Unit 5

The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every

90 minutes.

Which of the following is bad advice for a person trying to overcome insomnia?

Drink a glass of wine 15 minutes before bedtime.

How is the hypothalamus involved in sleep?

In response to decreasing light the hypothalamus' suprachiasmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin, leading you to sleep.

Jason has been smoking marijuana. Which of the following best describes the effects of psychoactive drug on Jason's behavior?

Jason will become relaxed and experience mild hallucinations, followed by memory loss.

An altered state of consciousness in which people experience fantastic images and often feel separated from their bodies is most closely associated with the use of

LSD.

An altered state of consciousness similar to that of a near-death experience is most likely to result from the use of

LSD.

After Carlos had been asleep for about an hour and a half, his heart began to beat faster, his breathing became fast and irregular, and his closed eyes began to dart back and forth. Carlos was most likely experiencing

REM sleep.

At 3 o'clock in the morning, John has already slept for 4 hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurrence of

REM sleep.

Nightmares are to _____________ as night terrors are to _____________

REM sleep; NREM-3 sleep

Paradoxical sleep is to slow-wave sleep as ____________ sleep is to ___________ sleep.

REM: NREM-3

Which of the following is the best advice for a person concerned about occasional insomnia?

Relax and drink a glass of milk before bedtime.

What is most likely to occur when the brain is repeatedly flooded with artificial opiates?

The brain stops producing endorphins.

After a stressful day at the office, Arthur has five or six drinks at a local bar before going home for dinner. Research suggests that Arthur's heavy drinking will have the most adverse effect on his ability to remember

The next day the names of the people he talked to and what he said while drinking.

Although repeated use of amphetamines has caused Aaron legal problems, which threaten his job, he continues to use the drugs. Aaron most clearly shows signs of

addiction.

François was dismayed to discover that some of his football teammates were using drugs to enhance their footwork and endurance on the playing field, Which of the following drugs were the players most likely using?

amphetamines

In contrast to alcohol, marijuana

amplifies sensitivity to sounds.

As a participant in a sleep-research study for the past three nights, Tim has been repeatedly disturbed during REM sleep. Tonight, when allowed to sleep undisturbed, Tim will likely experience

an increase in REM sleep.

LSD and other powerful hallucinogens are chemically similar to, and therefore block the actions of, a subtype of the neurotransmitter serotonin. At the synapse, these drugs act as a(n)

antagonist.

Sleeptalking may occur during

any stage of sleep.

Dreams often involve sudden emotional reactions and surprising changes in scene. This best serves to support the theory that dreams

are triggered by random bursts of neural activity.

Sodium pentothal has sometimes been called a "truth serum" because it relaxes people and enables them to more freely disclose personally embarrassing experiences. It is most likely that sodium pentothal is a(n)

barbiturate.

After four years of working nights, Raymond now works days. His present difficulty in getting to sleep at night is most likely due to a disruption of his normal

circadian rhythm.

Cindi prefers to take exams in the late afternoon rather than during the morning, because her energy level and ability to concentrate are better at that time. Her experience most likely reflects the influence of the

circadian rhythm.

Our inability to fall asleep early as we had planned is most likely a reflection of

circadian rhythm.

Soon after taking a psychoactive drug, Zachary experienced a diminished appetite, an increased pulse rate, dilated pupils, and feelings of self-confidence and euphoria. Zachary most likely experienced the effects of

cocaine.

Until reading this question you were unaware that your shoes are pressing against your feet. This focusing of your conscious attention, or selective attention, illustrates that

conscious awareness is one part of the dual processing that occurs in our two-track minds.

The impact of circadian rhythms is best illustrated by

fluctuations in energy level and alertness across the span of a day

Bats need a lot of sleep because their high waking metabolism produces ___________ that are toxic to neurons.

free radicals

Which of the following typically occur(s) during REM sleep?

genital arousal

After sleeping for about an hour and a half, José enters a phase of paradoxical sleep. He is likely to

have very relaxed muscles.

Soon after taking a psychoactive drug, Larisa's breathing slowed, her pupils constricted, and her feelings of anxiety were replaced by blissful pleasure. Larisa most likely experienced the effects of

heroin.

Josef, a high school student, tells his therapist that he has had a recurring dream in which he hunts and kills a ferocious tiger. The therapist explains that the dream reflects Josef's unresolved feelings of hostility toward his father. According to Freud, the therapist is revealing the possible ___________ content of Josef's dream.

latent

Shane, a straight-A student, remembers dreaming that he failed an important chemistry test. According to Freud, Shane's account represents the ____________ content of his dream.

manifest

Mrs. Roberts, who suffers from AlIDS, has been given an ordinarily illegal drug at the university hospital. Considering her specific medical condition, it is likely that she has received

marijuana.

When light strikes the retina, it signals the suprachiasmatic nucleus to alter _____________ production by the pineal gland.

melatonin

Which of the following sleep disorders would have the most negative impact for a commercial bus driver?

narcolepsy

The activation-synthesis theory best helps to explain why

people often experience sudden visual images during REM sleep.

After drinking three cans of beer, Akiva felt less guilty about the way he mistreated his wife and children. Akiva's reduced guilt most likely resulted from the fact that his alcohol consumption has

reduced his self-awareness.

Studies of marijuana's effects indicate that

regular users may achieve a high with less of the drug than occasional users.

Alcohol consumption is LEAST likely to make people more

self-conscious.

Mr. Dayton occasionally stops breathing while sleeping. He wakes up to snort air for a few seconds before falling back to sleep. Mrs. Dayton complains that her husband snores. Clearly, Mr. Dayton suffers from

sleep apnea.

The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep are called

sleep spindles.

The pituitary gland releases a growth hormone during

slow-wave sleep.

Compared with when they were only 20 years old, 60-year-olds

spend less time in deep sleep.

Terry has not had a decent night of sleep in over a week. If this sleep deprivation continues, he will become increasingly susceptible to

viral infections.

Forty-year-old Lance insists that he never dreams. Research suggests that he probably

would report a vivid dream if he were awakened during REM sleep.

People with sleep apnea do not recall being awake and gasping for air, then falling back to sleep. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

Anything that happens during the 5 minutes just before we fall asleep is typically lost from memory.

The hypnagogic sensations of falling or floating are most likely to occur during which sleep stage?

NREM-1 sleep

Which of the following is evidence for cultural influences on sleep patterns?

People in countries without electric lights generally sleep longer.