Unit 8 Prep

gris v conneticut engel v vital baker v carr

- birth control legal - school prayers illegal - redrew voting lines

gulf of tokin resolution

-communist fired on US ship - gave president whatever power necessary to protect american interests

expanding liberalism: 1Gildeon v. Wainright (1963) 2 Griswold v. Conneticut(1965) 3 engel v vital (1962) 4bakerv carr (1962)

1if impoverished con't afford attorney in court, state must provide one 2rules that forbade birth control were unconstitutional 3school prayers were unconstitutional 4redrew voting lines

Domino Theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

NSC - 68 1950 "[W]e must, by means of a rapid and sustained build-up of the political, economic, and military strength of the free world, and by means of an affirmative program intended to wrest the initiative from the Soviet Union, confront it with convincing evidence of the determination and ability of the free world to frustrate the Kremlin design of a world dominated by its will. Such evidence is the only means short of war which eventually may force the Kremlin to abandon its present course of action and to negotiate acceptable agreements on issues of major importance. "The whole success of the proposed program hangs ultimately on recognition by this Government, the American people, and all free peoples, that the cold war is in fact a real war in which the survival of the free world is at stake.... The prosecution of the program will require of us all the ingenuity, sacrifice, and unity demanded by the vital importance of the issue and the tenacity to persevere until our national objectives have been attained." NSC-68: United States Objectives and Programs for National Security, 1950 Which of the following United States actions most directly resulted from the goals expressed in the excerpt? a) Intervention in the conflict in Korea b) Passage of new immigration laws c) Investigations to find communist subversives in government jobs d) Application of federal power to try to end poverty

Intervention in the conflict in Korea

Senator Joseph McCarthy 1950 "The reason why we find ourselves in a position of impotency is not because our only powerful potential enemy has sent men to invade our shores...but rather because of the traitorous actions of those who have been treated so well by this Nation. It has not been the less fortunate, or members of minority groups who have been traitorous to this Nation, but rather those who have had the benefits that the wealthiest Nation on earth has had to offer...the finest homes, the finest college education, and the finest jobs in government we can give. This is glaringly true in the State Department. There the bright young men who are born with silver spoons in their mouths are the ones who have been most traitorous." Senator Joseph McCarthy, speech in Wheeling, West Virginia, 1950 The political climate during McCarthy's era had the most in common with which of the following? a) The attacks on radicals and immigrants following the First World War b) The efforts to limit immigrants' political and economic power in the 1840s and 1850s c)The isolationism in United States foreign policy during the 1930s d) The decline in public confidence and trust in government in the 1970s

The attacks on radicals and immigrants following the First World War

Historian on the Moral Majority "The Moral Majority, Christian Voice, and other groups of the 1970s and 1980s had a far broader issue agenda than their predecessors. The core agenda involved opposition to abortion, civil rights protection for gays and lesbians, and the ERA [Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution, which would have guaranteed equal rights for women], and support for school prayer and tuition tax credits for religious schools. But the organizations staked positions on a variety of other issues as well. [Jerry] Falwell . . . consistently supported increases in defense spending. The Moral Majority Report, the organization's newsletter, attempted to build support for conservative economic issues as well, including a subminimum wage, a return to the gold standard, and cuts in social welfare spending." Clyde Wilcox, historian, 2003 The excerpt most directly reflects which change in United States society during the 1970s and the 1980s? a) The rise of political activism among evangelicals b) The emergence of a youth-based counterculture c) An increase in the number of traditional nuclear families d) The widespread closing of public schools

a

Historian on the Moral Majority "The Moral Majority, Christian Voice, and other groups of the 1970s and 1980s had a far broader issue agenda than their predecessors. The core agenda involved opposition to abortion, civil rights protection for gays and lesbians, and the ERA [Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution, which would have guaranteed equal rights for women], and support for school prayer and tuition tax credits for religious schools. But the organizations staked positions on a variety of other issues as well. [Jerry] Falwell . . . consistently supported increases in defense spending. The Moral Majority Report, the organization's newsletter, attempted to build support for conservative economic issues as well, including a subminimum wage, a return to the gold standard, and cuts in social welfare spending." Clyde Wilcox, historian, 2003 The growth of activism by religious conservatives in the second half of the 20th century occurred most directly in response to the a) challenging of social norms by youth movements b) expansion of the military budget as a result of intervention in Vietnam c) discovery of environmental damage caused by industrial production d) enactment of New Deal policies meant to address poverty

