Chapter 15&16 Review

the pituitary hormone that controls the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex is

ACTH

when a G protein becomes activated and causes an activation of enzymes..

ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed

all of the following are true of steroid hormones except that they

are produced by then adrenal medulla

where do the special sense originate?

at the sensory receptor

steroid hormones

bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells

the _____ is a region of dense bone that surrounds and protects the membranous labyrinth

bony labyrinth

TSH plays a key role in _____ of thyroid hormones

both production and release

parathyroid hormone does all of the following except

build up bone

growth hormones does all of the following except..

cause fat accumulation within adipocytes

the human lens focuses light on the photoreceptor cells by

changing shape

the sensory neurons within the olfactory organ are stimulated by _____ in the air

chemicals

what structure changes the shape of the lends for far and near vision?

ciliary body

peptide hormones are

composed of amino acids

interference with the transfer of vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window is ______ deafness

conductive

_____ are photoreceptors that convey our ability to see color

cones

the ____ cover most of the exposed surface of the eye

conjunctiva

pupillary muscle groups are controlled by the ANS. Parasympathetic activation causes pupillary ______, and sympathetic activation causes ______

constriction; dilation

a sudden rise of room brightness would cause

contraction of the pupillary constrictor muscles

a ray of light entering the eye will encounter these structures in which order?

cornea- aqueous humor- lens- vitreous body- retina- choroid

the outer layer of the adrenal gland is the

cortex

_____ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues

hormones

a person suffering from _____ can see distant objects more clearly than those that are close

hyperopia

the most complex endocrine responses that integrate the nervous and endocrine system involve the...

hypothalamus

the parathyroid glands produce a hormone that

increase the level of calcium ions in the blood

the pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is

insulin

the pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cell is

insulin

the beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce _____ which _____ blood sugar

insulin; lowers

the senses of equilibrium and hearing are provided by receptors of the

internal ear

define emmetropia

it is the term for normal vision

regulatory hormones that control secretion of anterior pituitary hormones are released by neurons at the ______ of the hypothalamus

median eminence

the inner portion of the adrenal gland is the

medulla

a person suffering from _____ can see objects that are close, but distant objects appear blurred

myopia

the function of gustatory receptors parallels that of

olfactory receptors

the hair cells of the cochlear duct are located in the

organ of Corti

the hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is

parathyroid hormone

which of the following is NOT one of the six primary taste sensations

peppery

a _____ is a basic unit or packet of light energy

photon

the visual receptors of the retina are called

photoreceptors

there are three different types of cones, each one sensitive to different light energies. these cones are designated

red, green, and blue

what is the function of the auditory tube?

to allow pressure equalization on both sides of the tympanic membrane

the external ear ends at the

tympanic membrane

the auditory ossicles connect the

tympanic membrane to the oval window

the taste sensation that is triggered by the amino acids and small peptides is known as

umami

which structure contain receptors sensitive to linear acceleration

utricle

the _____ convey(s) information about head position with respect to gravity

utricle and saccule

when all three cone populations are stimulated equally, we perceive

white

the pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is

FSH

the pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is

TSH

the link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually

a G protein

the ciliary muscle contracts to

adjust the shape of the lens for close vision

an activated G protein can trigger all of the following except

an increase ATP production

in which of the following cases would the focal distance be greater?

an object 10 inches away from your nose

increased levels of the hormone ______ will lead to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood

PTH

the functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the _____ system in many ways

endocrine

which of the following is mismatched?

endocrine communication- target cells are directly adjacent to each other

the hypothalamus is an important organ is both the _____ and _____ systems

endocrine; nervous

_____ fills the membranous labyrinth

endolymph

the formal term for the sense of gravity, rotation, and linear acceleration is the sense of

equilibrium

after a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex...

gene transcription is initiated

alpha cells are to _____ as beta cells are to _____

glucagon; insulin

visual pigments are derivatives of the compound

rhodopsin

_____ are photoreceptor cells that are most useful in dim light

rods

compare rods with cones

rods are active in dim light, and objects appear black and white. cones require intense light, and objects appear in color

gravity and linear acceleration are sensed in the

saccule and utricle

the hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by

secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system

cells can respond to _____ hormone(s) at a time

several

extracellular membrane receptors are used by all of the following types of hormones except

steroid hormones

receptors for all of the following hormones are found in the cell membranes of target cells except

steroid hormones

the _____ gland sits along the superior border of the kidney

suprarenal

perception of gravity and linear acceleration depends on

the force exerted by otoliths on hair cells of the maculae in the utricle or saccule

how do the semicircular canals and the semicircular ducts differ?

the semicircular canals are part of the bony labyrinth, and the canals surround the semicircular ducts, which are part of the membranous labyrinth

thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the

thyroid gland