Unit 5 Test

Describe the relationship between government and big business dueing the Gilded Age.

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Make a generalization about the economy during the Gilded Age.

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Why did the open-range and the long drive die out?

Barbed wire fences

How did farmers adapt to the treeless, arid Great Plains region?

Farmers adapted to the treeless and arid Great Plains region by doing without wood and using replacements, such as chunks of sod and buffalo dung, as building material and fuel. They solved the aridity issue by coming up with new sources of water through the use of windmills to pump underground water and through the redirecting of existing streams and rivers.

What was Helen Hunt Jackson's thesis in her book, A Century of Dishonor?

In 1882, Helen Hunt Jackson wrote the book A Century of Dishonor. She used the book to detail injustices Native Americans faced and had been facing for years. The book wasn't meant to simply be a narrative of the treatment of Native Americans; instead, Jackson researched and wrote meticulous accounts in the hopes of invoking social change. In fact, she sent copies of the book to every member of congress with a personal message and call to action.

Describe the actions of the American labor movement during the Gilded Age.

Organized labor has brought tremendous positive change to working Americans. Today, many workers enjoy higher wages, better hours, and safer working conditions. Employers often pay for medical coverage and several weeks vacation.

What was the impact of the Haymarket riot on the labor movement?

The Haymarket Riot was viewed a setback for the organized labor movement in America, which was fighting for such rights as the eight-hour workday. At the same time, the men convicted in connection with the riot were viewed by many in the labor movement as martyrs.

Why was the bessemer process so important to American industrial growth?

The primary reason it was important was it was the first time someone had come up with an inexpensive way to manufacture mass quantities of steel. Steel was not discovered or invented by Henry Bessemer. Many cultures before (India, China, Japan, or Europe) had all made steel before, but this was in small batch quantities only enough for blade for a weapon. Indian sword makers made steel in essentially what was a small dirt pit by a single person. It was never enough to be used for a building material like I-Beans or plate steel needed for tanks, cars, or rails for railroads, etc. The industrial process for making steel cheaply enabled the industrial revolution in Europe and America. The transistor is to the information revolution as steel was to the industrial revolution.

Causes and impact of the Dawes' Severalty Act.

The word "severalty" meant that the ownership of land in reservations would no longer be tribal or common, but would belong to an individual. 1887 Dawes Act Purpose The purpose of the Dawes Act was ostensibly enacted to protect Native American property rights and welfare during the land rush that was anticipated when lands in Indian Territory were opened for white settlement (1889 Oklahoma Land Rush). However, the purpose of the Dawes Severalty Act was also an attempt to integrate Native American Indians into white society by changing their nomadic lifestyle to the static, settled western lifestyle of farmers and settlers. 1887 Dawes Act for kids: Background History The Indian Policy of the United States government centered on the policy of allotment by which communally held Native Indian tribal lands were divided into individually owned private property. Native Indian lands were seized for settlement by non-Indians and for development by railroads. The 1830 Indian Removal Act had given the federal government the power to force the relocation of Native Indians, living in the east of the country, to territory that was west of the Mississippi River, referred to as Indian Territory, which had resulted in the horrific re-location of the Five Civilized tribes along the infamous Trail of Tears. Congress had created a massive Indian Territory, from Texas to the middle of the Missouri River as can be seen on the above Indian Territory map and about 90,000 Native American Indians had been forcibly relocated and obliged to merge with other tribes. Purpose of the Dawes Act for kids: Henry L. Dawes The Dawes Act was sponsored by lawyer and U.S. Senator Henry L. Dawes of Massachusetts and was passed on February 8, 1887. Henry Dawes also believed that the ownership of land played an important part in persuading people to accept the laws of the federal government. Dawes therefore suggested that Native Americans should be granted land in exchange for renouncing tribal allegiances. Senator Henry Dawes might have been well intentioned but he clearly favored the assimilation of the Native American Indian. Henry Dawes expressed his belief in the civilizing power of owning land and property was quoted as saying that that to be civilized was: "...to wear civilized clothes...cultivate the ground, live in houses, ride in Studebaker wagons, send children to school, drink whiskey [and] own property." The Purpose of the Dawes Act for kids The purpose of the Dawes Act were as follows: To break up tribes To halt the nomadic lifestyle of Native American Indians To integrate Native Indians into the lifestyle and culture of western Americans To enroll with the Bureau of Indian Affairs - later called the 'Dawes Rolls' To encourage Native Indians to adopt a settled farming based existence To reduce the cost of the administration of Native American Indians To settle and allot individual Native Indians plots of land To open the remainder of the 'surplus' land to white settlers for profit Provisions of the Dawes Act for kids The provisions of the Dawes Act were as follows: Native Americans registering on a tribal "roll" were granted allotments of reservation land To provide for the granting of landholdings to individual Native Americans, replacing communal tribal holdings: 160 acres if they are to farm 80 acres if they are to raise cattle 40 acres for any normal living purposes Each Native American Indian will choose his or her own allotment and the family will choose a land allotment for each minor child. The U.S. agent to certify each allotment and provide two copies of the certification to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs Native Americans not residing on their reservation, or without reservations, will receive an equal land allotment A Secretary of the Interior will hold the allotments "in trust" for 25 years On completion of the land patent process, the allotment holder will become a United States citizen The Five Civilized Tribes and several other tribes were exempt from the act 1887 Dawes Act: Why did the Dawes Act fail? The Dawes Act failed because the plots were too small for sustainable agriculture. The Native American Indians lacked tools, money, experience or expertise in farming. The farming lifestyle was a completely alien way of life. The Bureau of Indian Affairs failed to manage the process fairly or efficiently. Another reason why the Dawes Act failed was because Native Indians were suspicious of the federal government and appalled by previous relocation efforts. The Native American Indians who had refused to submit to previous relocations refused to register on the Dawes Rolls for fear that they would be caught and punished. Effect and Significance of the Dawes Act The effect and significance of the Dawes Act was that In 1889, the "Unassigned Lands" in Indian Territory were officially opened to white settlement Many elements of Native American tribal culture disappeared Whole tribes of Native Indians disappeared The reservation system was nearly destroyed Before the Dawes Act, 150 million acres lands remained in Indian hands - within 20 years, two-thirds of their land was gone 1887 Dawes Act for kids: The Dawes Commission and the Dawes Rolls The Dawes Act was amended in 1891 and again in 1906 by the Burke Act. In 1893, Henry Dawes was appointed to head a three-member commission (the Dawes Commission) to the Five Civilized Tribes to negotiate agreements with the leaders of the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole tribes that would end tribal land ownership and give each member individual possession of a portion of the tribal lands. The Dawes Rolls list individuals who chose to enroll and were approved for membership in the Five Civilized Tribes.

