United States
The growing season in this eastern region is nearly three weeks longer than in the more marginal area of Finger Lakes, where 90% of New York's wine is produced. True or False?
True
Viticulture also thrived in Ohio: at the height of his winemaking career in the mid-19th century, Nicholas Longworth annually produced 150,000 bottles of traditional method, hand-riddled sparkling Catawba. True or False?
True
White grapes, led by Chardonnay and Riesling—a variety that has achieved more success in this state than elsewhere in the country—have dominated viticulture in this northerly climate historically, but by the early 2010s red varieties had surpassed them in total acreage. True or False?
True
Wine is now made in all 50 states, and the United States has become a world leader in production, consumption, and criticism of wine. True or False?
True
Jory soil
a well-drained soil series of volcanic origin, is common in the "red hills" of the Dundee Hills AVA
Alcohol content must be stated on the label, within a margin of ______%. As an alternative, wines in the ______% abv range may simply be labeled as "table wine" or "light wine."
+/- 1.5%; 7-14%
____________, the southernmost AVA within Napa, is suitable for the production of sparkling wines
Carneros
The windy, foggy ______________ AVA of Sonoma is a cool Region I area, whereas the warm northern Sonoma AVAs of _______________ and _______________ are considered Region III.
Carneros Alexander Valley and Dry Creek Valley
Which of the following grapes is not a French hybrid? • Cassady • Rosette • Maréchal Foch • de Chaunac • Baco Noir
Cassady
California's ____________ AVA spans the entirety of California's coastline from San Francisco Bay in the north to Santa Barbara County in the south.
Central Coast AVA
The bulk of California's wine is produced in the state's vast, hot ______________, an extensively irrigated agricultural area divided between the northern Sacramento Valley and the southern San Joaquin Valley—the latter encompasses over 100,000 acres under vine.
Central Valley
___________ AVA, an appellation dominated by the producer of the same name in Monterey, lies to the south in the same range.
Chalone AVA
The first _______________ bottling (Monterey's oldest commercial vineyard) debuted in 1960.
Chalone Vineyard
What is the noteworthy wine from Sierra Foothills AVA?
Chewy, spicy, concentrated Zinfandel, sometimes sourced from vines dating back to before Prohibition, is the Sierra Foothills' most acclaimed style.
Match the AVA to the appropriate county. Chiles Valley Potter Valley Mount Harlan Chalone York Mountain
Chiles Valley Napa County Potter Valley Mendocino County Mount Harlan San Benito County Chalone Monterey County York Mountain San Luis Obispo County
What are the names of the two secluded AVAs of northern Mendocino?
Dos Rios and Covelo.
By the late 1970s, both Oregon and Washington had small, quality-conscious wine industries, and _______________, a janitor at Cornell University, demonstrated in the face of tremendous skepticism that Vitis vinifera could grow successfully in the Finger Lakes.
Dr. Konstantin Frank
In the wake of __________________ successful cultivation of vinifera grapes in the early 1960s, new plantings of European varieties have greatly increased
Dr. Konstantin Frank's
What is a major concern for producers located on Napa's hillsides?
Erosion is a serious concern amongst Napa's hillside growers, as heavy winter rains can literally wash away a vineyard's entire topsoil, leaving nothing but hard bedrock behind.
McDowell Valley are essentially monopole AVAs of the ___________ and _____________ wineries
Esterlina and McDowell Valley
Napa Valley is formed by the ___________ Mountains to the west, which mark the border with Sonoma County, and the ___________ Mountains on the east.
Mayacamas; Vaca
Cole Ranch and ______________ are single producer AVAs located in Mendocino County.
McDowell Valley
Sonoma County lies between Napa County and the Pacific coast and is bordered on the north by ___________ and ___________ and the south by _______, ___________, and _________.
Mendocino and Lake Marin, Solano, and Contra Costa.
"___________," a term trademarked by the Meritage Alliance, is used by producers to indicate a premium blend in which no grape accounts for more than 90% of the wine.
Meritage
Guidelines for Meritage wines
Meritage wines may be red or white, but must be produced from Bordeaux varieties. Also, it is used by producers to indicate a premium blend in which no grape accounts for more than 90% of the wine.
The _____________ grape, introduced to Mexico in the early 1500s, made its way northward to Rio Grande settlements in present-day Texas and New Mexico as early as_______.
Mission; 1629
A catastrophic cycle of massive floods that occurred repeatedly at the end of the last ice age, some 12,000 to 18,000 years ago.
Missoula Floods
_________ is the second largest producer of wine in the US, but Vitis vinifera grapes currently account for less than _________ of the state's vineyards.
New York; one-third
______________, an American cross of Concord and Cassady, still has a large following in the Finger Lakes.
Niagara
Viticulture also thrived in Ohio: at the height of his winemaking career in the mid-19th century, _____________ annually produced 150,000 bottles of traditional method, hand-riddled sparkling ____________.
Nicholas Longworth; Catawba
What are soils like on Napa's valley floors and what kind of Cabernet is produced?
The topsoil on the valley floor is deeper, and valley fruit tends to produce a more elegant and supple style of Cabernet, with less intensity of color.
White grapes, led by Chardonnay and __________—a variety that has achieved more success in this state than elsewhere in the country—have dominated viticulture in this northerly climate historically, but by the early 2010s red varieties had surpassed them in total acreage.
Riesling
_____________ performs especially well in the Finger Lakes, and Pinot Noir plantings are showing promise.
Riesling
Besides sparkling wines, what other wine styles/varieties do well in Anderson Valley?
Riesling and Gewürztraminer perform well.
Who are some some winemakers that Andre Tchelistcheff mentored?
Robert Mondavi, Louis Martini, Joe Heitz, and Mike Grgich
Following his departure from Charles Krug due to a family feud, ______________, a man many credit with creating the "brand" of Napa Valley, launched his winery's first harvest in ________.
Robert Mondavi; 1966
One area of Walla Walla Valley, the __________________, features a topsoil of basalt cobblestones that draws comparisons to the galets of Châteauneuf-du-Pape—and producers are just beginning to explore its potential for Rhône-style wines.
Rocks of Milton-Freewater
Chalk Hill and Green Valley are essentially sub-AVAs of what Sonoma AVA?
Russian River Valley AVA
The _________________ AVA, which follows the river southwest from the town of Healdsburg, is also highly regarded for Pinot Noir and Chardonnay made in fruity, forward styles, yet the appellation's more moderate climate may ultimately prove most hospitable to Rhône grapes and Zinfandel.
