jackson and the Bank War

Pres. Andrew Jackson had made clear his constitutional objections to and personal antagonism toward the bank. He believed it concentrated too much economic power in the hands of a small moneyed elite beyond the public's control, he was more for the common man. The bank's president, Nicholas Biddle, with the support of Henry Clay and Daniel Webster, applied for a new charter in 1832, four years before the old charter was due to expire, thus ensuring that the bank would be an issue in the 1832 presidential election. Jackson vetoed the recharter bill and won the ensuing election, interpreting his victory as a mandate to destroy the bank. He forbade the deposit in the bank of governmental funds. He began to transfer bank funds to state banks, aka "pet banks."

Second Great Awakening

Protestant revivalism -Reaction to Calvinist/Puritanical doctrine of predestination were rejected -Emotionalism Inspired perfection: You've got to be the best version of yourself: Don't drink; just go to church so you can escape hell and damnation. A revival from faith could be achieved by individual effort, not God alone. Denominational Growth -Baptists and Methodists -Increase of women in churches -Afro-Christianity New Denominations -Millennialism -Seventh-Day Adventist Church -Mormonism Inspired social reform movements -Temperance -Abolitionism A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery. A reaction against the rising liberalism in christianity,series of revivals; begin in the south; many convert,churches are reorganized, new sects are formed; spread by "camp meetings"; evangelism in reforms; Methodists and Baptists get the most converts,

Reform Movements: Education

Public Education: Massachusetts -Horace Mann: Leading advocate for public school movement -Supported the right to free (tax-supported) schools. -Fought for compulsory (you HAVE to go to school) education, a longer school year, and increased teacher preparation.

Lowell System

Recruited young farm women and housed them in company dormitories. Dormitories for young women where they were cared for, fed, and sheltered in return for cheap labor, mill towns, homes for workers to live in around the mills

The Frontier

Represented the possibility of a fresh start and new opportunities. A place promising greater freedom for all ethnic groups.

Second Party System

Rose from 1828-1854 -Democrats:States' rights, limited government, expansionism, pro-slavery, equal opportunity, south and west, favored Yeoman farmers, working class, southern planters, immigrants (sounds like Democratic-Republicans) -National Republicans/Whigs: American system, strong federal government, mixed on slavery, social conservatives, New England, favored Upper and middle class professionals, evangelical Protestants. (sounds like Federalists) -Third Parties: Anti-Masonic Party, Liberty Party, Free Soil Party. Characteristics: Two Party politics expanded to all regions, region-specific issues, close elections increased voter turnout (1828), party conventions increasingly replace caucuses.

Auburn System

Similar penal system in New York, where they enforced rigid rules of discipline while also providing moral instruction and work programs.

The Old Northwest

Six states that were admitted to the Union before 1860: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. The procedure for turning these territories into states was part of the Northwest Ordinance passed by Congress in 1787. Agriculture such as crops of corn and wheat were very profitable.

Denmark Vesey; Nat Turner

Slaves began to try and resist slave codes in the Deep South through a range of actions, primarily work slowdowns, sabotage, escape, and uprisings. One revolt was led by Denmark Vesey in 1822 in SC where he and his followers were soon hung from the gallows. The other was led by Nat Turner in 1831. he revolts were quickly repressed, but had a lasting impact. They gave hope to enslaved African Americans, drove southern states to tighten already strict slave codes. and demonstrated the evils of slavery. Revolts polarized the country by making slaveholders more defensive about slavery and nonslaveholders more critical of the institution.

Reform Movements: Temperance

Social Problems of Alcohol leads to alcoholism. Reformers targeted alcohol as the cause of social ills, and explains why temperance became the most popular of the reform movements. Began by using moral exhortation. Next, organizations and societies were formed by Protestant ministers to try and persuade drinkers to take a pledge to total pledge to abstinence . -Organizations: American Temperance Society, Washingtonians.

Labor in Factory Systems

Textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts recruited young men and women and housed them in company dormitories as means of finding cheap labor in the mills-called the Lowell system . Other factories began to imitate. Also began to use child labor.

Anti-Masonic Party

The Anti-Masonic party was the first to hold a nominating convention. The method was more open to popular participation, thus more democratic. It was the first "third party" in the United States. It strongly opposed Freemasonry and was founded as a single-issue party aspiring to become a major party. It introduced important innovations to American politics, such as nominating conventions and the adoption of party platforms. (EX: Fraternities/Societies) Power through connections.

Treaty of Ghent

The British tired of war after fighting Napoleon for over a decade and the Americans, unsure about a win, traveled to Ghent, Belgium to discuss terms of peace with British diplomats. The terms halted fighting, returned all conquered territory to the prewar claimant, and recognized prewar boundary between Canada and the United States. It said nothing at all about the grievances that led to the war. Neither did Britain make any concessions concerning impressment, blockades, or other maritime differences. Thus, the war ended in stalemate with no gain for either side.