a

Phyllis Schlafly, "Whats Wrong with 'Equal Rights for Women?' 1972 Women's libbers do not speak for the majority of American women. American women do not want to be liberated from husbands and children. We do not want to trade our birthright of the special privileges of American women—for the mess of pottage called the Equal Rights Amendment. "Modern technology and opportunity have not discovered any nobler or more satisfying or more creative career for a woman than marriage and motherhood. The wonderful advantage that American women have is that we can have all the rewards of that number-one career, and still moonlight with a second one to suit our intellectual, cultural, or financial tastes or needs." Phyllis Schlafly, "What's Wrong with 'Equal Rights' for Women?," 1972 Which of the following would Schlafly and her supporters most likely identify as a long-term cause of the problems discussed in the excerpt? a) Increased political and cultural liberalism b)Increased inequality caused by economic changes c) The growth of suburbs in the Sun Belt region d) Decreasing economic and educational opportunities for women

a

The Great Society "The Great Society rests on abundance and liberty for all. It demands an end to poverty and racial injustice to which we are totally committed in our time. But that is just the beginning. The Great Society is a place where every child can find knowledge to enrich his mind and to enlarge his talents. It is a place where leisure is a welcome chance to build and reflect, not a feared cause of boredom and restlessness. It is a place where the city of man serves not only the needs of the body and the demands of commerce but the desire for beauty and the hunger for community. It is a place where man can renew contact with nature. It is a place which honors creation for its own sake and for what it adds to the understanding of the race. It is a place where men are more concerned with the quality of their goals than the quantity of their goods. But most of all, the Great Society is not a safe harbor, a resting place, a final objective, a finished work. It is a challenge constantly renewed, beckoning us toward a destiny where the meaning of our lives matches the marvelous products of our labor" Lyndon B. Johnson, The Great Society, May 22, 1964 The major objective of the antipoverty programs of Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society was to a) break the cycle of poverty among poor people through education and job training b) build a socialist society in the United States c)transfer the fed. government's responsibility for welfare back to the states d)provide temporary benefits to the "new poor" during times of recession

a

War Powers Act, passed by Congress in 1973 "PURPOSE AND POLICY "SECTION 2. (a) It is the purpose of this joint resolution to fulfill the intent of the framers of the Constitution of the United States and insure that the collective judgment of both the Congress and the President will apply to the introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities, or into situations where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstances, and to the continued use of such forces in hostilities or in such situations. . . ." "CONSULTATION "SECTION 3. The President in every possible instance shall consult with Congress before introducing United States Armed Forces into hostilities or into situation where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstances, and after every such introduction shall consult regularly with the Congress until United States Armed Forces are no longer engaged in hostilities or have been removed from such situations." War Powers Act, passed by Congress in 1973 Which of the following developments best explains the passage of the excerpted law? a) Presidents deepened United States military engagement in Vietnam without declaration of war b) African American leaders criticized the violence inflicted on peaceful civil rights protesters in the South c) Congress objected to the measures used by presidents to enforce the desegregation of schools d) Counterculture leaders argued for expansion of presidential powers to uncover communist infiltrators

a

War Powers Act, passed by Congress in 1973 "PURPOSE AND POLICY "SECTION 2. (a) It is the purpose of this joint resolution to fulfill the intent of the framers of the Constitution of the United States and insure that the collective judgment of both the Congress and the President will apply to the introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities, or into situations where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstances, and to the continued use of such forces in hostilities or in such situations. . . ." "CONSULTATION "SECTION 3. The President in every possible instance shall consult with Congress before introducing United States Armed Forces into hostilities or into situation where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstances, and after every such introduction shall consult regularly with the Congress until United States Armed Forces are no longer engaged in hostilities or have been removed from such situations." War Powers Act, passed by Congress in 1973 Which of the following political debates in the 20th century best explains the goals of the act to "fulfill the intent of the framers of the Constitution"? a) The debate over the expansion of executive authority b) The debate over the extension of individual rights to new groups c)The debate over the role of the federal government in the economy d)The debate over restricting civil liberties in wartime