Russian River Valley AVA
Coastal producers of note include Hirsch, Marcassin, and Peay, whereas Dehlinger, Joseph Swan, Rochioli, and Williams-Selyem are prominent names in _________________
Russian River Valley.
What sub-AVA of Napa Valley best showcases the potential of Napa's valley floor?
Rutherford AVA exemplifies the valley floor style.
South of the San Francisco Bay is Monterey County, home to ______________, the "lettuce capital of the world."
Salinas Valley
In the wake of Napa's success, the Monterey AVA, including the valleys of __________ and __________, was extensively planted with vines.
Salinas and Carmel
Pinot Noir does well in the Mount Harlan AVA, within __________________ in the Gabilan Mountains to the east
San Benito County
In 1823, the Franciscans built the ___________________Mission, the last of the missions and the northern terminus of the Spanish Empire in North America—a site now occupied by Sonoma's town square.
San Francisco de Solano Mission
What two mountains run parallel with Santa Barbara's valleys?
San Rafael and Santa Ynez Mountains
What region has the longest growing season in California?
Santa Barbara County's Region I maritime climate and lengthy growing season—the longest in California—is lauded for cultivation of Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Merlot, and Rhône varieties.
Santa Barbara's valleys, including the _____________ AVA and the __________ AVA, trail from east to west through the __________and _______________, paralleling the coastline
Santa Barbara's valleys, including the "Santa Maria Valley" AVA and the "Santa Ynez Valley" AVA, trail from east to west through the "San Rafael" and "Santa Ynez" Mountains, paralleling the coastline
Despite the inclusion of Santa Cruz County in the Central Coast AVA, _______________ AVA is excluded.
Santa Cruz Mountains AVA
Immediately south of the city of San Francisco, the large _________________ AVA provides a cool coastal climate, where high-altitude vineyards are interspersed between miles of redwood forest.
Santa Cruz Mountains AVA
Pinot Noir is highlighted in the _______________AVA, home to Garys' Vineyard
Santa Lucia Highlands
In 1970, disregarding much advice to the contrary, Richard Sanford planted Pinot Noir in his new Sanford & Benedict Vineyard in Santa Barbara's ____________.
Santa Ynez Hills
The warm inland Livermore Valley achieves success with ______________
Sauvignon Blanc
Lodi is home to both large, value-oriented brands, like _________ and ________________________, and small boutique wineries, many of whom specialize in old-vine Zinfandel production.
Sutter Home Robert Mondavi Woodbridge
What type of wine style dominated California in 1935?
Sweet, fortified jug wine accounted for 81% of California's production in 1935.
Do the sub-AVAs of Sonoma cover more land than Napa?
The Sonoma AVAs cover a much larger area than the AVAs of Napa, and there is a wide variation in climate and soil throughout the county.
________________, the smallest AVA in America
Cole Ranch
Law requires a government health warning and the phrase "_____________," provided they are present in a concentration of _____________ or more.
"Contains Sulfites,"; 10 parts per million or more.
The mythology of the man—who is also reported to have operated the first commercial steamboat on the Mississippi, founded Wisconsin's oldest incorporated town, and served as San Diego's first town marshal—may greatly exceed the reality, but his story has become Californian wine legend. Who is this?
"Count" Agoston Haraszthy
Fertile alluvial soils, such as "__________" sandy loam, characterize the Russian River valley.
"Goldridge"
During Prohibition, what Georges de Latour's Beaulieu Vineyards call the wine that they produced to the Christian churches?
"House of Altar Wine"
While the Italian-born Gallo Brothers were churning out oceans of cheap "____________" and "_________" from California's Central Valley, a small core of wineries in Napa and Sonoma continued to pursue quality.
"Thunderbird"; "Night Train Express"
Mendocino Ridge AVA stretches southward from the Navarro River along the coast, but the appellation is restricted to vineyards that are at least ___________ above sea level.
1,200 feet
If a wine is labeled "VQA Niagara Lakeshore", what minimum percentage of grapes must come from the stated region?
100%
In order to legally qualify for the term "Estate Bottled," what guidelines must the producer follow?
100% of a wine must come from grapes grown on land owned or controlled by the winery. In addition, the winery and all vineyards used in the production of an estate-bottled wine must be located within the same AVA.
Following Columbus' journey in _________ and the subsequent rush to explore and colonize the New World, European colonists attempted to produce wines from the native grapes, but were generally ___________ by the grapes' inherently foxy odors and turned to imported vines.
1492; repelled
In _________, Franciscans at the San Juan Capistrano Mission produced California's first wine from the grape.
1783
By ________, ____________ had arived in Napa as the first American settler to set foot in the valley, and had planted its first vineyard.
1839; George Yount
Although French Huguenots and Dutch settlers experimented with winemaking in 17th century New York, commercial winemaking can be traced to the _______s, when __________ produced wine from native grapes on Long Island.
1840s; Robert Prince
Jacob Schram built Schramsberg in __________.
1862
In ________, America's young wine industry faced its greatest crisis: the "________________" of Prohibition.
1920; "Noble Experiment"
In ________, __________ of Eyrie Vineyard planted his first Pinot Noir grapes in the Willamette Valley, pioneering the varietal style for which the valley would become internationally known.
1965, David Lett
When did table wines first surpass fortified wines for domestic consumption?
1967
In ________, Mondavi singlehandedly made Sauvignon Blanc saleable by renaming it "________" and aging it in oak.
1968; Fume Blanc
Winemaker Paul Draper in ________ took over production of "Monte Bello" at Ridge in the Santa Cruz Mountains.
1969
The Mount Eden Vineyards in Santa Cruz, originally established by Paul Masson in 1878, produced its first vintage under its new name in _______.
1972.
America's reputation for fine wine was slowly improving; in _________ it would catapult forward with Napa Valley firmly enshrined as America's best.
1976
In ________, a _____________ Cabernet Sauvignon was the first Napa Valley bottling to top the $100 mark at release.
1978; Diamond Creek
Phylloxera recurred in California's vineyards in the ________. In Napa alone, over half of the county's vineyards had to be torn out and replanted—a new opportunity for producers to reassess grapes and clonal selections for each site.
1980s
Altitude also has a major effect on temperature—Napa Valley's vineyards stretch from zero to over _________. above sea level.
2,000 ft
In late _______, the TTB approved the Calistoga AVA without grandfathering either winery (Calistoga Cellars and Calistoga Estates), setting an example for future label integrity.
2009
The ______________, ratified in 1933, finally ended Prohibition, but American tastes (and winemakers' skills) had atrophied
21st Amendment
By the end of the 19th century, Finger Lakes claimed over _________ acres under vine.
