Unit 6: Cultures of Splendor and Power 1500-1780
Video: Life of a teenage Samurai
Already up before sunrise Study martial arts, and literature Age 15 given 2 swords one for suicide, the other for training Needs permission from both father and domain Archery, horses, swimming, then still needing normal classes
Samurai When were samurai active in Japan? Why were Samurai employed? What were the three ranks of samurai? What was different about each group? What percent of the Japanese population were samurai?
10th century japan To serve as a private military for each domain and keep peasants in line Gokenin - lowest aka housemen Goshi - could farm but no 2 swords like a full samurai Hatamoto - these were the warriors and the highest rank expected to die for their lords 5-6%
What is a Haiku?
A haiku is a type of simple poetry usually to do with feelings and such. They are usually easy to understand since they are so simple.
What is a kigo?
A kigo says what season the haiku takes place in, be it spring, summer, winter or fall.
What is the story of Yoshitsune?
A young boy who was a good fighter became a servant then was killed by the shogun
Captain Cook's voyages throughout the Pacific Ocean symbolized a new era in European exploration of other societies. Where did Cook explore, and what peoples did he encounter? Contrast the routes Cook selected for his three voyages. How do they differ? What does that tell us about his project? How did Cook's endeavors symbolize "scientific" imperialism?
All around the pacific ocean, native australians and the new zealand people 2 routes focus below the equator, while the third is above and closer to land. He focused 2 routes to be in the same area and a third in a different area to see what would be different
According to Galileo, why did some professors think his teachings were erroneous (wrong)? How does Galileo defend himself of being suspected for heresy? What does Galileo mean when he says "I do not believe that the same God who has given senses, reason and intellect has intended us to not to use them."
Because that isn't what their religions told them. Their religions believed that the sun circles us instead of vice versa. He says that the bible has many different meanings depending on how you read it. He believes that God wouldn't want us to not try and learn about our world if he gave us the intelligence that he did. He means that God expects us to learn and observe. God gifted us free will not to make us sit around like animals, but to see the truth of our world.
Describe 3 kinds of samurai weapons.
Bows, swords, eventually guns as well The bows used to be the go to weapon but they were cheap and didn't show the status as well The swords then became a go to and they were known as the souls of the samurai Guns only came through europe they were not as prevalent
Video: Crash Course World History - Captain Cook Use this space to take notes on the video we watched together in class today. Write down at least 5 things you learned.
British sailor Mapped australia Found sheep Mapped new zealand First to find hawaii First to keep away the scurvy Unfortunate duty to steal wealth Cook died Why did he die? Cook might have been killed to be as a sacrifice Not much evidence Mistaken as a god Just made the hawaiians mad
The Seasonal Theme:
Each Haiku must contain a kigo, a season word, which indicates what season of the year the Haiku is set. For example, blossoms would indicate spring, snow would give the idea of winter, mosquitos would imply summertime. The seasonal words isn't always that obvious, you might need to consider the theme of the poem to find it. For example: Clouds appear and bring to men a chance to rest from looking at the moon The seasonal word in this Haiku is clouds, indicating the rainy season.
Ecological & Cultural Effects
Ecological: Goods brought from Europe to be produced Strawberries Rosemary Apples Quinces Sheep Cultural: Aboriginals of Australia perished from disease Colonization of Australia Anglo-Australian population boom
Captain James Cook
English explorer Three voyages throughout the Pacific with "scientific" and "imperial" motives First European to encounter Hawaii Opened up the Pacific to be colonized by other Europeans Australia was most desired area to colonize
Global Storylines
Enlightenment puts emphasis on reason, belief in human ability to fathom laws of nature and human behavior European thinkers believe in unending human progress Astronaut David Scott performed a version of the experiment on the Moon during the Apollo 15 mission in 1971, dropping a feather and a hammer from his hands. Because of the negligible lunar atmosphere, there was no drag on the feather, which hit the ground at the same time as the hammer.
