unit 7 ap psych

Judy believes that her fate is determined by her own actions. Judy's belief best illustrates

an internal locus of control

John is generally pleasant, but during final exams he experiences more intense stress than other students experience. He is irritable and easily frustrated. According to the Big Five model of personality, John would be

high in neuroticism

According to Sigmund Freud's theory of personality, which of the following statements is most representative of the id?

"More, more, more!"

According to Freud, the unconscious is

A reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories

The defense mechanism of projection is best illustrated by which of the following examples?

A soccer player who does not have much athletic skill constantly criticizes other athletes' performances.

The defense mechanism of reaction formation is best exemplified in which of the following situations?

A woman who is unaware of her anger toward her friend expresses affection for that friend.

Andy is softhearted, good-natured, trusting, helpful, forgiving, gullible, and straightforward. Based on these characteristics, he is most likely to score high on which of the Big Five trait measures?

Agreeableness

Gustav was out for his daily walk when he was approached by a thief who demanded his wallet. He immediately felt an increase in his breathing and heart rate. Which of the following accurately describes Gustav's physiological response?

Alarm reaction

Which of the following are the stages in Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome?

Alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Which of the following situations describes an approach-avoidance conflict?

Anna must decide whether to buy a used car that is in her price range but has several mechanical problems.

Chuck asked Jane out on a date and he offered her two possible options—to see a movie or to go ice skating. Jane felt a bit stressed about making the decision because she liked both activities. Which of the following conflicts was Jane experiencing?

Approach-approach

Adrian loves to do dangerous activities like surfing and skydiving because of the thrill he gets. Which of the following is a theory of motivation that best explains Adrian's desire to do dangerous activities?

Arousal

Which of the following is the best example of a homeostatic process?

Cathy drinks a large amount of water to reduce thirst after a long race.

Which scenario below is most descriptive of the psychoanalytic theory of personality?

Charlie is overly precise and methodical in everything he does, to the point that he is constantly annoying his family and missing deadlines at work. Dr. Katz believes that this is because Charlie never moved past the anal stage of development.

Carl Jung believed in a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from a person's ancestral past. Which of the following psychological terms refers to that storehouse?

Collective unconscious

A parent who keeps a son's room intact even though he's been happily married and in his own home for five years is exhibiting which of the following defense mechanisms?

Denial

After school, George and his friends complain of intense hunger. They go to George's home and immediately open his refrigerator to look for a snack. Which of the following is a theory of motivation that best explains their behavior?

Drive reduction

An individual experiencing a low blood-glucose level would be best advised to do which of the following?

Eat a snack

In the James-Lange theory of emotion, which of the following immediately precedes an emotion?

Experience of physiological changes

A tumor that destroys the ventromedial hypothalamus is likely to produce which of the following?

Frequent eating and obesity

A hostile person with a type A personality is most at risk for developing which of the following?

Heart disease

The notion of self-actualization is most closely associated with which of the following approaches to explaining personality?

Humanistic

Isaac's father offers to give him five dollars for every good grade he earns on his report card. Which of the following is a type of motivation being used by Isaac's father?

Incentive

Which of the following behaviors best demonstrates an emotional response associated with the short route from the thalamus to the amygdala, as described by Joseph LeDoux?

Miguel jumps up on a chair because he thinks he sees something moving along the wall. When he realizes it was just a dust ball, he gets off the chair.

Which personality inventory is the most widely researched and clinically used one today. It has over 500 questions that are T or F or agree/disagree. It has lying scales and it was first created to detect emotional disorders. The questions are empirically derived.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Dr. Emerson is seeing a patient named Nandini who is currently going through a divorce. She has moved out of her house and is staying on a friend's couch. While she is going through this, Nandini is struggling to find meaning in her life. Humanist theorist Abraham Maslow's explanation for Nandini's dissatisfaction with life would most likely be that

Nandini has not fulfilled basic needs (shelter, relationships, love), and thus cannot fulfill higher levels of needs

The graph above supports which of the following statements?

Optimal performance is a function of task difficulty and level of arousal.

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following statements is true?

Physiological needs must be met before an individual achieves self-actualization.

Which of the following correctly lists Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs from bottom to top?

Physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization

The Rorschach inkblot test and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are two popular forms of which of the following types of tests?

Projective

Jorgas struggles with meeting new people. He is very shy and does not approach people at social events. Because of this, people assume he does not want to talk to them and they avoid him, which in turn reinforces Jorgas' anxiety about approaching people. Jorgas' situation illustrates which of the following principles?

Reciprocal determinism

Which of the following assessment tools explores individuals' personalities by asking them to examine a series of inkblots and describe what they see in the inkblot?

Rorschach Test

When given a drug that produced general arousal, research participants placed in a room with a happy confederate described their emotional state as happy, while those placed in a room with an angry confederate described their emotional state as angry. Which theory of emotion best explains these results?