24,000
In 2008 consumption surpassed ________ million cases, amounting to nearly three gallons a person.
270 million cases,
By 1991, California's plantings of Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay reached __________ acres and ________ acres, respectively.
30,000 acres and 50,000 acres *Note: By the new millennium, total acreage for both grapes doubled.
Approximately _____% of California's vineyard acreage is in Napa Valley, and it encompasses _____ sub-AVAs
4%; 16 sub-AVA
If producers choose to label their wines by county, state, or country (USA) instead, the minimum is lowered to _____%.
75%
Wine with a varietal designation must contain a minimum ______% of the stated variety.
75%
For wines labeled with a state or county, the minimum is relaxed to ______% must come from the stated vintage.
85%
If a label lists an AVA, a minimum _______% of grapes used to produce the wine must have originated in the stated region.
85%
Varietal wines from Oregon, excluding those produced from white and red Bordeaux varieties, major Rhône grapes, Zinfandel, Sangiovese, Tannat, and Tempranillo, must contain a minimum _______% of the stated variety rather than the standard 75%.
90%
California, Washington, and Oregon are exceptions: wines labeled as California or Oregon are required to be made solely from grapes grown in the state, whereas wines labeled as Washington must contain at least _____% of grapes grown in the state.
95%
For wines labeled with an AVA, a minimum _____% must come from the stated vintage
95%
Oregon also maintains stricter state laws for labeling by region: a wine labeled by an AVA within Oregon must contain a minimum _______% of grapes grown in the respective appellation, rather than the 85% mandated by federal law.
95%
Wines labeled by single vineyard contain a minimum _____% of grapes grown in the stated vineyard.
95%
Most of Washington's wine regions and over _____% of its vineyards are located east of the _____________, where the mountains' rain shadow effect turns the land arid and necessitates irrigation.
95%; Cascade Mountains
When phylloxera struck California in the 1980s, it attacked the now-infamous ______________—a supposedly resistant rootstock supplied to the state's growers by Davis.
AXR-1 rootstock
Public awareness of Santa Barbara wines, and of Pinot Noir in general, skyrocketed in the wake of _______________ 2004 film Sideways, a paean to the region and the grape.
Alexander Payne's
List the sub-AVAs of Sonoma
Alexander Valley, Dry Creek Valley, Rockpile, Bennett Valley, Knights Valley, Chalk Hill, Russian River Valley, Sonoma Valley, Moon Mountain District Sonoma County, Green Valley of Russian River Valley, Sonoma Mountain, Sonoma Coast, Northern Sonoma, Pine Mountain-Cloverdale Peak, Fort Ross-Seaview, Fountaingrove District, and a majority of the Carneros AVA, which extends from Napa into the extreme south of the county.
Other grapes popular in the field blends of years past have receded in acreage, like Charbono, Carignan, and the teinturier grape ______________
Alicante Bouschet.
Lodi includes seven AVA sub-appellations. What are they?
Alta Mesa, Borden Ranch, Mokelumne River, Cosumnes River, Jahant, Sloughhouse, and Clements Hills.
From the end of Prohibition through the early 1970s, what was America's approach on wine production?
America's wine industry became truly industrial, as it focused on inexpensive, lower quality wines for a generally uneducated domestic market. This period also marked a firm shift in the bulk of the industry to California.
Prior to the creation of _______________, the only legal appellations for wine in the US were politically determined: the existing boundaries of states and counties
American Viticultural Areas (AVA)
What is the climate like in Mendocino's Anderson Valley AVA?
Anderson Valley offers one of California's coolest climates, as cool ocean air and fog trails inland along the path of the Navarro River, framed by steep hills
The Mendocino AVA, which has stricter boundaries than the county appellation, lines both rivers and encompasses what AVAs?
Anderson Valley, Potter Valley, Redwood Valley, McDowell Valley, Yorkville Highlands, Cole Ranch, and a portion of Mendocino Ridge.
Dubbed the "dean of American winemakers"
Andre Tchelistcheff
In 1938, Georges de Latour hired ________________ a Russian winemaker trained in France, to oversee the production at Beaulieu.
André Tchelistcheff,
_____________ AVA is the warmest and driest growing region west of the Cascades in Oregon.
Applegate Valley AVA
The bureau approved America's first AVA—Augusta, in Missouri—in late _______, and Napa Valley gained AVA status in ______.
Augusta, in Missouri—in late 1980 Napa Valley gained AVA status in 1981.
Like Napa, Sonoma Valley's temperature gets progressively warmer as one travels north, although ____________, a sub-AVA in the northwestern sector of the valley, favors Merlot, as it is too cool to routinely ripen Cabernet Sauvignon.
Bennett Valley
What is Napa's oldest "continuously operating winery"?
Beringer, Napa's oldest continuously operating winery, was established in 1876
The giant ________________ in Santa Maria Valley AVA was planted to premium varieties—principally Pinot Noir and Chardonnay—in the mid-1970s, not long after Sanford & Benedict was established
Bien Nacido Vineyard
What happened in Napa Valley after the 1976 Judgement of Paris?
Boom times for Napa and for the California wine industry in general resulted, bringing foreign investment and heightening domestic interest.
Which of the following AVAs is a sub-appellation of Lodi? Fiddletown • North Yuba • El Dorado • Fair Play • Borden Ranch
Borden Ranch
What is the soil like in San Luis Obispo's Paso Robles AVA?
Broadly, the western reaches are characterized by cooler marine air funneled through the Templeton Gap and more prevalent limestone and calcareous soils.
The Hungarian-born, self-styled "Count" Agoston Haraszthy arrived in Sonoma in 1849, where he founded _________, one of California's oldest commercial wineries.
Buena Vista
But California was not immune to the root louse—phylloxera was discovered in Napa and Sonoma in the early _______s, and it wreaked havoc on the state's vineyards throughout the ______ and _______.
But California was not immune to the root louse—phylloxera was discovered in Napa and Sonoma in the early 1870s, and it wreaked havoc on the state's vineyards throughout the 1880s and 1890s.
Napa County, home of Napa Valley AVA, is California's preeminent fine wine region and the birthplace of a classic style of American _______________.
Cabernet Sauvignon
Unlike most European wines, the new breed of American fine wines were labeled by variety, with ____________ and ___________ emerging as the varieties of choice for Napa's producers.
Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay
______________ and ___________overtook Riesling to become the state's two most planted varieties.
Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot
Calistoga, the northernmost AVA, routinely sees daytime summer temperatures above 90° F, and producers focus on sturdier grapes like ______________ and ________________.