More European Exploration
Europeans began exploring the South Pacific after 1770 Focused on Oceania Australia, New Zealand, & islands in SW Pacific Ocean Australia colonized by Europeans by the late 1700's Originally had 300,000 inhabitants, mostly hunter-gatherers
What two reasons did Cardinal Bellarmine give for believing that the sun circles around the Earth? If there is a "true demonstration" of heliocentrism, how does Bellarmine say the Catholic Church should proceed in handling the matter?
Genesis, Pslaams, and Ecclensiastes all agree that the Earth is in the center of the universe so it must be true. We can't feel the earth moving so it must be still. He says that we need to be careful if we do try to demonstrate the earth moving because if we do not then we agree that we do not understand the scriptures.
What's the difference? What are these models called? Which one is correct?
Geocentric (Church/Greeks) Reasons All objects attracted to earth Object thrown in air falls in same place Ptolemy (2nd Century) Planets revolve around earth in "perfect divine circles" Heliocentric (Copernicus, 1543 → notice circular orbits still!) Planets revolve around sun in "perfect divine circles" Was only a (partially true) theory...not proven by mathematics yet Did not publish findings until on deathbed for fear of religious persecution Kepler's planetary motion has elliptical orbits
Tokugawa Ieyasu
In 1603 Tokugawa Ieyasu, a daimyo (lord) took control of Japan and unified the country and assumed the title of Shogun and established hereditary line of succession (he put his son in charge after his rule). He also moved the capital of Japan from Kyoto to Edo (Tokyo today) This sets up a time of peace and stability for Japan for about 250 years
Japan 1500-1700: What's going on?
In the 1500's Japan was not unlike feudal Europe: Divided into many small kingdoms ruled by lords Lords kept knights for military power Most people were poor and had to pay high taxes to the lords Land and power changed hands often and Japan suffered from political instability and civil unrest
What is a Haiku about:
Haiku poems can describe anything, but are seldom complicated or hard to understand. Almost all Haiku has a dominant impression, or main idea, that appeals strongly to one of the five senses.
What is a Haiku's structure?
Haikus are built by 5-7-5 meaning they have 5 syllables in the first line 7 syllables in the second And 5 syllables in the third
What happened to Galileo after the Catholic Church declared he was a heretic? Why did Pope John Paul say the Church's treatment of Galileo was wrong? Why was it easier for the Church to side with Galileo in 1992 than in 1633?
He had to spend 8 years under house arrest, and, unless he recants his findings, was to be burned at the stake. He wanted to right a wrong, he understands no one should be burned at a stake just because of a new scientific finding. The church has become more open minded over the years when learning new knowledge, now they try to encourage it.
What is the story of the 47 Ronin?
He was with the shogun then the shogun insulted him so he drew his sword but of course that's a capital offense so he was killed, his followers tried to get revenge but they too died
Why would a samurai commit seppuku?
If they got captured or their lord does it
What is bushido? Give 2 examples of it.
It means the way of the warrior Collect severed heads Sometimes people switched sides during battle
Ecological and Cultural Effects Describe the ecological effects from the excerpt above. Describe the cultural effects from the excerpt above.
Lots of new diseases that the area wasn't ready to deal with. Natives were forced to be "Converted" into britain. Found cherries and strawberries. Europeans bring a bunch of crops and animals. Introduce farming Land was destroyed, 300,000 went to 1000 which went to 1.2 million but that was only british citizens
When Japan had a period of peace under the Tokugawa Shogunate, what career change did many Samurai choose?
Lots of them became farmers or teachers, even moral guides.
The Galileo Controversy Heretic or not?