The Monroe Doctrine

The Monroe Doctrine is the best known U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere. Buried in a routine annual message delivered to Congress by President James Monroe in December 1823, the doctrine warns European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs. After Napoleon's fall in 1815, European monarchs resurfaced with power,they wanted to suppress liberal elements, helping Spain be brought back to power which the United States does not want. The U.S. was worried by these countries growing empire of rapidly colonized lands. Both the British and Americans decided they had a common interest in protecting North/South America from possible aggression by a European power but didn't want joint action with Britain. The doctrine was conceived to meet major concerns of the moment,nationalistic Americans applauding Monroe, and European monarchs angry at the document but still recognized that their purposes were thwarted by the British navy. However, it soon became a watchword of U.S. policy in the Western Hemisphere.

Barbary Pirates

The North African barbary pirates took advantage of the absence of British protection of U.S. shipping in the Mediterranean by attacking U.S. merchant ships, seizing the goods, and kidnapping crews. Presidents Washington and Adams had reluctantly agree to pay tribute to the Barbary government but when the ruler of the Tripoli demanded a higher sum from Jefferson he refused. This was Jefferson's first major challenge of foreign policy and when the ruler of Tripoli refused to accept the price of tribute they offered, Jefferson sent a small fleet of the U.S. Navy to the Mediterranean leading to four years of fighting with the Tripoli. Eventually, the American navy lost but we achieved some respect and a measure of protection to U.S. vessels trading in Mediterranean waters.

The War of 1812

The War of 1812 was a war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking Americans on the western frontier. The war also gave the U.S. an excuse to seize the British northwest posts and to annex Florida from Britain's ally Spain, and possible to even seize Canada from Britain.Ironically, when Madison finally declared war the British government had by this time agreed to suspend its naval blockade. But the news of its decision reached the White House after Congress had declared war.

Impressment

The act of coercing someone into government service is impressment. France and Britain regularly seized the ships of neutral nations and confiscated their cargoes.The chief offender from the U.S. point of view was Britain who used this practice of impressment of capturing American sailors who they claimed were British citizens and forcing them to serve in the British navy. Impressment became a challenge to U.S. Neutrality in the 1800s and was a direct cause of the War of 1812

Battle of New Orleans

The war involved several sea battles and frontier fights. Andrew Jackson led U.S. troops to seize Florida and at one point the British managed to burn Washington D.C. Jackson's troops later defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not aware that a peace treaty (Treaty of Ghent) had already been signed. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry.

Napoleon's Deception

Upon hearing about Congress's Macon's Bill No.2, Napoleon announced his intention to stop violating U.S. neutral rights. Taking Napoleon's words, Madison carried out the terms of the bill and embargoed U.S. trade with Britain in 1811. However, Napoleon didn't fulfill his promise and continued to seize American merchant ships.

Factory System

When Samuel Slater emigrated from Britain to the United States he established the first U.S. factory in 1791. the embargo and the War of 1812 stimulated domestic manufacturing and the protective tariffs helped the factories prosper. The seaports and waterways were great for shipping goods. As the factory system expanded, it encouraged the growth of financial businesses-banking and insurance.

Louisiana Purchase

When the Spanish closed the port of New Orleans to Americans in 1802, the revoked the right of deposit granted in the Pinckney Treaty of 1795, which had allowed American farmers tax-free use of the port. President Thomas Jefferson became concerned about its consequences of foreign impact and was pushed by angry frontiersman to send ministers to France to discuss the purchase of the city of New Orleans as a port for $10 million. Napoleon's ministers, seeking funds for a war against Britain, offered to sell not only New Orleans, but also the entire Louisiana territory (then an unknown large tract of land) for $15 million. As a result, the U.S. doubled in size, removed a European presence from the nation's borders, extended the western frontier beyond the Mississippi, and increased Jefferson's popularity.

German immigrants

in 1848, more than 1 million Germans sought refuge in America because of economic hardships and the failure of a democratic revolution in their homeland. Most were farmers and artisans. They moved westward in search of cheap, fertile farmland, they established homesteads throughout the Old Northwest and generally prospered. Many strongly supported public education and staunchly opposed slavery.

William Lloyd Garrison

prominent american abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "the liberator", and one of the founders of the american anti-slavery society. Wrote the radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator" -Absolute emancipation without compensation for owners -Pacifism and women's rights endorsement loses support. American Antislavery Society: where GArrison and other abolitionists began condemning and burning the Constitution as a pro slavery documents until they repented their sins against slaves.

Hudson River School

the first coherent school of American art - active from 1825 to 1870; painted wilderness landscapes of the Hudson River valley in New York State and surrounding New England, expressed the romantic age's fascination with the natural world Thomas Cole, "The Voyage of Life" painting showcased romanticism.