UNIT 7-8 quiz 1

Muller v. Oregon

1908 - Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health

19th amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

16th amendment

Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.

Municipal Reform

Before the Progressive era, city municipalities such as water, transportation, and electricity were privately owned. The companies that controlled such were often corrupt. Thus, there was a movement to have the utilities owned by the government instead.

Underwood Tariff (1913)

Fulfilled Wilson's promise to public to reduce tariffs. This was the first time tariffs were substantially reduced in fifty years. To make up for the loss of money, the rate of graduated income tax was increased from 1% to 6%.

recall

Method developed by Progressives in order to make the state governments more democratic The people could possibly remove an incompetent politician from office by having a second election.

referendum

Method developed by Progressives in order to make the state governments more democratic When citizens vote on laws instead of the state or national governments. itoriginated as a populous reform in the populist party, but was later picked up by the progressive reform movement.

initiative

Method developed by Progressives in order to make the state governments more democratic the process of petitioning a legislature to introduce a bill. It was part of the Populist Party's platform in 1891, along with referendum and recall. These all intended to make the people more responsible for their laws and allow them to make political decisions rather than the legislature.

Jacob Riis

One of the first photojournalists who wrote articles about tenement life and published How the Other Half Lives in 1890 A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote "How The Other Half Lives" in 1890.

17th amendment

Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.

Robert La Follette

Progressive Wisconsin governor who attacked machine politics and pressured the state legislature to require each party to hold a direct primary. Nicknamed Mr. Progressive! Governor of Wisconsin nicknamed " Fighting Bob" who was a progressive Republican leader. His "Wisconsin Idea" was the model for state progressive government. He used the "brain trust", a panel of experts, to help him create effective, efficient government. He was denied the nomination for the Republicans in favor of Theodore Roosevelt.

18th amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages.

John Muir

Roosevelt spent four days camping in the Sierras with this man. This man was the nation's leading preservationist and the founder of the Sierra Club.

conservation

Roosevelt was the first president to actively protect the nation's natural resources. For example: 1. Used the Federal Reserve Act of 1891 to set aside 150 million acres of land as a national reserve 2. Won passage of the Newlands Reclamation Act in 1902 3. Hosted a White House conference about the subject in 1908 where he established the National Conservation Commission under Gifford Pinchot

Northern Securities Case

Roosevelt's legal attack on this company, which was a railroad holding company owned by James Hill and J.P. Morgan. In the end, the company was "trust-busted" and paved the way for future trust-busts of bad trusts.

Richard Ballinger

Secretary of the interior that tried to make nearly a million acres of public forests and mineral reserves available for private development. Disliked by Pinchot

Payne-Aldrich Act

Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. Was supposed to lower tariff rates but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tariffs. This split the Republican party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (high tariff).

Niagara Movement

Started in 1905 by W.E.B Du Bois and a group of black intellectuals to discuss of program of protest and action aimed at securing equal rights for blacks. In 1908, they helped found the NAACP

Elkins Act (1903)

Strengthened the regulatory powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission by giving it more authority to stop railroads from granting rebates to their favored customers.

Hepburn Act (1906)

Strengthened the regulatory powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission by giving it the authority to fix "just and reasonable" rates for railroads.

dollor diplomacy

Taft's foreign policy which replaced "bullets with dollars"; involved investors instead of military. Eventually worked better in Latin America than China.

Pure Food and Drug Act

This act forbade the manufacture, sale, and transportation of adulterated or mislabeled foods and drugs.

Meat Inspection Act

This act required that inspectors hired by the federal government must visit meatpacking plants to ensure that they met standards of sanitation

Lincoln Steffens

Wrote muckraking articles in 1902 for McClure's Magazine entitled Tweed Days in St. Louis that set the precedent for other articles of that type. He also wrote The Shame of the Cities in 1904 about the corrupt deals in big-city politics like Philadelphia and Minneapolis.

muckrakers

nickname given to young reporters of popular magazines. These magazines spent a lot of money on researching and digging up "muck," hence the name muckrakers. This name was given to them by Pres. Roosevelt- 1906. These investigative journalists were trying to make the public aware of problems that needed fixing.