Luther: anyone can interpret scripture Council of Trent 1545 Revive Catholic Church Stop spread of Protestantism Only Church could interpret Scripture
Describe samurai armor
Metal plates that were stitched together Iron and bronze were easier to use and more flexible Some also wore leather armor They often had silk cloaks over their armor as a way to identify each other or deflect arrows Some armor wayed up to 62 pounds
More influential scientists:
Nicolas Copernicus European first to agree with Galileo - planets circle sun Johannes Kepler Says that the planets don't really circle they oval instead Isaac Newton Gravity Rene Descartes Plots points on plane Francis Bacon The scientific method Edward Jenner Vaccine for smallpox
Turning Point: Scientific Revolution
OLD Science Scholars generally relied on: ancient authorities Church teachings common sense to explain the physical world. NEW Science Scholars began to use: Observation Hypothesis Experimentation Scientific method to draw conclusions about the physical world. Francis Bacon puts forth Scientific Method (1561-1642)
Unit 6 Lesson 3: Tokugawa Shogunate
Objectives Compare feudalism in Europe and Japan Explain the hierarchy of the Tokugawa Shogunate Learn about the life of a samurai
Unit 6 Lesson 4: Captain James Cook
Objectives Describe the European voyages and exploration in Oceania.
Unit 6 Lesson 2: The Enlightenment
Objectives Explain the beliefs and ideals of the Enlightenment movement. Explain the influence of Enlightenment thinkers.
Joshua 10:12-14
On the day the Lord gave the Amorites over to Israel, Joshua said to the Lord in the presence of Israel: "Sun, stand still over Gibeon, and you, moon, over the Valley of Aijalon." So the sun stood still, and the moon stopped, till the nation avenged itself on its enemies, as it is written in the Book of Jashar. The sun stopped in the middle of the sky and delayed going down about a full day. There has never been a day like it before or since, a day when the Lord listened to a human being. Surely the Lord was fighting for Israel!
Knight v. Samurai
One important class of people in a shogunate were the Samurai. Samurai were often the soldiers that fought for a Daimyo, similar to how knights fought for lords in Europe.
Haiku Haiku is a form of poetry, first made popular in Japan, which has become appreciated around the world. Haiku poets are challenged to convey a vivid message in only 17 syllables.
One of the greatest Haiku poets was the Samurai, Basho (1644-94). Basho's father was also a Samurai from the Iga province. To become a Samurai, Basho served a local lord who was fond of writing. Basho learned the style of writing Haiku, and wrote under the name, Sobo. During the years, Basho traveled throughout Japan writing and further developing the Haiku style. He died in Osaka, Japan in 1694, and continued to write haiku up until his death. A sample of Basho's haiku style: Spring morning marvel lovely nameless little hill on a sea of mist
Who was Basho?
One of the greatest poets in japan, traveled around developing the haiku style
Does the bible say that the earth is the center of the universe?
Psalm 104:5 He set the earth on its foundations, so that it should never be moved. Isaiah 40:22 He sits enthroned above the circle of the earth, and its people are like grasshoppers. He stretches out the heavens like a canopy, and spreads them out like a tent to live in. Heliocentric model seemed to contradict Bible. On the day the Lord gave the Amorites over to Israel, Joshua said to the Lord in the presence of Israel: "Sun, stand still over Gibeon, and you, moon, over the Valley of Aijalon." So the sun stood still, and the moon stopped, till the nation avenged itself on its enemies, as it is written in the Book of Jashar. Joshua 10:12-13
Key Takeaway from Galileo Affair?
Scientific theories ought to remain open to criticism; need adequate time/testing Faith and reason don't have to be opposed to each other
The Shogunate
Shogun was the title for the military leader of Japan and was the most power leader of the country, even overshadowing the Emperor.
Video: The Shogunate Use this space to take notes on the video we watched together in class today. Write down at least 5 things you learned.