Cabernet Sauvignon and Zinfandel
What varietals are heavilly planted in Walla Walla Valley?
Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Syrah are Walla Walla's most acclaimed varieties, comprising over 80% of its current plantings.
From highest to lowest, what four states lead in production of wine in the United States?
California (90%) New York Washingtion Oregon
The University of ____________, located just west of Sacramento, has been a guiding light for California's wine producers and home to one of the world's most highly regarded institutes of viticulture and oenology.
California at Davis
California produces a wide range of varietal wines, led by _____________ and ______________.
Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon
What is Napa Valley Chardonnay like?
Chardonnay from Napa Valley has historically been opulent, weighty, buttery, and oak-driven, although some producers are shifting to lighter styles, sometimes foregoing malolactic or barrel fermentation altogether.
What is the dominate varietal in Monterey AVA?
Chardonnay is the dominant grape, accounting for more than 50% of plantings in the Monterey AVA.
What vities vinifera vines do well in New York?
Chardonnay, Riesling, Pinot Blanc, and Gewürztraminer
After working for Haraszthy, __________ moved in 1861 to St. Helena in Napa Valley and founded his eponymous winery—the oldest in the valley.
Charles Krug
What is considered the oldest winery in Napa Valley?
Charles Krug in St. Helena (est. 1861)
He was the first to understand the innate resistance of American grapes species to phylloxera. Who is this?
Charles Valentine Riley
__________________, a Missouri entomologist, earned his place in the history of wine for his part in saving it—he was the first to understand the innate resistance of American grapes species to phylloxera. The French, thankful for his breakthrough, erected a statue in Montpellier in his honor.
Charles Valentine Riley
________________ movements gained power throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, resulting first in a series of state-level prohibitions—Maine outlawed the sale of alcohol in 1851, and Kansas abolished drink in 1881—and culminating in the nationwide ban on the manufacture and sale of "intoxicating liquors" with the ratification of the________________ to the Constitution.
Christian temperance; 18th Amendment
Lake County's, which is the smallest county within the North Coast, most prominent AVA is what?
Clear Lake AVA
French ____________ and __________ both occupy thousands of acres, but they are mostly confined to the Central Valley, where they produce bulk wine for blends.
Colombard and Chenin Blanc
_____________ AVA is the largest appellation in Washington, covering 11 million acres—over one-quarter of Washington's landmass.
Columbia Valley AVA
Vitis labrusca
Concord grape
Niagara is a crossing of what?
Concord x Cassady
____________ of Eyrie and __________ were the first to explore its potential, traveling northward from California to plant Pinot Noir in the Willamette Valley in the mid-1960s.
David Lett Charles Coury
Jory, a well-drained soil series of volcanic origin, is common in the "red hills" of the ___________ AVA, whereas marine sedimentary soils like Willakenzie are more prominent on the valley's westernmost slopes, such as in ___________ AVA.
Dundee Hills AVA Ribbon Ridge AVA
In the mid-2000s, efforts to understand differences from site to site in the young region resulted in the creation of six smaller Willamette AVAs. What are they?
Dundee Hills, Eola-Amity Hills, Ribbon Ridge, McMinnville, Yamhill-Carlton District, Chehalem Mountains.
Besides Lodi, what are some other sub-AVAs within the Central Valley?
Dunnigan Hills, Clarksburg, Capay Valley, Merritt Island.
The Mendocino AVA was decreased in size in 2014—a rare move—so that its boundaries would not overlap those of a new AVA approved in the same year, _______________ AVA.
Eagle Peak Mendocino County AVA
Four additional state AVAs line the northern boundary with Washington. East of Portland, the _____________, ___________, and ___________________ AVAs cross the Washington state line, while ____________________ AVA sits on an old riverbed within Walla Walla Valley, entirely on the Oregon side.
East of Portland, the Columbia Gorge, Columbia Valley Walla Walla Valley AVAs cross the Washington state line, The Rocks of Milton-Freewater AVA sits on an old riverbed within Walla Walla Valley, entirely on the Oregon side
What is the climate like on the eastern portion of Paso Robles AVA?
East of the Salinas River, the soil structure is sandier, and the climate in general is warmer and more arid.
While California's pioneers built a foundation for a future in fine wine based on European varieties, American grapes and hybrids continued to populate the vineyards of the ________________.
Eastern United States
A cool coastal climate appropriate for Pinot Noir and Chardonnay in San Luis Obispo County. What am I?
Edna Valley
The fragmented Sierra Foothills AVA is divided into several sub-AVAs. What are they?
Fair Play, El Dorado, Fiddletown, North Yuba, California Shenandoah Valley
How did "Count" Agoston Haraszthy die?
Fittingly, the legend ends with his spectacular demise in the jaws of alligators, deep within the jungles of Nicaragua.
With these new divisions in Willamette Valley AVA, winemakers could more closely explore (and identify with) different elevations and soil structures in the valley. What are some examples of this?
For instance, Jory, a well-drained soil series of volcanic origin, is common in the "red hills" of the Dundee Hills AVA, whereas marine sedimentary soils like Willakenzie are more prominent on the valley's westernmost slopes, such as in Ribbon Ridge.
Who was responsible for bringing vitis vinifera plantings to California?
Franciscan monks brought the Mission grape to what would become the state of California and established vineyards at each of their historic missions along the West Coast.
As evidenced by the wines of Gallo and other Central Valley giants, including _______________ (owned by the Wine Group) and __________________, most Central Valley production is of bulk wine quality—low in cost and low on character of site.
Franzia (owned by the Wine Group) Bronco Wine Company
When were vitis vinifera vines first beginning to be grafted onto American rootstocks?
From the late 19th century onward, Vitis vinifera vines throughout the world would generally be grafted on American rootstocks.
__________Mountains to the east, where Calera produces acclaimed wines from the grape.
Gabilan Mountains
_____________, the second-largest producer in the world, is headquartered at Modesto
Gallo
The 394,088-acre Northern Sonoma AVA, which includes large swaths of most of the county's northern AVAs, was proposed by ______________, who may now blend across pre-existing AVA boundaries for its estate-bottled wines.
Gallo of Sonoma
Who planted the first Syrah vines in Paso Robles?
Gary Eberle
____________ planted the first commercial Syrah vines in the state in Paso Robles, and the nursery at __________, a project owned in part by Château Beaucastel, provided clonal material from the Rhône Valley to interested producers across the state.