a

24th amendment

abolished poll tax

Senator Joseph McCarthy 1950 "The reason why we find ourselves in a position of impotency is not because our only powerful potential enemy has sent men to invade our shores...but rather because of the traitorous actions of those who have been treated so well by this Nation. It has not been the less fortunate, or members of minority groups who have been traitorous to this Nation, but rather those who have had the benefits that the wealthiest Nation on earth has had to offer...the finest homes, the finest college education, and the finest jobs in government we can give. This is glaringly true in the State Department. There the bright young men who are born with silver spoons in their mouths are the ones who have been most traitorous." Senator Joseph McCarthy, speech in Wheeling, West Virginia, 1950 McCarthy's accusations in the excerpt best reflect which of the following? a) Resistance to efforts to achieve racial desegregation b) Support for seeking new Cold War allies among nonaligned nations c) Anxieties about Soviet influence at home and abroad d) Ideological concerns over United States involvement in the Middle East

anxieties about Soviet influence at home and abroad

southern manifesto

argued supreme court engaged in gross abuse of power by desegregating schools

Truman Doctorine (1947)

assisting any country threatened by SU

"onward and upward" The central point of the 1960s cartoon was that a) protesters were successfully challenging the goals of LBJ's Great Society b) the cost of the Vietnam War limited the President's ability to carry out domestic programs c) the President was more interested in domestic programs than in foreign policy d) the public was more interested in foreign policy than domestic reforms

b

Nine Blind Men and the Tiger a) Increased public opposition to the use of nuclear weapons b) Reduced congressional oversight of United States military interventions c) Reduced public trust in the federal government and the president d) Expanded use of military force to achieve foreign policy goals in Eastern Europe

b

Phyllis Schlafly, "Whats Wrong with 'Equal Rights for Women?' 1972 Women's libbers do not speak for the majority of American women. American women do not want to be liberated from husbands and children. We do not want to trade our birthright of the special privileges of American women—for the mess of pottage called the Equal Rights Amendment. "Modern technology and opportunity have not discovered any nobler or more satisfying or more creative career for a woman than marriage and motherhood. The wonderful advantage that American women have is that we can have all the rewards of that number-one career, and still moonlight with a second one to suit our intellectual, cultural, or financial tastes or needs." Phyllis Schlafly, "What's Wrong with 'Equal Rights' for Women?," 1972 The ideas in the excerpt about women's roles in society have the most in common with ideas associated with which of the following? a)The increased participation of women in the workforce during the Second World War b)The greater separation of home and workplace during the first decades of the 19th century c)Political and social reform efforts led by women's clubs during the late 19th century d)Activism on behalf of women's rights during the middle of the 19th century

b

NSC - 68 1950 "[W]e must, by means of a rapid and sustained build-up of the political, economic, and military strength of the free world, and by means of an affirmative program intended to wrest the initiative from the Soviet Union, confront it with convincing evidence of the determination and ability of the free world to frustrate the Kremlin design of a world dominated by its will. Such evidence is the only means short of war which eventually may force the Kremlin to abandon its present course of action and to negotiate acceptable agreements on issues of major importance. "The whole success of the proposed program hangs ultimately on recognition by this Government, the American people, and all free peoples, that the cold war is in fact a real war in which the survival of the free world is at stake.... The prosecution of the program will require of us all the ingenuity, sacrifice, and unity demanded by the vital importance of the issue and the tenacity to persevere until our national objectives have been attained." NSC-68: United States Objectives and Programs for National Security, 1950 The excerpt most directly reflects the United States efforts to a) gain access to Eastern European markets b) build an international security system c) maintain an isolationist position d) acquire new territories

build an international security system

An Angry Man Talks Up to Youth, 1970 "I am forty-nine years old. It took me years of considerable anguish to get where I am. . . . I was nurtured in the Depression; I lost four years to war; I have had one coronary; I am a 'liberal,' a square and a professor of history. "As such, I am supposed to have 'liaison' with the young. But the fact is that I am fed up with hippies, Yippies, militants and nonsense. . . . "Every generation makes mistakes, always has and always will. We have made our share. But my generation has made America the most affluent country on earth; it has tackled, head-on, a racial problem which no nation on earth in the history of mankind had dared to do. It has publicly declared war on poverty and it has gone to the moon; it has desegregated schools and abolished polio. . . . "I assert that we are [in] trouble with this younger generation not because we have failed our country, not because of affluence or stupidity, . . . not because we are middle-class materialists, but simply because we have failed to keep that generation in its place. . . . "To the extent that we now rely on the police, mace, the National Guard, tear gas, steel fences and a wringing of hands, we will fail. What we need is a reappraisal of our own middle-class selves, our worth and our hard-won progress. We need to use disdain, not mace; we need to reassess a weapon we came by the hard way—firm authority as parents, teachers, businessmen, workers and politicians." K. Ross Toole, An Angry Man Talks Up to Youth, 1970 The sentiments expressed in the excerpt are best explained in connection to which of the following broader developments during the period? a) Increasing calls for the United States to take a more aggressive stance against immigration b) Growing support for suburbanization and for having large, nuclear families c) A widening political and cultural gap between young people and earlier generations d) Rising influence of evangelical Christian political organizations

