Unit 4- Sensation and Perception Review

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye is the (A) fovea. (B) iris. (C) cornea. (D) pupil. (E) blind spot.

A

The blind spot in our eye results from (A) the lack of receptors at the spot where the optic nerve connects to the retina. (B) the shadow the pupil makes on the retina. (C) competing processing between the visual cortices in the left and right hemisphere. (D) floating debris in the space between the lens and the retina. (E) retinal damage from bright light.

A

What function does the retina serve? (A) The retina contains the visual receptor cells. (B) The retina focuses light coming in the eye through the lens. (C) The retina determines how much light is let into the eye. (D) The retina determines which rods and cones will be activated by incoming light. (E) The retina connects the two optic nerves and sends impulses to the left and right visual cortex.

A

According to the gate-control theory, a back massage would most likely reduce your physical aches and pains by causing (A) release of pain-killing endorphins in your muscles. (B) activation of nerve fibers in your spinal cord. (C) the release of adrenaline into your bloodstream. (D) deactivation of the pain receptors on the surface of your skin. (E) the cochlea to transduce impulses sent to the spinal cord.

B

Although Manuel was sitting right next to his parents, he smelled a skunk minutes before they did. Apparently Manuel has a lower ______ for skunk odor than his parents have. (A) accommodation level (B) absolute threshold (C) tolerance level (D) olfactory saturation level (E) adaptation level

B

During a hearing test, many sounds were presented at such a low level of intensity that Mr. Antal could hardly detect them. These sounds were below Mr. Antall's (A) subliminal threshold. (B) absolute threshold. (C) adaptation threshold. (D) difference threshold. (E) auditory threshold.

B

Gate-control theory refers to (A) which sensory impulses are transmitted first from each sense. (B) which pain messages are perceived. (C) interfering sound waves, causing some waves to be undetected. (D) the gate at the optic chasm controlling the destination hemisphere for visual information form each eye.

B

If you had sight in only one eye, which of the following depth cues could you NOT use? (A) texture gradient (B) convergence (C) linear perspective (D) interposition (E) shading

B

Imagine your friend walking toward you in the hall at school. As your friend gets closer, the image cast on your retina (A) gets smaller. (B) gets larger. (C) gets darker. (D) stays exactly the same. (E) appears higher in your field of vision.

B

Our sense of smell may be a powerful trigger for memories because (A) we are conditioned from birth to make strong connections between smells and events. (B) the nerve connecting the olfactory bulb sends impulses directly to the limbic system. (C) the receptors at the top of each nostril connect with the cortex. (D) smell is a powerful cue for encoding memories into long-term memory. (E) strong smells encourage us to process events deeply so they will most likely be remembered.

B

Sensation is to ______ as perception is to ________. (A) encoding; detection (B) detection; interpretation (C) interpretation; organization (D) organization; accommodation (E) threshold; transduction

B

Smell and taste are called ______ because _______ (A) energy senses; they send impulses to the brain in the form of electric energy. (B) chemical senses; they detect chemicals in what we taste and smell. (C) flavor senses; smell and taste combine to create flavor. (D) chemical senses; they send impulses to the brain in the form chemicals. (E) memory senses; they both have powerful connections to memory.

B

The discovery that high-frequency sounds trigger large vibrations near the beginning of the basilar membrane supports the _______ theory. (A) gate-control (B) frequency (C) Young-Hemoltz (D) opponent-process (E) place

B

Which of the following best explains why children are more likely to resist eating strong-tasting foods? (A) Sensory interaction makes certain foods more unpleasant to taste. (B) Young children have more taste receptors, so their sensitivity to taste is greater. (C) Children are more strongly influenced by the McGurk effect than adults are. (D) Receptor cells on a child's tongue are replaced more slowly than those adults. (E) Only children are deterred from eating foods with aversive tastes.

B

As Maria and her little brother looked up at the clouds, he exclaimed, "That one looks like a giant dinosaur!" Maria though it looked more like a giant duck. Which of the following concepts best explains their different interpretations of the same ambiguous stimuli? (A) shape constancy (B) context effects (C) perceptual set (D) selective attention (E) difference threshold

C

Color blindness and color afterimages are best explained by what theory of color vision? (A) trichromatic theory (B) visible hue theory (C) opponent-process theory (D) dichromatic theory (E) binocular disparity theory

C

Diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus is known as (A) sensory accommodation. (B) blindsight. (C) sensory adaptation. (D) transduction. (E) equilibrium.

C

Stereotypes are mental conceptions that can strongly influence the way we interpret the behaviors of individuals belonging to specific racial or ethnic groups. A stereotype is most similar to (A) a feature detector. (B) perceptual adaptation. (C) a perceptual set. (D) a difference threshold. (E) gate-control theory.