Gary Eberle; Tablas Creek
Prohibition led to a near-total shutdown of America's wine industry, although a few survived by producing still-legal Christian sacramental wines. The Frenchman __________________ actually thrived during the dry times, declaring itself the "House of Altar Wine."
Georges de Latour's Beaulieu Vineyards
First sparkling wine house in Sonoma
Gloria Ferrer
How much wine does Gallo produce from the Central Valley?
Half of the Central Valley's wine issues from Gallo's facilities
During the 1970s, the struggle to achieve higher quality was not limited to Napa: __________, __________, and _____ were early modern pioneers in Sonoma
Hanzell, Martin Ray, and Simi
In the early 9th century, the Viking Leiv Eriksson brought his boat aground at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland, Canada, as the first European to definitively set foot upon the North American continent. What did that lead to?
He christened his discovery "Vinland"—a possible reference to the meadows before him, or, as recounted in the 13th century Saga of the Greenlanders, a tribute to the wealth of native grapevines.
What accomplishments did Andre Tchelistcheff earn during his tenure at BV?
He introduced the Georges de Latour Private Reserve Cabernet Sauvignon, a new benchmark in quality for American wine, and brought new standards of hygiene and techniques to California, including temperature-controlled fermentations and controlled malolactic fermentation.
What winery did Dr. Konstantin Frank co-found in the Finger Lakes and when?
His Vinifera Wine Cellars, founded in 1962, achieved praise with Riesling and sparkling wines and ignited a new interest in noble varieties in New York.
American nurseries began crossing vinifera vines with American species. What was the purpose of this?
Hoping to produce a hardier vine that retained vinifera characteristics for superior wines—the Finger Lakes region in upstate New York was extensively planted with such hybrids from 1850 onward.
The high-altitude, west-facing vineyards of _____________AVA, the first sub-appellation wholly within Napa Valley to receive its own AVA, produce benchmark mountain wines.
Howell Mountain
Who founded Buena Vista, one of California's oldest vineyards, and when?
Hungarian-born, self-styled "Count" Agoston Haraszthy in 1849
What happened in 2007 with the Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB)?
In 2007, the TTB suspended the entire process of new AVA approval in the midst of a controversial new proposal to create a Calistoga AVA within Napa Valley.
Finnish immigrant Gustav Niebaum founded the legendary _____________ Winery in _______.
Inglenook Winery in 1880
Pacific winds funneling through the Van Duzer Corridor, a gap in the Coastal Mountains that separates the valley from the ocean. What sub-AVAs within the Willamette Valley does this mostly affect?
It directly impact McMinnville and the Eola-Amity Hills, generating more tannic styles of Pinot Noir.
How is the Columbia Valley AVA postioned?
It follows the outline of the Columbia River Basin and dips across the Oregon border.
What is Red Mountian's reputation based on?
It has developed a reputation for noteworthy, tannic Cabernet Sauvignon.
A 1619 Virginia law required every male colonist at ______________, the first successful English settlement on North American soil, to plant and tend at least 10 vines—the earliest record of vinifera vine plantings on the East Coast.
Jamestown
The northern AVAs of Alexander Valley, Dry Creek Valley, Rockpile, and Knights Valley are located to the north and east of Healdsburg, and experience warmer Region III climates—_______________ is the warmest AVA in the county.
Knights Valley
To the east of Mendocino, ____________ is the smallest wine-producing county in the North Coast. The warm inland region's most prominent AVA is Clear Lake.
Lake County
In the early 9th century, the Viking ____________ brought his boat aground at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland, Canada, as the first European to definitively set foot upon the North American continent.
Leiv Eriksson
What is Carole Meredith credited for?
Linked Zinfandel to Croatia's Crljenak Kastelanski
Directly east and south of San Francisco Bay are what AVAs?
Livermore Valley, Santa Cruz Mountains, Ben Lomond Mountain, Santa Clara Valley, San Ysidro District, and the sprawling San Francisco Bay AVA itself.
__________, located just south of Sacramento on the eastern edge of the Sacramento River Delta, is slightly cooler than much of the Central Valley, due to the influence of a gap in the coastal ranges, which pulls the coastal air inland from the San Francisco Bay and over the delta.
Lodi
As a testament to the Anderson Valley's cool, marginal climate, the Champagne house of ________________ established its American operations there rather than in Carneros, where many competitors landed—and today produce one of the more elegant styles of sparkling wine in California.
Louis Roederer
Even though Zinfandel has lost its appeal in domestic market, due to the attention of European varietals, how have some producers approached Zinfandel?
Many producers champion Zinfandel as a uniquely American wine style, and covet old vine plantings for their concentration and character—some of the oldest vineyards in California are planted to the grape and were spared, ironically, by the success of White Zinfandel in the 1980s.
The San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara counties are located to the south of ___________
Monterey
The cool coastal area promised success, offering one of California's longest growing seasons, yet much of the region's output ends up in bulk blends from the Central Valley. What AVA is this?
Monterey County AVA
Where are most of the fine wine distracts located?
Most of the fine wine districts are located near the coast, where fog and cool sea breezes mitigate temperatures and create a large diurnal swing from warm days to cool nights.
What AVAs does the North Coast AVA include?
Napa, Sonoma, Mendocino, Lake, Solano, Marin.
By the last decade of the 19th century, Napa Valley had nearly ______________ acres under vine; Sonoma Valley had over __________.
Napa: 20,000 acres under vine Sonoma Valley had over 22,000.
Was wine the beverage of choice in British Colonies America during the 18th century?
No, interest in winemaking in the British Colonies of America dwindled; cider, beer, and whiskey became the alcoholic beverages of choice in the 18th century.
Are the vineyards in Washington tightly formed together?
No. Despite broad similarities in climate and soil, however, eastern Washington's vineyards tend to be spread out, with great distances between large vineyard plots.
A 1619 Virginia law required every male colonist at Jamestown, the first successful English settlement on North American soil, to plant and tend at least 10 vines—the earliest record of vinifera vine plantings on the East Coast. Was this experiment a success?
No. This experiment, like many others along the Eastern seaboard, ended in failure as the European vines succumbed to new vine diseases and the phylloxera pest.
During the 18th century, was the East coast aware of the success that the Spanish settlers were having with their vitis vinifera plantings on the West coast?
No. Unbeknownst to them, Spanish settlers beyond the western frontier were achieving success with vinifera grapes.
California's ___________ is the epicenter of fine wine production in the US.
North Coast
The major winegrowing regions of California are divided into four large AVAs. What are they?