c

An Angry Man Talks Up to Youth, 1970 "I am forty-nine years old. It took me years of considerable anguish to get where I am. . . . I was nurtured in the Depression; I lost four years to war; I have had one coronary; I am a 'liberal,' a square and a professor of history. "As such, I am supposed to have 'liaison' with the young. But the fact is that I am fed up with hippies, Yippies, militants and nonsense. . . . "Every generation makes mistakes, always has and always will. We have made our share. But my generation has made America the most affluent country on earth; it has tackled, head-on, a racial problem which no nation on earth in the history of mankind had dared to do. It has publicly declared war on poverty and it has gone to the moon; it has desegregated schools and abolished polio. . . . "I assert that we are [in] trouble with this younger generation not because we have failed our country, not because of affluence or stupidity, . . . not because we are middle-class materialists, but simply because we have failed to keep that generation in its place. . . . "To the extent that we now rely on the police, mace, the National Guard, tear gas, steel fences and a wringing of hands, we will fail. What we need is a reappraisal of our own middle-class selves, our worth and our hard-won progress. We need to use disdain, not mace; we need to reassess a weapon we came by the hard way—firm authority as parents, teachers, businessmen, workers and politicians." K. Ross Toole, An Angry Man Talks Up to Youth, 1970 Which of the following was a long term reaction to the actions of the youth addressed in the excerpt? a) The rejection of nonviolent tactics by the majority of civil rights groups b) The establishment of organizations to address environmental concerns c) The emergence of a conservative backlash against perceived cultural decline d) The expansion of US military involvement in Southeast Asia

c

The Iron Curtain Speech "A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by the Allied victory. Nobody knows what Soviet Russia and its Communist international organization intends to do in the immediate future, or what are the limits, if any, to their expansive and proselytizing tendencies. . . . It is my duty . . . to place before you certain facts about the present position in Europe. "From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest, and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow. Athens alone—Greece with its immortal glories —is free to decide its future at an election under British, American, and French observation. . . . The Communist parties, which were very small in all these Eastern States of Europe, have been raised to preeminence and power far beyond their numbers and are seeking everywhere to obtain totalitarian control." Former British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill, speaking at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri, "Sinews of Peace," (better known as the "Iron Curtain Speech"), 1946 The fact that a former British prime minister expressed the ideas in the excerpt to an audience in the United States helped promote which of the following? a) United States support for British efforts to retain its colonial empire b) A decision by the United States to withdraw troops from Japan in order to better protect Europe c) The participation of both Britain and the United States in an international collective security system d) A greater United States willingness to share nuclear weapons with Britain

c

The Presidential Election of 1964 What conclusion can be drawn from this map, which depicts the 1964 presidential contest between LBJ and Barry Goldwater? a) Johnson's crass manners made him extremely unpopular in conservative states b) Goldwater was the first Republican candidate to win a significant percentage of the popular vote since Dwight Eisenhower in 1952 c) Many Southerners had begun to sever their historic ties with the Democrats d) LBJ was not very popular in the states closely tied to the military-industrial complex

c

sexual revolution and what it led to

casual sex roe v. wade: legalized abortion

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) Port Huron Statement 1962 "We are the people of this generation, bred in at least modest comfort, housed now in universities, looking uncomfortably to the world we inherit. "When we were kids, the United States was the wealthiest and strongest country in the world; the only one with the atom bomb, the least scarred by modern war, an initiator of the United Nations.... "As we grew, however, our comfort was penetrated by events too troubling to dismiss.... "The conventional moral terms of the age, the politician moralities—'free world,' 'people's democracies' reflect realities poorly, if at all, and seem to function more as ruling myths than as descriptive principles.... "The bridge to political power, though, will be built through genuine cooperation, locally, nationally, and internationally, between a new left of young people, and an awakening community of allies." Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), Port Huron Statement, 1962 What did SDS have most in common with the youth counterculture of the 1960s? a) A commitment to reforming society through direct political action b) A desire to remove themselves from mainstream society and experiment with drugs c) A determination to establish gender equality throughout the United States d) A rejection of many of the values of their parents' generation