Describe the view of consolidation of business held by the folloqing people a. Theodore Roosevelt b. Eugene V. Debs c. John D. Rockefeller

a.

Outline the beliefs of the following groups during the Gilded Age. a. American Federation of Labor b. Populist Party c. National Grange

a. Led by Samuel Gompers; an alliance of skilled workers in craft unions; concentrated on brea-and-butter issues such as higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions. b.

Describe these intellectual movements prevalent at the turn of the 19th century a. Social Darwinism b. Social Gospel c. Gospel of Wealth

a. was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform.

Why did native sentiment rise from 1880-1920?

owever, due to increased persecution of JEWS in Eastern Europe, many Jewish immigrants sought freedom from torment

Who was William Jennings Bryan , what did he believe, and who supported him?

Born in Illinois, William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925) became a Nebraska congressman in 1890. He starred at the 1896 Democratic convention with his Cross of Gold speech that favored free silver, but was defeated in his bid to become U.S. president by William McKinley.

What did people like Henry Grady promote for the South after the Civil War?

Henry W. Grady, the editor of the Atlanta Constitution, promoted the vision for the New South at a meeting of the New England Society of New York. Grady shared an optimistic view of the New South's potential—a strong core, economic diversity, and healthy growth over time. Grady, and other intellects of his time, foresaw an agricultural society based around the growth of several crops. They also saw the importance of following the North's example and turning toward industrialization.

Identify legislation that limited immigration during the Gilded Age.

Immigration Act of 1882

What was the impact of railroad expansion in the 19th century?

They were liberating - increasing mobility and speed across the continent - as well as confining: they held the power of economic life and death over many communities, often abusing that power. The railroads played an important role in developing new concepts of management and brought forth giant corporations, but usually accompanied by obscure financial practices and greed. They provided employment for thousands and thousands of workers, but the conditions under which these laborers had to work and live made them revolt and informed the nation of the hardships of the working class. The railroads were also to a great extent responsible for the settlement of the West, but simultaneously helped extinguish the Native American population. They were a prize to be won for each part of the divided nation in the volatile years before the Civil War, yet linked the nation together with the first transcontinental railroad in 1869. They were born and raised on government money, yet eventually became the first and most heavily regulated segment of the private sector.

How did native sentiment manifest in the gilded age?

Throughout much of the nineteenth century, nativists objected primarily to Roman Catholics because of their loyalty to the Pope ("popery") and because of their presumed rejection of republicanism. After subsiding somewhat during the Civil War, nativist sentiment was revived in the Gilded Age. In 1890, Wisconsin passed an act known as the "Bennett Law," which threatened to close hundreds of German-language elementary schools. The Chinese Exclusion Act barred all Chinese workers from entering the United States, under threat of imprisonment, for 10 years. Source: Boundless. "The Nativist Response to Immigration." Boundless U.S. History Boundless, 20 Nov. 2016. Retrieved 30 Jan. 2017 from https://www.boundless.com/u-s-history/textbooks/boundless-u-s-history-textbook/the-gilded-age-1870-1900-20/the-rise-of-immigration-147/the-nativist-response-to-immigration-1417-5237/

Why were horizontal and vertical integration adopted by industrialists of the Gilded Age?

Vertical Integration This refers to the method used by Andrew Carnegie and other indutrialists to gain control over their industries. It involved controlling all aspects of the production process. In Carnegie's case, he owned not just steel mills, but also coal mines, coke refineries, iron ore barges, and railways. Horizontal Integration This refers to the method used by John D. Rockefeller and other industrialists to gain control over their industries. It involved controlling one aspect of the production process. Rockefeller eventually controlled 90% of the nation's oil refining capacity.