North Coast, Central Coast, South Coast, Sierra Foothills
Bordeaux varieties are planted on the warmer, maritime Long Island AVA and its sub-AVAs. What are they?
North Fork of Long Island The Hamptons, Long Island.
American grapevines and their hybrids were vitally important in Missouri; to this day the __________ grape remains the pride of the state—connoisseurs of _________ can now enjoy their favorite Vitis aestivalis grape out of a Riedel glass commissioned especially for the wine.
Norton
Vitis aestivalis
Norton grape
Is Southern Oregon gaining attention?
Overall, Southern Oregon is still an underdeveloped wine region, lacking a nearby large market like Portland or San Francisco to drive interest and investment.
Hospices du Rhône, the world's largest Rhône wine celebration, is held where?
Paso Robles
Covering 612,308 acres, San Luis Obispo's _____________ AVA is a giant appellation with wide variations in climate and soil series—chief rationale for the creation of 11 new nested AVAs within __________ in 2014.
Paso Robles AVA
Percentage of Grapes Required for Labeling by Appellation: If labeled by country, state, or county: ____% If labeled by AVA: _____% If labeled with a single vineyard: ____%
Percentage of Grapes Required for Labeling by Appellation: If labeled by country, state, or county: 75% If labeled by AVA: 85% If labeled with a single vineyard: 95%
Cool ocean air funnels through the _________ into the San Pablo Bay and upward through the Napa Valley.
Petaluma Gap
Ridge's Monte Bello vineyard and the original Bonny Doon Estate Vineyard, an eventual victim of _______________, are among the Santa Cruz Mountains' most celebrated parcels.
Pierce's Disease
New rootstocks may keep the problematic phylloxera at bay, but _____________ and the invasive, destructive __________ both cause serious alarm for California's growers.
Pierce's Disease; light-brown apple moth
____________________, which extends north of the Sonoma County border into Mendocino, is not included within it.
Pine Mountain-Cloverdale Peak Note: this sub-AVA is labeled as Sonoma County
This is a rare winegrowing area in the US, wherein all of these subtle differences can be viewed largely through the prism of one variety—___________. It is the only red variety of any consequence in Willamette Valley, but there are significant plantings of white grapes, including Pinot Gris (vinified in dry and off-dry styles), Chardonnay, and Riesling.
Pinot Noir
What varieties do well along the Sonoma Coast?
Pinot Noir and Chardonnay thrive, along with cool-climate renditions of Rhône varieties.
The nation's first bonded winery, ____________________, was established in 1860 and is still operating today, near Hammondsport in Finger Lakes.
Pleasant Valley Wine Company
What is considered the first bonded winery and when were they established?
Pleasant Valley Wine Company (near Hammondsport in Finger Lakes) and established in 1860.
At ________________ in Santa Barbara County, California's coastline sharply bends, trending east-west rather than north-south.
Point Conception
What happened to the older wineries in Napa Valley during the 1960s?
Prohibition survivors like Inglenook, Beringer, and Beaulieu in Napa were surpassed by ambitious new wineries of a new generation by the late 1960s.
Quality and variety can sometimes be surprising—good renditions of __________ wine in New Mexico, ____________ in Virginia, and ____________ in Michigan exist.
Quality and variety can sometimes be surprising—good renditions of "sparkling" wine in New Mexico, "Nebbiolo" in Virginia, and "Riesling" in Michigan exist.
How much rain does Washington tend to get every year?
Rainfall is often less than 10 to 12 inches a year.
_______________ is Washington's warmest growing region and its smallest and most densely planted AVA.
Red Mountain
The Central Valley is generally divided between Region ____ and Region _____ heat summation zones—temperatures most suitable for fortified wines, table grapes, and raisins.
Region IV and Region V
In Napa, a new wave of upstart cult producers, including ____________, __________, and ____________, emerged with stratospheric price tags previously reserved for Europe's most pedigreed wines.
Screaming Eagle, Colgin, and Harlan Estate
Vitis rotundifolia
Scuppernong grape
The ________________ AVA is located to the east of Sacramento and Lodi, on the western edge of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in the heart of California's 19th century gold rush territory.
Sierra Foothills AVA
On the extreme eastern side of the state, a single vineyard is planted on the Oregon side of Idaho's arid ______________ AVA.
Snake River Valley AVA.
What are the sub-AVAs within Yakima Valley?
Snipes Mountain, Rattlesnake Hills, Red Mountain
What are the soils like in Walla Walla Valley AVA?
Soils consists of basalt bedrock and thin alluvial topsoil deposited by the Missoula Floods. Loess is everywhere.
The coolest temperatures in Sonoma can be found in the northern stretches of the ___________ AVA, where altitude, cold ocean air, and persistent coastal fog combine to keep temperatures down.
Sonoma Coast AVA
From 2011 forward, all wines produced in the Sonoma county are required to state ___________on the label, regardless of whether or not the label also indicates an AVA.
Sonoma County
In the southern sector of the county, ________________ AVA, the county's most established region, is situated between the Mayacamas and Sonoma Mountains, and runs nearly parallel to Napa Valley
Sonoma Valley AVA
After Lett's 1975 "________________" Pinot Noir achieved outstanding results in French competition and brought vindication to the efforts of these early trailblazers, the Burgundy négociant Maison Joseph Drouhin purchased Dundee Hills property in _______.
South Block Reserve; 1987
The _____________ AVA, which covers land in the counties stretching from Los Angeles to San Diego, has made little impact in terms of fine wine production.
South Coast AVA
What AVA's are located within the Santa Ynez Valley?
Sta. Rita Hills, Happy Canyon of Santa Barbara, Ballard Canyon, and Los Olivos District
What two Napa Valley wines excelled in the 1976 "Judgement of Paris"?
Stag's Leap Wine Cellars Cabernet Sauvignon and Chateau Montelena Chardonnay—placed first in a blind tasting against a sampling of first and second growth Bordeaux, and premier cru and grand cru Burgundy, respectively.
Results of the 1976 "Judgment of Paris," a blind tasting organized by a young _______________, surprised the globe, as two Napa Valley wines—Stag's Leap Wine Cellars Cabernet Sauvignon and Chateau Montelena Chardonnay
Steven Spurrier
In Missouri, German immigrants were by 1856 producing 100,000 gallons annually, and ______________ in Hermann became the third largest winery in the world by the turn of the century.
Stone Hill Winery
Besides frost and winter freezes, what other challenges do growers in Washington face?
Sunlight is an ally too, as Washington's vineyards receive additional summer sunshine hours in accordance with its northerly latitude.