Shogunate was overthrown in 1868 - 1947 Emperor keeps status, but shogun rules the kingdom more Couldn't keep control as well as the first shogun Lots of fights for rule, no true leader Emperor was top, shogun second only in power because of emperor, daimyo were like lords of the land had to pay taxes Tozama had largest lands, but least power Tozama overthrow the shogun Each domain had their own militaries, currency, ect Samurai weren't allowed to own land Daimyo had different levels
Document C: Condemnation of Galileo (Modified) In 1632, Galileo, who had been teaching and writing about the idea that the Earth moved around the sun, was summoned to Rome to stand trial. After questioning the relevant witnesses, the judges issued the following condemnation of Galileo. You, Galileo of Florence, were denounced in 1615, by this Holy Office, for holding as true a false doctrine taught by many, namely, that the sun is immovable in the center of the world, and that the earth moves . . . also, for explaining the Scriptures according to your own meaning. Therefore . . . by the desire of his Holiness and the Most Eminent Lords, Cardinals of this supreme and universal Inquisition, the two propositions of the stability of the sun, and the motion of the earth, were qualified as follows: 1. The proposition that the sun is in the center of the world and immovable from its place is absurd, philosophically false, and formally heretical; because it is expressly contrary to Holy Scriptures. 2. The proposition that the earth is not the center of the world, nor immovable, but that it moves is also absurd, philosophically false, and, theologically considered, at least erroneous in faith. Therefore, in the most holy name of our Lord Jesus Christ and of His Most Glorious Mother Mary, We pronounce, judge, and declare, that you Galileo . . . have made yourself suspected by this Holy Office of heresy, that is, of having believed and held the doctrine (which is false and contrary to the Holy and Divine Scriptures) that the sun is the center of the world, and that it does not move from east to west, and that the earth does move, and is not the center of the world; also, that an opinion can be held and supported as probable, after it has been declared contrary to the Holy Scripture.
Source: "The Crime of Galileo: Indictment and Abjuration of 1633." Vocabulary: condemnation: a statement of very strong criticism denounce: to declare something is wrong or evil eminent: distinguished, high in station proposition: a statement expressing a judgment or opinion
Document D: "Vatican Science Panel Told By Pope: Galileo Was Right" Article from The New York Times (Modified) In 1979, Pope John Paul II ordered an investigation of the Catholic Church's treatment of Galileo. The following article from 1992 summarizes the conclusions of the investigation. Moving formally to right a wrong, Pope John Paul II acknowledged in a speech today that the Roman Catholic Church had erred in condemning Galileo 359 years ago for asserting that the Earth revolves around the Sun. The address by the Pope before the Pontifical Academy of Sciences closed a 13-year investigation into the Church's condemnation of Galileo in 1633, one of history's most notorious conflicts between faith and science. Galileo was forced to recant his scientific findings to avoid being burned at the stake and spent the remaining eight years of his life under house arrest. John Paul said the theologians who condemned Galileo did not recognize the formal distinction between the Bible and its interpretation. "This led them [to] move a question which in fact pertained to scientific investigation into the realm of the doctrine of the faith." Though the Pope acknowledged that the Church had done Galileo a wrong, he said the 17th-century theologians were working with the knowledge available to them at the time.
Source: "Vatican Science Panel Told by Pope: Galileo Was Right," New York Times, November 1, 1992. Vocabulary err: to make a mistake recant: to say that one no longer holds a belief
Document B: Cardinal Bellarmine Cardinal Robert Bellarmine was in charge of dealing with difficult issues connected to the Church's power and beliefs during the Galileo controversy. He wrote the following letter to Paolo Antonio Foscarini in response to Foscarini's book defending Galileo. Historians don't believe Bellarmine ever saw Galileo's 1615 letter (Document A). As you know, the Council [of Trent] prohibits interpreting the Scriptures contrary to the common agreement of the holy Fathers. And if you would read not only the Fathers but also the commentaries of modern writers on Genesis, Psalms, Ecclesiastes and Joshua, you would find that all agree in explaining that the sun is in the heavens and moves swiftly around the earth, and that the earth is far from the heavens and stands immobile in the center of the universe. . . . It would be just as heretical to deny that Abraham had two sons and Jacob twelve, as it would be to deny the virgin birth of Christ, for both are declared by the Holy Ghost through the mouths of the prophets and apostles. . . . I say that if there were a true demonstration that the sun was in the center of the universe and the earth in the third sphere, and that the sun did not travel around the earth but the earth circled the sun, then it would be necessary to proceed with great caution in explaining the passages of Scripture which seemed contrary, and we would rather have to say that we did not understand the Scripture than to say that something was false which has been demonstrated. But I do not believe that there is any such demonstration; none has been shown to me. . . . [One] clearly experiences that the earth stands still and that his eye is not deceived when it judges that the moon and stars move.
