Unit 9 & 12 Exam Psychology

Which theorist promoted the idea that development is fundamentally affected by oneâ s culture as well as their interactions with their own environment?

Vygotsky

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

Zygote

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?

authoritative

Rhona and Jerome share each other's thoughts and feelings and are prepared to support each other, but they do not feel any real passion toward each other. They have a relationship based on ________ love.

companionate

During Piaget's proposed ________ stage of development, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations. At the same time they lack the ability to think abstractly.

concrete operational

In Stanley Milgram's obedience research, the person playing the part of the "learner" was an accomplice, or ________, of the experiment. He was aware of the true purpose of the research, was never shocked, and was acting according to Milgramâ s instructions.

confederate

Both in the original study and in this replication, there were a number of "fake participants." These individuals who work for the researcher and are aware of the experiment are known as:

confederates.

ules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this?

disorganized

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his motherâ s birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?

egocentrism

The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________.

emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition

Early maturing girls are ________.

at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders

According to Piaget, children develop abstract reasoning at the ________ stage of cognitive development

formal operational

Age-specific approximations of when a certain skill or ability should first occur in normal development are called developmental ________.

milestones

Some of the participants decided to go along with the group and chose "A," even though they believed the answer was "C," because they wanted to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by the group. This is an example of:

normative social influence.

According to Piaget, during their first year, infants develop ________, the understanding that an object continues to exist even when you cannot see it or touch it

object permanence

Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage?

object permanence

When a person is making a persuasive argument that utilizes the ________ route, they rely on factors unrelated to their actual message to persuade their listener. The hope is that these factors will encourage positivity with the message itself.

peripheral

The ________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve.

just-world

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?

secure

According to Piaget, the first stage of a child's cognitive development is the ________ stage

sensorimotor

What was the main conclusion drawn from the Stanford prison experiment?

social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills

Gross

Which statement about groupthink is correct?

Group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus.

What is the main point of the textbook discussion of Milgram's obedience study?

Individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person.

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding social exchange theory?

People are dissatisfied if their social exchanges create more costs than benefits unless the relationship is an example of consummate love.

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught and heâ d get punished by his parents. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?

Pre-conventional

Ross has learned that he has Parkinson's disease, and that in time he will lose some of his cognitive faculties. He and his wife have a lawyer draw up a document that names her a health care ________ who will be able to make medical decisions for Ross when he is unable to do so for himself.

Proxy

________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.

Schemata

Which of the following illustrates conservation?

Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

Which of the following is the best example of central route persuasion?

anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year

Why are girls more likely than boys to be victims of cyberbullying?

because it is a less direct and nonphysical form of bullying

What is a main feature of the jigsaw classroom?

students work together with others who are of different racial backgrounds or different ability sets

Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period.

surveys

Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she is just a nasty person, and does not consider that she may just have had a bad day and is venting. Lee is demonstrating ________.

the fundamental attribution error

During which kind of situation might a person be most likely to yield to the effects of informational social influence?

when the correct choice is unclear

In this video, we see a replication of the Solomon Asch line study. What was this study designed to investigate?

conformity

Ashley and Mikhail share their intimate thoughts and emotions, are physically attracted to each other and have an active and satisfying sex life, and are each deeply committed to supporting each other. They share ________ love.

consummate

The goal of hospice care is to provide

death with dignity and pain management in a humane and comfortable setting.

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

environment and culture

Which type of persuasion approach involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item?

foot-in-the-door technique

During adolescence there is a tendency to see people engage in higher levels of risk-taking behavior. Emotional outbursts are also quite common. This is explained by the relative underdevelopment of the ________ lobe of the cerebral cortex.

frontal

Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion?

getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether

Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. She thinks that those who do not play chess must be less intelligent than those who do, and thus she doesnâ t want to spend time with them. Jasmin has a(n) ________ bias.

in-group

Some of the participants chose "A," even though they originally believed the answer was "C," because the rest of the group answering "A" caused them to question their answer. They decided the group must have the correct answer. This is an example of:

informational social influence.

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. Within the psychosocial model of development, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?

integrity vs. despair

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is

permissive

Within the field of social psychology, a script is defined as a ________.

person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

A negative attitude and feeling toward an individual that is based solely on that person's membership in a specific group is called ________.

prejudice

Heather and Mike share the household chores as equally as possible. They take turns with the cooking and driving their son to daycare. Both of them work outside the home, and each of them takes responsibility for child care one night a week to give the other one a break. We can say that their relationship has a high level of ________.

reciprocity

uring Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through what we can take in through our perceptual systems and how we can move our bodies.

Sensorimotor

What is the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Which theorist is credited with proposing the psychosexual stages of development?

Sigmund Freud

According to the frustration aggression theory, which of the following is likely to occur when Simon gets frustrated with his toilet training?

Simon bites his mother

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees cars driving on television, she says, â Look mommy, truck!â This exemplifies ________.

Assimilation

________ is the understanding that the physical properties of objects, such as the number of items in a cluster or the amount of liquid in a glass, can remain the same even when their form or appearance changes

Conservation

According to ________, lifespan development encompasses eight stages and at each stage we encounter a psychosocial crisis that must be resolved.

Erik Erikson

1 out of 1 points ________ is the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group.

Group polarization

Which of the following is an example of a self-serving bias?

Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams.

A person is most likely to go along with the group if the size of the group is:

7.

What is the main point of the quizmaster study?

People will overlook obvious situational influences on behavior.