The Champagne house of _____________ and the Cava producer _____________ both set up American sparkling wine estates in Carneros in the 1980s, following the pioneering example of Gloria Ferrer.
Taittinger; Codorníu
Today, the ______________, a new federal bureau created by the Homeland Security Act of _________, oversees the AVA system.
Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB); 2002
What is the climate like in the Sierra Foothills AVA?
Temperature is dependent on altitude; the lowest and hottest vineyards are located in Shenandoah.
Texas is home to eight viticultural areas—including the sprawling, 9 million-acre ______________ AVA.
Texas Hill Country AVA
What AVA in Willamette Valley has some of the coolest sites?
The Chehalem Mountains has a number of north-facing vineyards that are among the valley's coolest sites.
When was the Mission grape first finding its way into Texas and New Mexico?
The Mission grape, introduced to Mexico in the early 1500s, made its way northward to Rio Grande settlements in present-day Texas and New Mexico as early as 1629.
Where does the United States stand alongside other countries for production and acreage of land?
The United States of America is the world's fourth largest producer of wine, and claims the world's fifth highest acreage of land under vine.
Are vintages in Oregon similar to Sonoma and Santa Barbara?
The cool, temperate climate of the valley invites further comparisons to Burgundy, and vintages are more variable than in Sonoma or Santa Barbara.
In the Finger Lakes, Niagara Escarpment, and Lake Erie AVAs, the extremes of cold temperature are mitigated by water. Explain this statement.
The lake effect of the Great Lakes lowers the chance of damaging winter freezes and promotes a late budbreak, lessening the dangers of spring frost.
Despite its extensive area and huge production, the Central Valley has relatively few AVAs. What would be its largest AVA?
The largest and most important Central Valley AVA is Lodi, home to over 20% of California's total wine grape production.
What varietals dominated the vineyards on the east coast during the 1850s?
The native Concord, the American hybrids Catawba and Delaware dominated vineyards.
Why was there an increase in population for San Francisco during 1847?
The occupation of California from Mexico in 1847 and the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in 1848 brought a wave of prospectors, American soldiers, and pioneers to the environs of San Francisco Bay, and wine production increased correspondingly.
In 2007, the TTB suspended the entire process of new AVA approval in the midst of a controversial new proposal to create a Calistoga AVA within Napa Valley. What did this lead to?
The proposed AVA exposed a contentious disconnect between the rights of a brand and truth in appellation labeling, as two wineries—Calistoga Cellars and Calistoga Estates—did not use enough Calistoga fruit in their wines, and stood to lose their names if the TTB approved the AVA application.
Where is Walla Walla located and when did it receive AVA status?
The region, located entirely in Oregon, received its own AVA status in early 2015.
How did Europe's struggle with phylloxera in the late 19th century affect California's wine industry?
The rising interest in Californian wine stood in stark contrast to the near total devastation of European vineyards due to phylloxera in the late 19th century, which in turn drove even more investment to the state.
What is the soil like in Napa Valley?
The valley has a remarkable diversity of volcanic, alluvial, and maritime soil types, ranging from well-drained gravel loam, to dense clays, to the thin, rocky soils of the hillside vineyards.
What is the general flavor profile of Oregon Pinot Noir?
Today, the valley's Pinot Noir wines are a steppingstone between California and the Côte d'Or: lighter in style and earthier than the former, riper and more forward than the latter.
All wines must declare the name and address of the bottler. True or False?
True
Cheap, generic table wines sold under the guises of Burgundy, Chablis, Port, and Sherry flooded the American market in the decades after Prohibition ended. True or False?
True
In early 2006, a legal dispute with the Chilean winery of the same name led Sta. Rita Hills to legally abbreviate its appellation name. True or False?
True
The inland areas of Mendocino AVA, particularly around __________, are noticeably hotter.
Ukiah
While the Willamette Valley connects Portland in the north with Eugene, the Southern Oregon AVA stretches from just south of Eugene to the California border, what AVAs are encompassed within this area?
Umpqua Valley, Elkton Oregon, Rogue Valley, Applegate Valley, Red Hill Douglas County.
Thomas Jefferson planted vinifera at his Virginia estate, so that the young country might produce its own fine wine, asserting its self-sufficiency in the process. Was he successful on this act?
Unfortunately, his efforts (along with those of George Washington) were met with continual failure, and more than 30 years of vineyard cultivation ended without a single bottle of wine to show for it.
Is the new generation in the US raising or lowering the country's wine consumption?
Unlike Europe, where wine consumption is generally decreasing with newer generations, younger Americans are driving the increase.
Unlike South America, several species of wild grapevine awaited the first colonists of North America, including Vitis labrusca (____________ grape), Vitis rotundifolia (____________ grape), and Vitis aestivalis (__________ grape).
Unlike South America, several species of wild grapevine awaited the first colonists of North America, including Vitis labrusca (the Concord grape), Vitis rotundifolia (the Scuppernong grape), and Vitis aestivalis (the Norton grape).
What is the largest AVA in the United States?
Upper Mississippi River Valley
The ____________________ AVA, spanning nearly 30,000 square miles in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois, became America's—and the world's—largest demarcated appellation with its formal approval in 2009.
Upper Mississippi River Valley AVA
Pacific winds funneling through the ______________, a gap in the Coastal Mountains that separates the valley from the ocean, directly impact McMinnville and the Eola-Amity Hills, generating more tannic styles of Pinot Noir.
Van Duzer Corridor
What is the vineyard acreage like in Walla Walla Valley AVA?
Vineyards are a small but growing segment of the the valley's agricultural sector: vineyard acreage expanded from 450 acres to over 1,600 in the first decade of the 21st century—it is now closer to 3,000 acres
Name for the Concord grape
Vitis Labrusca
Name for the Scuppernong grape
Vitis Rotundifolia
Name fro the Norton grape
Vitis aestivalis
Wine with a varietal designation must contain a minimum 75% of the stated variety. What is the exception for this rule?
Vitis labrusca grapes, like Concord, are an exception, and need only comprise a minimum 51% of a varietal wine.
Salvation for the decimated vines on both sides of the Atlantic came from the much maligned but phylloxera-resistant American vine species, particularly the ___________ and its hybrids.
Vitis riparia
Did vitis vinifera come from North America?
Vitis vinifera, the source of fine wine grapes, did not.
Along the Oregon border southeast of Yakima Valley and Red Mountain, ________________ has emerged in this century as a prestige region rivaling Washington's best.
Walla Walla Valley
Despite a relatively short history of viticulture, ______________ has emerged as the nation's second largest producer of premium wines, accounting for approximately 5% of the nation's total production.
