Urden Chapter 21-22

A patient is admitted to the critical care unit with a subdural hematoma. The nurse is assessing the patient's Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score. When assessing the patient's best motor response, which movement would receive the lowest score? a. Abnormal extension b. Localizing pain c. Withdrawing from pain d. Decorticate posturing

ANS: A Abnormal extension (decerebrate posturing) receives a score of 2 on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). The only lower score is 1, which is for a flaccid response.

A patient is undergoing a preoperative evaluation for carotid arteries. What two test should the nurse expect to see ordered for the patient? a. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance angiography b. Conventional angiography and evoked potential c. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance angiography d. Transcranial Doppler and extracranial Doppler

ANS: A Magnetic resonance angiography of the carotid arteries has become an established complement to preoperative ultrasound evaluation. It helps determine the area of salvageable tissue (or penumbra) after acute stroke and head injury.

What sites can be used for monitoring intracranial pressure (ICP)? (Select all that apply.) a. Intraventricular space b. Epidural space c. Jugular veins d. Subdural space e. Parenchyma

ANS: A, B, D, E The five sites for monitoring intracranial pressure are (1) the intraventricular space, (2) the subarachnoid space, (3) the epidural space, (4) the subdural space, and (5) the parenchyma.

Which procedure is the diagnostic study of choice for acute head injury? a. Magnetic resonance imaging b. Computed tomography c. Transcranial Doppler d. Electroencephalography

ANS: B Computed tomography offers rapid, convenient, noninvasive visualization of structures and is the diagnostic study of choice for an acute head injury.

The nurse is precepting a nursing student. The student asks about testing of extraocular eye movements. What should the nurse tell the student? a. It tests the pupillary response to light. b. It tests function of the three cranial nerves. c. It tests the ability of the eyes to accommodate to a closer moving object. d. It tests the oculocephalic reflex.

ANS: B Control of eye movements occurs with interaction of three cranial nerves: oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), and abducens (VI).

A patient with a serious head injury has been admitted. The nurse knows that certain neurologic findings can indicate the prognosis for the patient. Which finding denotes the most serious prognosis? a. Decorticate posturing b. Decerebrate posturing c. Absence of Babinski reflex d. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 14

ANS: B Outcome studies indicate that abnormal flexion or decorticate posturing has a less serious prognosis than does extension, or decerebrate posturing. Onset of posturing or a change from abnormal flexion to abnormal extension requires immediate physician notification. The Babinski reflex is a pathologic finding; absence of this reflex is a normal neurologic finding in adults. The range of scores for the Glasgow Coma Scale is 3 to 15. A score of 14 denotes a minimal deficit.

Which type of hematoma results from traumatic injury involving the middle meningeal artery? a. Subdural b. Epidural c. Subarachnoid d. Intercerebral

ANS: B The main blood supply for the dura mater is the middle meningeal artery. This artery lies on the surface of the dura in the epidural space within grooves formed on the inside of the parietal bone. Traumatic disruption of the parietal bone may result in tearing of the middle meningeal artery and development of an epidural hematoma.

The nursing management plan for a patient undergoing a water-based contrast myelogram should include intervention? a. Maintain the patient flat in bed for 4 to 6 hours b. Observe the puncture sight every 15 minutes for 2 hours for signs of bleeding c. Keep the patient's head elevated 30 to 45 degrees for 8 hours d. Administer a sedative to keep the patient from moving around

ANS: C Postprocedure care includes keeping the patient's head elevated 30 to 45 degrees for 8 hours, monitoring neurologic status, and encouraging oral fluids.

According to the 2007 Brain Trauma Foundation guidelines, the recommended CPP range is: a. 10 to 30 mm Hg. b. 30 to 50 mm Hg. c. 50 to 70 mm Hg. d. 70 to 85 mm Hg.

ANS: C The 2007 Brain Trauma Foundation guidelines now recommend a cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) in the range of 50 to 70 mm Hg and consideration of cerebral autoregulation status when selecting a CPP target in a specific patient.

A patient has coherent speech but the words are illogical. Which part of the brain has been affected? a. The cerebellum b. The Broca area c. The Wernicke area d. The hypothalamus

ANS: C The Wernicke area (Brodmann area 22) is partially located within the parietal lobe and partially in the temporal lobe, most commonly on the left side of the cerebral cortex. This area is concerned with reception of written and verbal language and includes many intricate connections to other parts of the brain associated with auditory and visual functions, cognitive appraisal, and expressive language. Injury to this area of the brain may result in disability ranging from minor receptive language dysfunction to receptive or fluent aphasia, in which expressive language function remains but is illogical in content or a "word salad."