C

The cochlea is responsible for (A) protecting the surface of the eye. (B) transmitting vibrations received by the eardrum to the hammer, anvil, and stirrup. (C) transforming vibrations into neural signals. (D) coordinating impulses from the rods and cones in the retina. (E) sending messages to the brain about orientation of the head and body.

C

The role of central nervous system activity for the experience of pain is best highlighted by (A) prosopagnosia. (B) frequency theory. (C) phantom limb sensations. (D) the opponent-process theory. (E) perceptual adaptation.

C

What is the principal difference between amplitude and frequency in the context of sound waves? (A) Amplitude is the tone or timbre of a sound, whereas frequency is the pitch. (B) Amplitude is detected in the cochlea, whereas frequency is detected in the auditory cortex. (C) Amplitude is the height of the sound wave, whereas frequency is a measure of how frequently the sound waves pass a given point. (D) Both measure qualities of sound, but frequency is a more accurate measure since it measures the shapes of the waves rather than the strength of the waves. (E) Frequency is a measure for light waves, whereas amplitude is a measure for sound

C

Which of the following sentences best describes the relationship between culture and perception? (A) Our perceptual rules are inborn and not affected by culture. (B) Perceptual rules are culturally based, so rules that apply to one culture rarely apply to another. (C) Most perceptual rules apply in all cultures but some perceptual rules are learned and vary between cultures. (D) Slight variations in sensory apparatuses among cultures create slight differences in perception. (E) The processes involved in perception are genetically based, so genetic differences among cultures affect perception.

C

You are shown a picture of your grandfather's face, but the eyes and mouth are blocked out. You still recognize it as a picture of your grandfather. Which type of processing best explains this example of perception? (A) bottom-up processing (B) signal detection theory (C) top-down processing (D) opponent-process theory (E) gestalt replacement theory

C

Cones and rods are to vision as ______ are to audition. (A) eardrums (B) cochleas (C) oval windows (D) hair cells (E) semicircular canals

D

Intensity is to brightness as wavelength is to (A) accommodation. (B) frequency. (C) amplitude. (D) hue. (E) disparity.

D

Kinesthesis refers to the (A) Quivering eye movements that enable the retina to detect continuous stimulation. (B) Process by which stimulus energies are changed into neural signals. (C) Diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. (D) System for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts. (E) Process of organizing and interpreting sensory information.

D

Opponent-process cells have been located in the (A) thalamus. (B) cochlea. (C) spinal cord. (D) visual cortex. (E) semicircular canals.

D

Researchers have identified receptors for which of the following skin sensations? (A) pain (B) cold (C) warmth (D) pressure (E) hot

D

The local fire department sounds the 12 o'clock whistle. The process by which your ears convert the sound waves from the siren into neural impulses is an example of (A) sensory adaptation. (B) accommodation. (C) parallel processing. (D) transduction. (E) sensory interaction.

D

What behavior would be difficult without our vestibular sense? (A) integrating what we see and hear (B) writing our name (C) repeating a list of digits (D) walking a straight line with our eyes closed (E) reporting to a researcher the exact position and orientation of our limbs

D

Which of the following sentences best describes the relationship between sensation and perception? (A) Sensation is a strictly mechanical process, whereas perception is a cognitive process. (B) Perception is an advanced form of sensation. (C) Sensation happens in the senses, whereas perception happens in the brain. (D) Sensation is detecting stimuli, perception is interpreting stimuli detected. (E) Sensation involves learning and expectations, and perception does not.

D

While a man provided directions to a construction worker, two experimenters rudely interrupted by passing between them carrying a door. The student's failure to notice that the construction worker was replaced by a different person during this interruption illustrates (A) blind spot. (B) gate control theory. (C) parallel processing. (D) change blindness. (E) top-down processing.

D

Damage to the basilar membrane is most likely to result in (A) loss of movement. (B) accommodation. (C) conduction hearing loss. (D) loss of the sense of balance. (E) nerve deafness.

E

In a perception research lab, you are asked to describe the shape of the top of a box as the box is slowly rotated. Which concept are the researchers most likely investigating? (A) feature detectors in the retina (B) feature detectors in the occipital lobe (C) placement of rods and cones in the retina (D) binocular depth cues (E) shape constancy

E

The influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgements is known as (A) synesthesia. (B) kinesthesia. (C) perceptual set. (D) parallel set. (E) embodied cognition.

E

Weber's Law determines (A) absolute threshold. (B) focal length of the eye. (C) level of subliminal messages. (D) amplitude of sound waves. (E) just-noticeable difference.

E