unit 7 psych quiz

The quest for a physical basis of memory involves a search for a(n) a. flashbulb memory. b. spacing effect. c. mnemonic device. d. memory trace. e. iconic memory.

d

Telegraphic speech is a. evident before babbling occurs. b. considered a form of receptive language. c. the smallest unit of language that carries meaning. d. a system of language rules for combining morphemes. e. a grammatically correct two-word utterance.

e

The accuracy of the flashbulb memories of those who witnessed the 2010 earthquake in Haiti best illustrates that memory formation is facilitated by a. the spacing effect. b. hierarchical organization. c. the serial position effect. d. implicit memory. e. the body's release of stress hormones.

e

Unlike implicit memories, explicit memories are processed by the hippocampus. cerebellum. hypothalamus. motor cortex. corpus callosum.

hippocampus.

By taking text and class notes in your own words you are improving memory by a. encoding memory semantically. b. preventing proactive interference. c. avoiding source amnesia. d. creating implicit memories. e. encouraging parallel processing.

a

Generating the single correct answer to an intelligence test question illustrates a. factor analysis. b. convergent thinking. c. reliability. d. standardization. e. the availability heuristic.

b

Research suggests that a memory trace is most likely to involve a. source amnesia. b. synaptic changes. c. motivated forgetting. d. the serial position effect. e. hormonal changes.

b

Simple thinking strategies that allow us to solve problems and make judgments efficiently are called a. semantics. b. heuristics. c. prototypes. d. algorithms. e. fixations.

b

The components of creativity include a. impulsivity and empathy. b. expertise and a venturesome personality. c. competitiveness and dogmatism. d. imagination and extrinsic motivation. e. competitiveness and empathy.

b

Memory aids that involve the use of vivid imagery and clever ways of organizing material are called semantic techniques. iconic traces. organizational cues. mnemonic devices. flashbulb memories.

semantic techniques.

The inability to remember how Lincoln's head appears on a penny is most likely due to a failure in a. encoding. b. storage. c. retrieval. d. implicit memory. e. iconic memory.

a

The isolated Piraha tribespeople of Brazil have no words for specific numbers higher than 2. If shown seven nuts in a row they find it difficult to lay out the same number from their own pile of nuts. This best illustrates the impact of a. language on thinking. b. algorithms on decision making. c. prototypes on concept formation. d. fixations on problem-solving. e. heuristics on cognition.

a

The serial position effect best illustrates the importance of a. rehearsal. b. chunking. c. visual imagery. d. automatic processing. e. flashbulb memory.

a

Unlike implicit memories, explicit memories are processed by the a. hippocampus. b. cerebellum. c. hypothalamus. d. motor cortex. e. corpus callosum.

a

Which of the following would be most characteristic of a 2-year-old's telegraphic speech? a. "a doggy" b. "eat apple" c. "to store" d. "ball pretty" e. "daddy funny"

b

Which test of memory typically provides the fewest retrieval cues? a. recognition b. recall c. relearning d. rehearsal e. imagery

b

An eyewitness to a grocery store robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police lineup. Which test of memory is being utilized? a. recall b. relearning c. recognition d. misinformation e. reconstruction

c

Bilingual children, who inhibit one language while using the other, can better inhibit their attention to irrelevant information. This has been called a. linguistic determinism. b. the spacing effect. c. the bilingual advantage. d. process simulation. e. the semantic effect.

c

By shrinking the hippocampus, prolonged stress is most likely to inhibit the process of a. source misattribution. b. proactive interference. c. long-term memory formation. d. repression. e. mood-congruent memory.

c

Cerebellum is to ________ memory as hippocampus is to ________ memory. a. short-term; long-term b. long-term; short-term c. implicit; explicit d. explicit; implicit e. iconic; echoic

c

English words are constructed from about ________ different phonemes. a. 5 b. 6 c. 26 d. 40 e. 200

d

Participants in one experiment were given entirely fabricated accounts of an occasion in which they had been lost in a shopping mall during their childhood. Many of these participants later falsely recollected vivid details of the experience as having actually occurred. This experiment best illustrated a. the self-reference effect. b. mood-congruent memory. c. the misinformation effect. d. proactive interference. e. the spacing effect.

c

The ability to comprehend the meaning of speech is called a. the representativeness heuristic. b. productive language. c. receptive language. d. intuition. e. framing.

c

The best evidence that there is a critical period for language acquisition is the fact that a. infants babble sounds that occur in their parents' native language. b. toddlers maintain a capacity to discriminate language sounds they have never heard. c. people most easily master the grammar of a second language during childhood. d. preschoolers typically fail to use proper syntax. e. grammatical systems are similar in all languages.

c

The danger of using the representativeness heuristic is that it may lead us to a. make judgments in a very inefficient, time-consuming fashion. b. judge event likelihood solely on the basis of event memorability. c. disregard probability information that is relevant to our judgments. d. judge objects only in terms of their functional utility. e. base decisions solely on mathematical algorithms.

c

When we use the word "automobile" to refer to a category of transport vehicles, we are using this word as a(n) a. mental set. b. heuristic. c. concept. d. algorithm. e. phoneme.

c

Which measure of memory did Hermann Ebbinghaus use to assess the impact of rehearsal on retention? a. recall b. recognition c. relearning d. reconstruction e. repression

c

Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating? a. schema b. heuristic c. cognition d. syntax e. language

c

The organization of information into meaningful units is called automatic processing. the spacing effect. chunking. iconic memory. the peg-word system.

chunking

Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis emphasizes that a. infancy is a critical period for language development. b. all languages share a similar grammar. c. our linguistic proficiencies influence our social status. d. words shape the way people think. e. morphemes and phonemes build grammar and language.