What percentage of the body's total resting cardiac output is used by the brain? a. 5% b. 10% c. 20% d. 40%

ANS: C The brain constitutes 2% of the body's weight but uses 20% of the body's total resting cardiac output.It requires approximately 750 mL of blood flow per minute and can extract as much as 45% of arterial oxygen to meet normal metabolic needs

Cranial nerves IX, X, XI, and XII are located in which section of the brainstem? a. Midbrain b. Pons c. Medulla oblongata d. Reticular formation

ANS: C The medulla oblongata forms the last section of the brainstem, situated between the pons and the spinal cord. The cell bodies of cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), XI (spinal accessory), and XII (hypoglossal) are located in the medulla oblongata.

What is the region of the brain that acts as a relay station for both motor and sensory activity called? a. Cerebrum b. Cerebellum c. Thalamus d. Hypothalamus

ANS: C The thalamus consists of two connected ovoid masses of gray matter and forms the lateral walls of the third ventricle. The two thalami serve as a relay station and gatekeeper for motor and sensory stimuli, preventing or enhancing transmission of impulses based on the behavioral needs of the person.

A patient has been admitted with acute confusion and other focal neurologic signs. The practitioner is going to perform a lumbar puncture. What is the most serious complication of lumbar puncture? a. Meningitis b. Dural tear c. Brainstem herniation d. Spinal cord trauma

ANS: C Two life-threatening risks associated with lumbar puncture include possible brainstem herniation, if intracranial pressure is elevated, and respiratory arrest associated with neurologic deterioration.

A lack of which two substances can cause disruption in neuronal function and irreversible damage? a. Oxygen and glucose b. Protein and insulin c. Oxygen and protein d. Protein and glucose

ANS: A No reserve of either oxygen or glucose is found in the cerebral tissues. A lack or inadequate amount of either one rapidly disrupts cerebral function and produces irreversible damage.

The nurse is caring for a severely head injured comatose patient who is dying. The practitioner asks to be notified when the patient starts to exhibit signs of Cushing reflex. The nurse would call the practitioner when the patient starts to show what signs? a. Bradycardia, systolic hypertension, and widening pulse pressure b. Tachycardia, systolic hypotension, and tachypnea c. Headache, nuchal rigidity, and hyperthermia d. Bradycardia, aphasia, and visual field disturbances

ANS: A The Cushing reflex is a set of three clinical manifestations (bradycardia, systolic hypertension, and widening pulse pressure) related to pressure on the medullary area of the brainstem.

Stimulation of what nerve will elicit the gag reflex? a. Glossopharyngeal b. Facial c. Spinal accessory d. Hypoglossal

ANS: A The glossopharyngeal nerve is a sensory nerve whose functions are taste in the posterior third of the tongue and sensation in the back of the throat; stimulation elicits the gag reflex.

Which of these substances are examples of small-molecule transmitters? (Select all that apply.) a. Acetylcholine b. Glucose c. Norepinephrine d. Dopamine e. Epinephrine f. GABA receptors

ANS: A, C, D, E Examples of small-molecule transmitters include acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, histamine, g-aminobutyric acid, glycine, and glutamate.

Which structure(s) form(s) the blood-brain barrier? a. Postsynaptic terminals b. Pia mater c. Vascular endothelial cells d. Myelin sheath

ANS: C The blood-brain barrier operates on the concept of tight junctions between adjacent cells and actually consists of three separate barriers: the endothelial cells of cerebral blood vessels, the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus, and the cells that form the outermost layer of the arachnoid.

A patient with neurologic damage continues with extremely high core body temperature despite interventions to lower temperature. The nurse suspects the patient has sustained damage to which area of the brain? a. Cerebrum b. Cerebellum c. Thalamus d. Hypothalamus

ANS: D Areas of the internal environment regulated and maintained by the hypothalamus include temperature regulation, autonomic nervous system responses, food and water intake, hormonal secretions, and behavioral responses.

The ability to access cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by a lumbar puncture is attributable to the flow of CSF in which space? a. Subdural b. Subpia c. Epidural d. Subarachnoid

ANS: D Cerebrospinal fluid fills the ventricular system and surrounds the brain and spinal cord in the subarachnoid space.