Source: Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, "Letter on Galileo's Theories," 1615 Vocabulary: contrary: against or the opposite of something
Galileo Galilei: Primary and Secondary Sources. Document A: Document A: Galileo's Letter (Modified) Galileo wrote the following letter to Duchess Christina of Tuscany in 1615. In this letter, he defends himself against the charges of heresy (a heretic is someone whose beliefs go against the teachings of the Church). Some years ago I discovered in the heavens many things that had not been seen before our own age. The novelty of these things . . . stirred up several professors against me. They hurled various charges and published numerous writings filled with vain arguments, and they made the grave mistake of sprinkling these with passages taken from places in the Bible, which they failed to understand properly. The reason given for attacking the opinion that the earth moves and the sun stands still is that in many places in the Bible one may read that the sun moves and the earth stands still. Since the Bible cannot err, it follows that anyone who claims that the sun is motionless and the earth movable takes an erroneous and heretical position. With regard to this argument, I think in the first place that it is very pious to say and prudent to affirm that the holy Bible can never speak untruth whenever its true meaning is understood. But I believe nobody will deny that the Bible is often very complex, and may say things which are quite different from what its bare words signify. . . . I do not believe that the same God who has given senses, reason and intellect has intended us to not to use them. . . . He would not require us to deny sense and reason in physical matters of direct experience. . . . Can an opinion be heretical and yet have no concern with the salvation of souls?
Source: Galileo Galilei, "Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina of Tuscany," 1615. Vocabulary novelty: original or unusual vain: conceited err: to be wrong erroneous: wrong pious: devoutly religious prudent: wise
In Japan these poems are valued for their simplicity, openness, depth and lightness.
Structural Rules: 1. Use exactly 17 syllables 2. Syllables are arranged in three lines of 5-7-5 3. Avoid similes and metaphors 4. Refers to a season of the year
Europe 1500-1700: What's going on?
The exploration and conquest of North and South America Mercantilism Colonialism Transatlantic Slave trade Scientific Revolution Enlightenment
More Influential Scientists
These men all have several things in common: impeccable style, hair and scientific brains!
What are Haikus about?
They could be about anything, but more often than not they are about nature.
By the end of the trial, what was the Catholic Church's position on the heliocentric theory? What two reasons did the Church give for declaring Galileo was a heretic? So, was Galileo really a heretic? (Reminder: a heretic is someone whose beliefs go against the teachings of the Church. Therefore, you should not try to prove whether Galileo's theory was right, but whether his beliefs contradicted the teachings of the Church.)
They still think it is false because it contradicts with the scriptures Contrary to the scriptures Wrong in faith While yes Galileo contradicts their current belief, he does not contradict ours. He is a heretic for sure at the time, but if he were put to court now he would not be seen as one.
The Influence of European Culture in Oceania What was the purpose of European voyages into Oceania? What were the results of these voyages?
They were wealthy and wanted more land, so they went somewhere they haven't been yet. So they went to those islands to inhabit them for the advancements in science and politics. They colonized in australia and explored all around oceania
Feudal Europe vs. Feudal Japan
Vocabulary to know: Shogun: military leader of Japan, he is the man with the most power (the Emperor is simply a hereditary figurehead) Daimyo: This is like a European "lord". They own land and control the people that live on their land. Samurai: These are the warriors (or knights) for the Daimyo.
Why do you think the Catholic Church was so committed to defending the literal meaning of the Bible passages? What issues could arise for them if they had accepted Galileo's theory which contradicted the Bible?
Well everyone did it. If they were the only ones to not follow those rules then they might have been kicked from the church. It was just common knowledge at the time, how they lived their life. If they didn't condemn Galileo they would be just as "bad" as him by encouraging that behavior.
Enlightenment - Definition
an intellectual movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason to reconsider the accepted ideas and social institutions of the time All of these ideas were written about and discussed during the Enlightenment. Explain that this time period brought new ideas and thoughts regarding individual rights, the role of governments, role of religion, powers of monarchs, etc.