d

Word meaning is to word order as ________ is to ________. a. concept; prototype b. phoneme; grammar c. morpheme; phoneme d. semantics; syntax e. nomenclature; semantics

d

An understanding of the distinction between implicit and explicit memories is most helpful for explaining a. the serial position effect. b. the spacing effect. c. repression. d. state-dependent memory. e. infantile amnesia.

e

The process of getting information into memory is called priming. chunking encoding. registering. storing.

encoding

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________ is to ________. short-term memory; long-term memory explicit memory; implicit memory visual stimulation; auditory stimulation automatic processing; effortful processing flashbulb memory; implicit memory

visual stimulation; auditory stimulation

Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly ________ bits of information. 3 7 12 24 50

7

Morphemes are a. the smallest speech units that carry meaning. b. the best examples of particular categories of objects. c. the smallest distinctive sound units of a language. d. rules for combining words into grammatically correct sentences. e. genetic road maps that lead to insight.

a

Noam Chomsky has emphasized that the acquisition of language by children is facilitated by a. an inborn readiness to learn grammatical rules. b. their ability to imitate the words and grammar modeled by parents. c. the learned association of word sounds with various objects, events, actions, and qualities. d. the positive reinforcement that adults give children for speaking correctly. e. operant and classical conditioning techniques.

a

Which term best describes parallel processing? voluntary conscious serial automatic sequential

automatic

Exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events are called a. sensory memories. b. flashbulb memories. c. mood-congruent memories. d. repressed memories. e. semantic memories.

b

Fill-in-the-blank test questions measure ________; matching concepts with their definitions measures ________. a. recognition; relearning b. recall; recognition c. recall; relearning d. relearning; recall e. recognition; rehearsal

b

In the process of classifying objects, people are especially likely to make use of a. algorithms. b. phonemes. c. prototypes. d. mental sets. e. heuristics.

c

Language refers to the a. smallest distinctive sound units. b. rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences. c. spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning. d. rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes. e. ways we think about solving problems and communicating those solutions, including framing the issues.

c

Memory is best defined as the conscious encoding of information. stored knowledge that has been semantically encoded. the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information. the retrieval of stored information in precisely the same form in which it was encoded. recalling and retrieving information stored in the cerebral cortex.

c

Effortful processing can occur only with implicit memory. conscious attention. visual imagery. chunking. sensory memory.

conscious attention.

An algorithm is a a. simple thinking strategy for making decisions quickly and efficiently. b. method of hypothesis testing involving trial and error. c. best example of a particular category. d. methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems. e. specific kind of prototype.

d

During the earliest stage of speech development, infants a. speak in single words that may be barely recognizable. b. begin to imitate adult syntax. c. make speech sounds only if their hearing is unimpaired. d. make some speech sounds that do not occur in their parents' native language. e. use words that reflect the syntax of their parents' native language.

d

If our capacity to form concepts depends on our verbal memory, this would best illustrate a. the framing effect. b. universal grammar. c. telegraphic speech. d. linguistic determinism. e. fixation.

d

Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze and then removed pieces of their cortexes. He observed that storage of their maze memories a. was restricted to their right cerebral hemispheres. b. was restricted to their left and right frontal lobes. c. was restricted to their left and right occipital lobes. d. was not restricted to specific regions of the cortex. e. was not restricted to the association areas.

d

People should avoid back-to-back study times for learning Spanish and French vocabulary in order to minimize a. the self-reference effect. b. long-term potentiation. c. mood-congruent memory. d. interference. e. echoic memory.

d

The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as a. chunking. b. the serial position effect. c. automatic processing. d. long-term potentiation. e. proactive interference.

d

The misinformation effect refers to the a. tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. b. disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. c. the eerie sense that "I've been in this exact situation before." d. incorporation of misleading information into one's memory of an event. e. negative effect of incorrect information on recall.

d

The smallest distinctive sound unit of language is a a. prototype. b. phenotype. c. morpheme. d. phoneme. e. babble.

d

In one experiment, Wolfgang Köhler watched an ape suddenly solve a problem of reaching bananas hanging from the ceiling by stacking and climbing up a number of crates. Which of the following did Köhler conclude the ape used in problem-solving? a. heuristics b. trial and error c. algorithms d. framing e. insight

e

The tendency to conclude that a person who likes to read poetry is more likely to be a college professor of classics than a truck driver illustrates the use of a. the availability heuristic. b. confirmation bias. c. the framing effect. d. belief perseverance. e. the representativeness heuristic.

e

The process of encoding refers to the persistence of learning over time. the recall of information previously learned. getting information into memory. the motivated forgetting of painful memories. a clear memory of an emotionally significant event.

getting information into memory.

Iconic memory refers to the encoded meanings of words and events in short-term memory. photographic, or picture-image, memory that lasts for only a few tenths of a second. the effortlessly processed incidental information about the timing and frequency of events. the visually encoded images in long-term memory. important events often encoded through flashbulb memory.

photographic, or picture-image, memory that lasts for only a few tenths of a second.

Deep processing is most closely associated with the concept of semantic encoding the recency effect the primacy effect the spacing effect the testing effect

semantic encoding

Hermann Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning. what is learned in one mood is most easily retrieved in that same mood. information that is automatically processed is rarely forgotten. our sensory memory capacity is essentially unlimited. hypnosis can increase recall of meaningless information.

the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning.

The tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than massed study is known as the serial position effect. state-dependent memory the spacing effect. long-term potentiation. chunking.

the spacing effect.

Mnemonic devices such as the peg-word system make effective use of flashbulb memory. visual imagery. state-dependent memory. the serial position effect. implicit memory.

visual imagery