A patient has been admitted with acute confusion and other focal neurologic signs. The practitioner is going to perform a lumbar puncture. What is an abnormal finding in the cerebrospinal fluid? a. Clear and colorless b. Glucose of 60 mg/dL c. Protein of 20 mg/dL d. 30 red blood cells

ANS: D Cerebrospinal fluid is normally a clear, colorless, odorless solution that contains 50 to 75 mg/dL of glucose, 5 to 25 mg/dL of protein, and no red blood cells.

Cerebral infarction is a serious complication of which procedure? a. Extracranial Doppler b. Evoked potential testing c. Myelography d. Cerebral angiography

ANS: D Complications associated with cerebral angiography include cerebral embolus caused by the catheter dislodging a segment of atherosclerotic plaque in the vessel, hemorrhage or hematoma formation at the insertion site, vasospasm caused by the irritation of catheter placement, thrombosis of the extremity distal to the injection site, and allergic or adverse reaction to the contrast medium.

The nurse is starting a peripheral intravenous catheter in the right hand of an unconscious patient. During the procedure the patient reaches over with his left hand and tries to remove the noxious stimuli. How would the nurse document this response? a. Decorticate posturing b. Decerebrate posturing c. Withdrawal d. Localization

ANS: D Localization occurs when the extremity opposite to the extremity receiving pain crosses the midline of the body in an attempt to remove the noxious stimulus from the affected limb.

While the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is part of the routine neurologic assessment, the nurse knows that it is not a valid measure for certain types of patients. In which patient is the GCS not valid? a. Patient with hemiplegia b. Patient with Parkinson disease c. Patient with dyslexia d. Patient who is intoxicated

ANS: D Several points should be kept in mind when the Glasgow Coma Scale is used for serial assessment. It provides data about level of consciousness only, and it should never be considered a complete neurologic examination. Additionally, it is not a sensitive tool for evaluation of an altered sensorium, and it does not account for possible aphasia or mechanical intubation. It is also a poor indicator of lateralization of neurologic deterioration.

Which afferent pathway carries sensory impulses from the body into the spinal cord? a. Subarachnoid b. Spinal nerves c. Ventral root d. Dorsal root

ANS: D The dorsal root is an afferent pathway that carries sensory impulses from the body into the spinal cord. The ventral root is an efferent pathway that carries motor information from the spinal cord to the body.

The sensory, motor, and cognitive functions are the primary functions of which area of the brain? a. Diencephalon b. Basal ganglia c. Cerebellum d. Cerebrum

ANS: D The outermost aspect of the cerebrum is called the cerebral cortex. The primary functions of the cerebral cortex include sensory, motor, and intellectual (cognitive) functions, making this area of the brain vital to normal human functioning and providing capabilities that make humans unique as a species.

The patient was admitted with a head injury and an intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring device was placed. The nurse knows to notify the practitioner if what type of wave start to appear on the monitor? a. A waves b. B wave c. C waves d. D waves

ANS: A A waves are the most clinically significant of the three types. They usually occur in an already elevated baseline intracranial pressure (ICP) (>20 mm Hg) and are characterized by sharp increases in ICP of 30 to 69 mm Hg, which plateau for 2 to 20 minutes and then return to baseline. B waves appear to reflect fluctuations in cerebral blood. C waves are small, rhythmic waves that occur every 4 to 8 minutes at normal levels of ICP. They are related to normal fluctuations in respiration and systemic arterial pressure.

The nurse is caring for a patient who has just had a cerebral angiogram. Which intervention should be part of the nursing management plan? a. Ensuring that the patient is adequately hydrated b. Maintaining the patient on an NPO status c. Administering antibiotics to the patient d. Keeping the patient flat in bed for 24 hours

ANS: A After the cerebral angiogram, adequate hydration is necessary to assist the kidneys in clearing the heavy dye load. Inadequate hydration may lead to renal dysfunction and renal shutdown.

Which areas of the spinal cord have tenuous blood supply and are especially vulnerable to circulatory embarrassment? a. C2 to C3 b. C5 to C6 c. T8 to T10 d. L4 to L5

ANS: A Arterial supply to the spinal cord is segmented at best, making portions of the spinal cord that receive blood supply from two separate sources vulnerable to low flow states. The most vulnerable of these areas are C2 to C3, T1 to T4, and L1 to L2.