Schachter-Singer

For most of his life, Mike has been overweight. Not long after going on a diet and losing over 30 pounds, Mike gained back nearly all the weight. Which of the following concepts best explains Mike's experience?

Set-point theory

Although Paul loved playing football for fun in high school, he enjoys it less now that he is paid to be a professional football player. Which of the following best explains Paul's decreased interest in playing football?

The overjustification effect

Jess's psychologist asks him to take the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form® (MMPI-2-RF®). Later, his psychiatrist asks him to take the test again. If the test has high test-retest reliability, what will be found?

The results are likely to be similar.

The above graph is most closely associated with

Yerkes-Dodson law of arousal

Stanley Schachter's explanation of emotions places emphasis on

a cognitive appraisal of physiological arousal

Rufus wanted to go to college after high school, but he did not go because he was afraid it would be too much work. For years he has considered going to college but he still fears that it will be too hard. Eventually he feels so unhappy that he goes to see a therapist, who follows Carl Rogers's theory of humanistic personality. The therapist is most likely to explain Rufus's unhappiness as being a result of

a mismatch between his ideal self and his real self

Placing group needs above one's own needs is known as

collectivism

Angry with his professor because of a difficult exam, Martin returns home and takes out his anger on his best friend. Martin's behavior illustrates

displacement

Paul Ekman found that when Japanese students watched films of surgery, they masked their expressions of disgust with a smile when an authority figure entered the room but not when alone. American students maintained their expressions of disgust both alone and in the presence of an authority figure. Ekman's findings illustrate what he calls

display rules

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need to have respect for ourselves and to be valued by others is classified within the category of

esteem needs

Danielle was laid off from her job six months ago and has been unsuccessful at finding a new one. The income from her long hours of temp work barely covers her bills. She has begun to have frequent cold and flu symptoms and has become depressed. Danielle is most likely in the stage of Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome known as

exhaustion

Pam works hard in school because her parents give her ten dollars for every A she receives. Pam's parents are attempting to influence her academic efforts by capitalizing on

extrinsic motivation

Nick is smiling even though he does not feel happy. After a short time he feels happier. The best explanation for Nick's change in mood is

facial feedback

A statistical technique that would allow a researcher to cluster such traits as being talkative, social, and adventurous with extroversion is called

factor analysis

Carla tutors other students because she likes to be helpful, whereas Jane tutors classmates strictly for pay. Their behaviors demonstrate the difference between

intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

Rosemary wants to make the track team because she enjoys running. Her reason for wanting to make the track team is an example of

intrinsic motivation

Kenzie is quiet, pessimistic, anxious, and moody. In terms of the Eysencks' basic personality dimensions she would be classified as

introverted-unstable

In Sigmund Freud's view, the role of the ego is to

mediate among the id, the superego, and reality

Shanni loves to travel internationally, owns many unusual pieces of art from local artists, and enjoys attending concerts featuring an eclectic collection of musicians. According to theorists Paul Costa and Robert McRae, Shanni's personality is likely high on

openness to experience

Which of the following are the "Big Five" personality factors?

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

One feature that distinguishes Carl Rogers' person-centered approach to personality development from behaviorist approaches to personality development is that the person-centered approach suggests that

personality is shaped by unconditional love and support for children's behavior, whereas behaviorist approaches suggest that personality is conditioned through rewards and punishments

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is based on the hypothesis that when a person interprets an ambiguous picture, that person is

projecting an internal psychological state onto an external stimulus

Georgi believes she is capable of playing extremely well in the volleyball game scheduled for tonight. Albert Bandura would most likely say that Georgi's expectations for this task reveal that she is exhibiting high

self-efficacy

Athletes often attribute their losses to bad officiating and their wins to their own abilities. This best illustrates

self-serving bias

According to Sigmund Freud, the personality structure that reflects moral values is called the

superego

Karen had been working overtime to complete a project so that she could go skiing at the end of the month. On the day of her trip, Karen got sick with the flu and had to cancel. Stress hormones had most likely affected her immune system by

suppressing white blood cells called T lymphocytes

In an experiment, a researcher showed children a video of a person interacting with a doll. Half of the children watched a video of a person behaving violently toward a doll, and the other half saw a video of a person playing nicely with a doll. The researcher also looked at whether the gender and age of the child made a difference in how they interacted with the doll. In this study, the dependent variable was

the way children interact with a doll

Nick admitted to his parents that he was not working to his potential in his academics and sports. Even though his parents were disappointed, instead of yelling at Nick, they accepted him and wanted to help him work through his feelings. His parents' behavior exemplified

unconditional positive regard

Psychologist who emphasize the importance of personality traits are most often criticized for

underestimating the variability of behavior from situation to situation

One of the consistent research findings in the area of facial expressions and emotion is the

universality of facial expressions across cultures