Unit 8 Test Review
Cave Swallows makes nests out of saliva, which some people then harvest to make expensive soup. If too many nests are harvested then the Swallows won't be able to rear their young and the population will crash. When evaluating how may nests to harvest we should focus on
Maximum Sustainable Yield
Which of the following was a significant cause of urban sprawl over the past 50 years?
Migration of people from rural areas to large central cities
What is the general relationship between meat consumption and affluence
More affluent nations tend to consume more meat products
The US has a total land area of about 980,000,000 hectares. Approximately how many hectares are used for recreational and wildlife lands?
107,500,000
Use Figure 10-1. Rural populations decreased approximately ___% from 1950 to 2000
15
Use Figure 11-3. If you input a total of 3,000,000 calories of energy into small-scale corn farming, about how many calories of food will you produce?
15,000,000
Meat consumption in the US is generally about __% higher than the rest of the world
150
Use Figure 10-1. What was the approximate US population in 1950.
150 million
Use Figure 10-2. The US has a total land area of about 980,000,000 hectares. Approximately how many hectares are used for cropland?
196,000,000 hectares
Use Figure 11-2. Between which years did global fish production increase the most?
1960 and 1970
Use Figure 10-1. The US has experienced a shift in where its population lives over the last century. According to the figure above, in what decade were urban, suburban, and rural populations approximately equal?
1960s
Per capita grain production worldwide increased dramatically until about ____. It has leveled since then and may actually be ___ slightly
1985; decreasing
The average food item in the US travels ___ km from harvest to table
2000
Federally owned land in the US can best be described as
25 percent of all land, with the majority of it in the west
Use Figure 11-2. By about how much did aquaculture increase from 1980 to 2000?
30 million metric tons
The US accounts for about what percent of worldwide pesticide use?
33
You are looking at two different houses. House 1 would have a daily 5-mile commute to work, while house 2 would have a daily 20-mile commute. How much more CO2 would you produce annually if you buy house 2? (Driving 1 mile produces 1.1 lb of CO2 and you work 240 days/year)
3960 lb
Use Figure 10-1. In 2000, the suburban population was approximately what percent of the total population?
50%
Use Figure 10-2. What percent of US land is used to produce physical resources, including crops, wood, or food for grazing animals?
74%
Most coastal states require shrimping vessels to install TEDs, which allow sea turtles to pass safely through the net, while still allowing the net to catch shrimp. This is an example of
A bycatch reduction device
In order for organic farmers to make a profit (and this be economically sustainable)
Consumers must be willing to pay higher costs associated with organic produce
Not till farming will most likely to lead to all of the following EXCEPT
Decrease in the use of herbicides
Use Figure 10-2. What type of land use is LEAST common in the US?
Defense
Which of the following is not an example of the tragedy of the commons?
Depletion of soil minerals by farmers on private land
Which of the following is NOT a result of urban sprawl?
Due to larger parcel size surburban populations use twice as much land area as similarly sized urban populations
Which of the following practices is not a part of integrated pest management?
Elimination of pesticides
Marine fisheries are particularly susceptible to the tragedy of the commons because
Fish are highly migratory, so they don't belong to any one nation
Typically, most of the energy subsidies in modern agriculture are in the form of
Fossil fuels
Eminent Domain is a tool that can be used to assist in smart growth. This tool allows
Governments to acquire land at fair market value even if the owner does not wish to sell it
When looking at both private and public lands in the US the most common use is
Grazing land
Integrated Pest Management is especially successful in developing countries because
High-input industrial farming is not feasible because farmers lack financial resources
A management system that includes fire suppression will likely lead to I. Large quantities of biomass accumulating on the forest floor II. An increase in the likelihood of uncontrolled natural fires III. Increase in fire-dependent species
I and II
A steady diet of high calorie, low nutrition fast food may lead to I. Over nutrition II. Malnutrition III. Undernutrition
I and II
Critics of using genetically modified organisms as food crops warn of which of the following dangers? I. Introduction of new allergens into the food supply II. Loss of genetic diversity in food crops III. Decreases in food production worldwide
I and II
According to the Environmental Defense Fund, which of the following fish are "best" choices for sustainability? I wild alaskan salmon II. Chilean sea bass III Farmed rainbow trout
I and III
In which of the following ways did the green revolution increase food production?
I, II, and III
Which of the following are environmental impacts of urban sprawl? I. Greater reliance on the automobile and increased fossil fuel consumption II. Increased consumption of land for housing and highway construction III loss of valuable farmlands
I, II, and III
A management system that includes prescribed burns will likely lead to I. large quantities of biomass accumulating on the forest floor II. A decrease in the likelihood of uncontrolled natural fires III. An increase in fire-dependent species
II and III
Irrigation can result in which of the following environmental problems? I. Reduction of evaporation rates II. Accumulation of salts in soil III. Waterlogging of soil and plant roots
II and III
Which of the following does not explain the rise of the modern farming system?
Small farms are usually more profitable than large farms
Which of the following is not an environmental or health problem that has been associated with CAFOs?