Washington
Who is the most notable producer of Livermore?
Wente
Oregon's _______________, which stretches ____________ southward from Portland between the Cascades and the Coastal Range, is synonymous with quality Pinot Noir production.
Willamette Valley 120 miles
Besides Columbia Valley AVA, what are some other AVAs in Washington?
Yakima Valley, Walla Walla Valley, and Horse Heaven Hills—the most important vineyard areas in the state—are nested within its borders.
_____________ was approved as Washington's first AVA in ______; it contains over one-third of the state's vineyards
Yakima Valley; 1983
Can the climate be variable amongst all the sub-AVAs within Willamette Valley?
Yes, climatic influences vary from one nested AVA to the next as well.
The 1990s signaled a stylistic shift among many of California's producers, as ripeness, body, and higher alcohol levels found champions among influential critics. Did that change the work in the vineyard?
Yes, many producers adjusted both viticulture and winemaking decisions to support more weight and fruit.
The major winegrowing regions of California are divided into four large AVAs: North Coast, Central Coast, South Coast, and the Sierra Foothills. Do these large AVAs have smaller AVAs within them?
Yes. Each of these includes a number of smaller AVAs—for example, Napa Valley AVA and Sonoma Valley AVA are both located within the North Coast AVA.
Was Thomas Jefferson a major supporter of fine wine (vitis vinifera)?
Yes. Thomas Jefferson, a gourmand devoted to the best wines of Bordeaux, showed relentless enthusiasm for the vine, lingering on business in the Médoc on the very day in 1787 that the Constitutional Convention opened in Philadelphia.
Besides Paso Robles, what are some other AVAs in San Luis Obispo County?
York Mountain, Arroyo Grande, Edna Valley
Dry Creek Valley and the small Rockpile AVA are known for ripe, powerful styles of ______________, aged in either American or French oak.
Zinfandel
What are some leading varietals in Paso Robles?
Zinfandel has a long history in the "Pass of the Oaks," and Cabernet Sauvignon became increasingly important as the area saw an infusion of large-scale wineries in the 1980s. Rhône varieties are growing in importance in the region
What varietals do well in the Sonoma Vallley AVA?
Zinfandel, Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, and Cabernet Sauvignon are successful in the region.
Wines from Willakenzie soils provide what flavor profile?
a denser style of wine and darker fruit
If an American or imported wine in the US uses a vintage date, the wine must carry an _____________ than a country.
appellation smaller than a country.
One can also make generalizations about soil and geology east of the Cascades—the bedrock is invariably ________, overlaid by sediments deposited by the ______________, a catastrophic cycle of massive floods that occurred repeatedly at the end of the last ice age, some 12,000 to 18,000 years ago.
basalt Missoula Floods
Cabernet Sauvignon mountain fruit from Napa's sun-drenched hillside vineyards and mountainside AVAs is prized for its ________, _________, and ___________, and its ability to retain a good acid structure through intense ripeness.
density, dark fruit, and concentration
Dubbed the "________________," the colorful Haraszthy introduced more than 300 varieties to the state, collected as vine cuttings during his European travels.
father of California wine
The valley stretches northward from the San Pablo Bay past the principal towns of Napa and St. Helena to Calistoga, with its width narrowing—from ________ wide at the town of Napa to one at Calistoga—and temperatures warming perceptibly as one travels _________.
five miles; north
Eastern Washington experiences a true continental climate, with hot summers and cold winters, but ripeness is easily achieved in the state's warm growing seasons. What are some serious concerns for growers?
frost and winter freezes are serious concerns for growers
Bordeaux grape varieties, particularly Cabernet Sauvignon, are most prominent in the ____________ soils of Alexander Valley and Knights Valley.
gravelly soils
Alexander Valley Cabernet Sauvignon tends to show a more _______________ character and less body than its Napa counterparts, but Knights Valley wines, such as Peter Michael's "Les Pavots," can be very similar in style.
herbaceous
As legal appellations, an AVA is only an ________________, and does not require producers to adhere to any additional guidelines in the vineyard or the winery.
indication of geographic origin
California's _______________, source of 75% of the state's wine, is not considered an AVA.
inland Central Valley
Although states and counties remain legal appellations, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) in the late _______ finalized a new system that would, in theory, demarcate appellations based on distinctive geographical, physical, and climatic features.
late 1970s
As the Sonoma Coast AVA contains nearly 500,000 acres, the more inland and southern areas within it can experience a warmer Region II climate, and even the true coastal vineyards, if above the _______________, may produce bold wines of concentration and power rather than elegance and focus.
marine fog layer
Willakenzie soil
marine sedimentary soils like Willakenzie are more prominent on the valley's westernmost slopes, such as in Ribbon Ridge.
Despite a lengthy history of viticulture—Santa Barbara is the site of one of California's original ___________—interest in winemaking has taken off in the last several decades, reinvigorated by the success of Richard Sanford's original vineyard in the Sta. Rita Hills.
missions
Despite a lengthy history of viticulture—Santa Barbara is the site of one of California's original ___________—interest in winemaking has taken off in the last several decades, reinvigorated by the success of Richard Sanford's original vineyard in the ___________.
missions; Sta. Rita Hills.
Wines from Jory soils provide what flavor profile?
more elegance than Willakenzie
How many bonded wineries are there currently in Washington
over 650
The Founding Fathers had to settle for the best of Europe, as Madeira, Sherry, and the wines of France graced state tables, echoing Benjamin Franklin's remark: wine is "___________________."
proof that God loves us.
Vineyards in eastern Washington are generally planted on ______________ soils derived from the flood-borne sediments.
sandy or silty loam
Alcohol content must be stated on the label, within a margin of +/- 1.5%. As an alternative, wines in the 7-14% abv range may simply be labeled as "_______" or "_______."
table wine; light wine
The growing season in this eastern region is nearly _____________ than in the more marginal area of Finger Lakes, where ______% of New York's wine is produced.
three weeks longer; 90%
In the Finger Lakes, Niagara Escarpment, and Lake Erie AVAs, the extremes of cold temperature are mitigated by _________
water the lake effect of the Great Lakes lowers the chance of damaging winter freezes and promotes a late budbreak, lessening the dangers of spring frost.
Due to a large population in comparison with traditional wine-producing countries, the US surpassed France in early 2011 to become the world's largest _______________, yet in 2006 the country only ranked 38th in per capita consumption, as only _____% of the populace identifies themselves as wine-drinkers.
wine consumer; 30%