Which neurologic structure carries nerve impulses from the central nervous system (CNS) to the periphery to produce a response such as contraction of the skeletal muscles? a. Efferent fibers b. Afferent fibers c. Sensory fibers d. Neurotransmitters

ANS: A Efferent fibers (motor fibers) transmit the central nervous system (CNS) response to the periphery to produce a motor response such as contraction of skeletal muscles, contraction of the smooth muscles of organs, or secretion by endocrine glands. This sensory information is transmitted to the CNS by afferent fibers (sensory fibers). Fibers enclosed in the sheath are called myelinated fibers. Neurotransmitters help with nerve transmission from one neuron to the next.

A critical care patient is diagnosed with massive head trauma. The patient is receiving brain tissue oxygen pressure (PbtO2) monitoring. The nurse recognized that the goal of this treatment is to maintain PbtO2: a. greater than 20 mm Hg. b. less than 15 mm Hg. c. between 15 and 20 mm Hg. d. between 10 and 20 mm Hg.

ANS: A In a patient with head injury, the goal of treatment is to maintain the PbtO2 greater than 20 mm Hg. Factors that decrease PbtO2 include tissue hypoxia, hypocapnia, hypovolemia, decreased blood pressure, low hemoglobin levels, intracranial hypertension, and hyperthermia. Treatment is directed at the underlying cause.

The nurse is caring for a patient who has sustained a traumatic head injury. The practitioner has asked the nurse to test the patient's oculocephalic reflex. What must the nurse verity prior to performing the test? a. The absence of cervical injury b. The depth and rate of respiration c. The patient's ability to swallow d. The patient's ability to follow a verbal command

ANS: A In an unconscious patient, assessment of ocular function and innervation of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) is performed by eliciting the doll's eyes reflex. If the patient is unconscious as a result of trauma, the nurse must ascertain the absence of cervical injury before performing this examination.

The nurse knows that change in pupil size is a significant neurologic finding particularly in the patient with a head injury. How much of a size difference between the two pupils is still considered normal? a. 1 mm b. 1.5 mm c. 2 mm d. 2.5 mm

ANS: A Pupil size should be documented in millimeters with the use of a pupil gauge to reduce the subjectivity of description. Most people have pupils of equal size, between 2 and 5 mm. A discrepancy up to 1 mm between the two pupils is normal.

A patient is admitted to the critical care unit with a subdural hematoma. The nurse is assessing the patient's Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score. Which statement is true concerning the GCS? a. It provides data about level of consciousness only. b. It is considered equivalent to a complete neurologic examination. c. It is a sensitive tool for evaluation of an altered sensorium. d. It is the most critical assessment parameter to account for possible aphasia.

ANS: A Several points should be kept in mind when the Glasgow Coma Scale is used for serial assessment. It provides data about level of consciousness only, and it should never be considered a complete neurologic examination. Additionally, it is not a sensitive tool for evaluation of an altered sensorium, and it does not account for possible aphasia or mechanical intubation. It is also a poor indicator of lateralization of neurologic deterioration.

A patient has neurologic damage to the limbic system. Which assessment finding is specific to this type of deficit? a. Flat affect with periods of emotional lability b. Unable to recall early events c. Disorientation to place and time d. Unable to interpret written words

ANS: A The limbic lobe's primary functions are related to self-preservation and include functions such as recall of pleasurable as well as unpleasant or potentially dangerous events, modification of mood and emotional responses in relation to perceived events, interpretation of smell, and augmentation of visceral processes (eg, heart rate, respiration) associated with emotion.

Which patient may need sedation before having a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan? a. Claustrophobic patient b. Comatose patient c. Elderly patient d. Patient with a spinal cord injury

ANS: A The magnetic resonance imaging procedure is lengthy and requires the patient to lie motionless in a tight, enclosed space. Mild sedation, a blindfold, or both may be necessary for claustrophobic patients.

Which area of the ventricular system is usually cannulated for intracranial pressure monitoring? a. Frontal horn of the lateral ventricle b. Aqueduct of Sylvius c. Foramen of Monro d. Fourth ventricle

ANS: A When cannulation of the ventricular system is required for intracranial pressure monitoring, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage, or placement of a CSF shunt, the frontal horn of the lateral ventricle on the nondominant side of the brain is most often selected.

If the right internal carotid artery is blocked, what happens to the blood flow to the right side of the brain? a. Blood flow is delivered via the circle of Willis b. Blood flow is diminished by 25% c. Blood flow is diminished by 50% d. Blood flow ceases

ANS: A When complete, the circle of Willis is capable of supporting some degree of collateral blood flow in the case of arterial occlusion, although a sufficient arterial supply in the face of arterial obstruction is not guaranteed.