The overgrazing of large tracts of land
Industrial Agriculture has many benefits. Which of the following is NOT a benefit associated with industrial agriculture?
The ratio of energy input to calorie output is low
After many years of applying the selective pesticide provironex, a farmer notices that the applications seem less effective. This is likely due to
The target species has begun to evolve resistance
The tendency of a shared, limited resource to become depleted because people act out of self-interest for short-term gain is generally referred to as
The tragedy of the commons
Which of the following is an environmental advantage of no-till agriculture?
The undisturbed soil is less susceptible to erosion
Public lands in the US are categorized for use based on the managing agency. In general National Park Service lands are used for
Wildlife conservation, hunting, and recreation
Use Figure 11-1. Based on the above recommended daily allowances, which of the following categorical groups would requires the largest caloric intake?
Young men
Fo many years, forest fires were suppressed to protect lives and property. This policy has led to
a buildup of dead biomass that can fuel larger fires
Urban blight can best be described as
a positive feedback loop involving the migration of goods and services away from an urban center
Induced demand, as it related to urban sprawl, can best be described as
a positive feedback loop involving the use of tax revenue to build roads which leads to urban exodus
If a farmer overgrazes his sheep in a common pasture the end result is more harm than benefit. This example BEST demonstrates
an environmental externality
Which areas of the world are most susceptible to desertification
areas adjacent to existing deserts
Farmers who practice organic agriculture have less of an impact on the environment that farmers who practice industrial agriculture because they
avoid pesticides and synthetic fertilizers
It has been projected that aquaculture could supply about one-half the global demand for seafood by 2025. However, future production through aquaculture could be limited because
concentrated waste from aquaculture facilities contaminates rivers and oceans
The Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 was passed to
limit grazing on Bureau of Land Management lands through a permit system
In the graph on page 279 of the population growth of the common pheasant, one of the world's most hunted birds, X represents
maximum sustainable yield
In the US, organic farming is regulated by
OFPA
The vast majority of wilderness areas in the US exist in
Alaska
Many scientists argue that worldwide fisheries are declining, yet the worldwide number of fish harvested continues to increase. What would best explain this discrepancy?
An increase in fishing technology and increased fishing effort are leading to an increase in catch despite the declining populations
The data presented on page 307, compiled by the FAO, describe world fish production from 1950 to 2003. Based on these data, which of the following statements best describes the global trend in fish production?
As the human population continues to increase, per capita farmed fish production also continues to increase
Which of the following is not an environmental consequence of clear-cutting?
Increased fish populations due to the influx of nutrients into streams
Which of the following is not an environmental benefit of smart growth?
Increased impervious surfaces
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations make meat more economical, but may have some negative environmental impacts. These include all of the following EXCEPT
Increased use of land area over other types of animal farming
Synthetic fertilizers have many advantages over traditional "organic" animal waste fertilizers. These include all of the following EXCEPT:
Lack of nutrient runoff problems
Mechanization of agriculture is advantageous for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
Machines encourage the growth of several types of plants in a single farm
Which of the following is not a traditional farming technique that is used in sustainable agriculture?
Nomadic herding
Which of the following is an environmental effect of bycatch?
Nontarget fish populations have declined
Monocropping has a number of disadvantages. These include all of the following EXCEPT
Nutrition and pesticide needs should be similar throughout a single crop
The four major public land management agencies in the United States operate under the principle of multiple use. Which of the following uses is common to all four agencies' lands?
recreation
Which of the following statements best describes the pesticides treadmill?
Some pest populations evolve resistance to pesticides, which become less effective over time, so that new pesticides must be developed
Most zoning laws in the US
Still favor automobile-dependent development
Use Figure 10-1. Which setting showed the greatest overall growth rate?
Suburban
The nation with the largest percentage of publicly held land is
The United States
Under the provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), which of the following would require the preparation of an environmental impact statement (EIS)?
The expansion of an interstate highway
Massive forest fires that burn large areas and destroy canopy are most likely to benefit
early succession species seeking to fill a niche
When we purchase an item, we are charged for the labor and supply costs of producing that item. However, we are not charged for the costs of any environmental damage that occurred in manufacturing that item. Those costs are known as
externalities
Concentrated animal feeding operations can best be described as
facilities where a large number of animals are housed and fed in a confined space
Scientists have inserted a gene for the production of vitamin A into rice. This practice of changing the genetic structure of agricultural products to improve desirable traits is known as
genetic engineering
Worldwide, the largest component of the human diet is
grain products
Use Figure 11-1. In general, for females, caloric requirements ___ to age ___, then ____ until death
increase; 20; decrease
Integrated Pest Management is likely to use all of the following techniques EXCEPT
increased use of traditional pesticides
The use of synthetic fertilizers increases crop yields, but also
increases nutrient run-off into bordering surface waters
Development that builds on vacant lots within cities rather than expanding into new land outside the city is known as
infill
Currently, most of the US population live in ___ areas
suburban
The major difference between the National Park Service and the United States Forest Service is
the NPS manages for ecosystems while the USFS manages for resource use
The end result of the example of tragedy of the commons involving sheep is that
the land becomes barren from overgrazing