d

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) Port Huron Statement 1962 "We are the people of this generation, bred in at least modest comfort, housed now in universities, looking uncomfortably to the world we inherit. "When we were kids, the United States was the wealthiest and strongest country in the world; the only one with the atom bomb, the least scarred by modern war, an initiator of the United Nations.... "As we grew, however, our comfort was penetrated by events too troubling to dismiss.... "The conventional moral terms of the age, the politician moralities—'free world,' 'people's democracies' reflect realities poorly, if at all, and seem to function more as ruling myths than as descriptive principles.... "The bridge to political power, though, will be built through genuine cooperation, locally, nationally, and internationally, between a new left of young people, and an awakening community of allies." Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), Port Huron Statement, 1962 Which of the following post-1945 developments contributed most strongly to the discomfort that members of SDS felt? a) The Brown v Board of Education decision on school decision on school desegregation b) The support for collective security through international organizations c) The efforts of Congress to adopt legislation to deal with domestic social problems d) The disillusionment with United States domestic values and Cold War events

d

The Great Society "The Great Society rests on abundance and liberty for all. It demands an end to poverty and racial injustice to which we are totally committed in our time. But that is just the beginning. The Great Society is a place where every child can find knowledge to enrich his mind and to enlarge his talents. It is a place where leisure is a welcome chance to build and reflect, not a feared cause of boredom and restlessness. It is a place where the city of man serves not only the needs of the body and the demands of commerce but the desire for beauty and the hunger for community. It is a place where man can renew contact with nature. It is a place which honors creation for its own sake and for what it adds to the understanding of the race. It is a place where men are more concerned with the quality of their goals than the quantity of their goods. But most of all, the Great Society is not a safe harbor, a resting place, a final objective, a finished work. It is a challenge constantly renewed, beckoning us toward a destiny where the meaning of our lives matches the marvelous products of our labor" Lyndon B. Johnson, The Great Society, May 22, 1964 The Great Society of Lyndon Johnson's presidency resulted in a)the elimination of poverty in Appalachia b) the elimination of environmental regulations for defense industries c)significant deregulation of industry d)Divisions in the democratic party

d

The Feminine Mystique

described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men

Federal Loyalty Program

federal employees had to pledge that they weren't communist

taft harley

more difficult for unions to form (concern of communist act)

executive order 9981

no segregation in armed forces

beatniks

poets who rebelled against conformity

credability gap

president lying about realities of war

stonewall

protested for gay rights

The Iron Curtain Speech "A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by the Allied victory. Nobody knows what Soviet Russia and its Communist international organization intends to do in the immediate future, or what are the limits, if any, to their expansive and proselytizing tendencies. . . . It is my duty . . . to place before you certain facts about the present position in Europe. "From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest, and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow. Athens alone—Greece with its immortal glories —is free to decide its future at an election under British, American, and French observation. . . . The Communist parties, which were very small in all these Eastern States of Europe, have been raised to preeminence and power far beyond their numbers and are seeking everywhere to obtain totalitarian control." Former British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill, speaking at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri, "Sinews of Peace," (better known as the "Iron Curtain Speech"), 1946 A key significance of Churchill's purpose in the excerpt was that it helped prompt the United States to a) promise financial aid to veterans returning from the Second World War promoting economic growth b) provide financial support to democratic nations in Western Europe to help restore a market economy c) restrict the power of labor unions in the United States to help protect the country from communist influence d) eliminate many earlier barriers to immigration, allowing postwar refugees to enter the country

provide financial support to democratic nations in Western Europe to help restore a market economy

vietnamization

removing troops from vietnam while continuing financial aid

Un-American Activities Committee

searched for communist influence joseph mccarthy (communist hunter)

great society - office of economic opportunity - medicare - Medicaid - abolishment of immigration quotas

sought to correct ills at home - help impoverished Americans -provided federally funded health insurance to retired - provided federally funded health insurance to poor - new opportunities for immigrants

great society

sought to fix ills at home (similar to new deal) civil rights help impoverished health insurance new opportunities for immigrants

baby boom lead to what

suburbs, more middle class

tet offensive

suprise attack on US ship ->vietcong by US: more deaths for North Korea

mass culture

widespread set of ideas and behaviors to not be seen as communists (televisions, advtisements)

Servicemen's Readjustment Act

ww2 veterans given college opportunities and lower house loans