Sierra Club

oldest and largest grassroots environmental organization in the United States. It was founded on May 28, 1892 in San Francisco, California by the well-known conservationist and preservationist John Muir, who became its first president. has hundreds of thousands of members in chapters located throughout the US, and is affiliated with the club in Canada.

Lochner v. New York

overturns new york law setting 8 hr maximum working hours for bakery workers- 1905

Ida Tarbell

A muckraker who exposed the oil monopoly with The History of the Standard Oil Company in 1902 and wrote a series in McClure's Magazine. Her articles set the standard for the many muckraking articles to come.

Upton Sinclair

A muckraker who published "The Jungle" that described the conditions in the Chicago stockyards of the meatpacking industry that caused public outcry. The publication of the book also caused Congress to enact two laws in 1906: the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act.

Ballinger-Pinchot affair

Ballinger, who was the Secretary of Interior, opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska against Roosevelt's conservation policies. Pinchot, who was the Chief of Forestry, supported former President Roosevelt and demanded that Taft dismiss Ballinger. Taft, who supported Ballinger, dismissed Pinchot on the basis of insubordination. This divided the Republican Party.

William Howard Taft

Elected in 1908 and continued Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive policies, including trust-busting and conservationism. However, Roosevelt was angered when he broke up U.S Steel, which Roosevelt had approved of. The Progressives also did not like him and thus there was a split in the Republican Party between the conservative and progressive factions.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

NYC, March 25, 1911; industrial disaster in the history of the city of New York, causing the death of 146 garment workers who either died from the fire or jumped to their deaths. It was the worst workplace disaster in New York City until September 11, 2001. The fire led to legislation requiring improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, which fought for safer and better working conditions for sweatshop workers in that industry; located in the Asch Building

Gifford Pinchot

The first director of the U.S Forest Service and was in charge of the National Conservation Commission set up by Roosevelt and was liked and respected by the Progressives. However, he was fired in the Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy

Theodore Roosevelt

This man was 42 in September 1901, when William McKinley was assassinated. He took over the presidency and became the youngest man ever to assume the presidency. Never openly rebelled against the leaders of his party. Became a champion of cautious, moderate change. He believed that reform was a vehicle less fro remaking American Society than for protecting it against more radical challenges. He allied himself with those progressives who urged regulation (but not destruction) of the trusts. At the heart of his policy was a desire to win for government the power to investigate the activities of corporations and publicize the results. the legal agenda for Congress. His square deal represented his desire to treat both corporations and workers fairly in any dispute. In the coal miner's strike of 1902 he treated the strike and company leaders as equals, and he continued this policy when dealing with other such issues.

new nationalism

What Roosevelt campaigned for during the election of 1912 that called for more government regulation of business and union, women's suffrage, and more social welfare programs. (bull Moose party liked it)

new freedom

What Wilson campaigned for during the election of 1912 that limited both big business and big government, bring about reform by ending corruption and revive competition by supporting small business. He wanted to bring back conditions of free and fair competition in the economy and attack tariffs, banking, and trusts

social welfare

Where the government is involved in improving the lives of the people. Jane Addams, Frances Kelly, and other leaders of the social justice movement lobbied for better schools, juvenile courts, liberalized divorce laws, ad safety regulations for tenements and factories. These reformers also fought for a system of parole, separate reformatories for juveniles, and limits on the death penalty as they believed that criminals could improve themselves to be better citizens. These reformers were largely successful.

Women's Trade Union League

a U.S. organization of both working class and more well-off women formed in 1903 to support the efforts of women to organize labor unions and to eliminate sweatshop conditions

Yosemite National Park

a national park in California famous for its waterfalls and rock formations

Workingmen's Compensation Act (1916)

granted assistance of federal civil-service employees during periods of instability but was invalidated by the Supreme Court.

Clayton Act

lengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act's list of practices that were objectionable, exempted labor unions from being called trusts (as they had been called by the Supreme Court under the Sherman Act), and legalized strikes and peaceful picketing by labor union members.

Federal Reserve Act

which created the new Federal Reserve Board, which oversaw a nationwide system of twelve regional reserve districts, each with its own central bank, and had the power to issue paper money ("Federal Reserve Notes").