Considering anatomic location, which cranial nerve will be affected first by downward pressure onto the infratentorial structures? a. III b. VI c. IX d. X

ANS: A With the location of the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve [CN] III) at the notch of the tentorium, pupil size and reactivity play a key role in the physical assessment of intracranial pressure changes and herniation syndromes. In addition to CN III compression, changes in pupil size occur for other reasons. Large pupils can result from the instillation of cycloplegic agents, such as atropine or scopolamine, or can indicate extreme stress. Extremely small pupils can indicate narcotic overdose, lower brainstem compression, or bilateral damage to the pons.

Indications for the use of electroencephalography (EEG) include (Select all that apply.) a. cerebral infarct. b. metabolic encephalopathy. c. confirmation of brain death. d. altered consciousness. e. all head injuries.

ANS: A, B, C, D Indications for the use of electroencephalography include suspected seizure activity, cerebral infarct, metabolic encephalopathies, altered consciousness, infectious disease, some head injuries, and confirmation of brain death.

Which statements are correct regarding the assessment of motor function in the neurologically impaired patient? (Select all that apply.) a. The presence of a Babinski reflex is an abnormal finding in an adult. b. Lower extremity muscle tone is assessed by asking the patient to push or pull his or her foot against resistance. c. When using noxious stimuli to elicit a motor response, each limb is tested separately. d. The presence of abnormal extension indicates a less positive outcome for the patient than abnormal flexion. e. The evaluation of deep tendon reflexes is an essential part of the nursing neurologic assessment.

ANS: A, C, D The presence of a Babinski response in an adult is indicative of neurologic dysfunction, pushing or pulling against resistance tests muscle strength not tone, and deep tendon reflexes are not routinely checked by the critical care nurse during assessment.

Which of the following statements best describes assessment of arousal? a. It measures content of consciousness and is a higher-level function. b. It is an evaluation of the reticular activating system and its connection with the thalamus and the cerebral cortex. c. It becomes a valid parameter when the patient is able to respond to verbal stimuli, such as squeezing the hands on command. d. Noxious stimuli are not to be used as an assessment parameter.

ANS: B Assessment of the arousal component of consciousness is an evaluation of the reticular activating system and its connection with the thalamus and the cerebral cortex. Arousal is the lowest level of consciousness, and observation centers on the patient's ability to respond to verbal or noxious stimuli in an appropriate manner.

The nurse is caring for a severely head injured comatose patient who is dying. The nurse knows the patient has entered the late stages of intracranial hypertension when the nurse observes which signs? a. Pupils are equal and reactive b. Widening pulse pressure c. Eupnea d. Decreased intracranial pressure

ANS: B Attention must also be paid to the pulse pressure because widening of this value may occur in the late stages of intracranial hypertension. With the loss of autoregulation as blood pressure increases, cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral blood volume increase and intracranial pressure (ICP) therefore increases. The mean arterial pressure must be maintained at a level sufficient to produce adequate CBF in the presence of elevated ICP.

A person with a cerebellar lesion will have difficulty with which physiologic mechanism? a. Breathing b. Equilibrium c. Memory d. Speech

ANS: B Cerebellar impulses are communicated to descending motor pathways to integrate spatial orientation and equilibrium with posture and muscle tone, ensuring synchronized adjustments in movement that maintain overall balance and motor coordination. Cerebellar monitoring and adjustment of motor activity occurs simultaneously with movement, enabling significant control of fine motor function.

The patient is ordered a computed tomography (CT) scan with contrast. Which question should the nurse ask the conscious patient before the procedure? a. "Are you allergic to penicillin?" b. "Are you allergic to iodine-based dye?" c. "Are you allergic to latex?" d. "Are you allergic to eggs?"

ANS: B If the patient is scheduled to receive contrast for computed tomography (CT) scanning, questions about possible sensitivity to iodine-based dye must be asked beforehand, if possible. During infusion of the dye and for 10 to 30 minutes afterward, the patient is observed closely for an anaphylactic reaction. Fewer than 1% of all patients undergoing contrast-enhanced CT have severe anaphylactic reactions, shock, or cardiac arrest.

A patient has been admitted with acute confusion and other focal neurologic signs. The practitioner orders magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The nurse knows in certain situations an MRI is superior to computed tomography (CT). What is one those situations? a. Brain death determination b. Detection of central nervous system infection c. Estimation of intracranial pressure d. Identification of subarachnoid hemorrhage

ANS: B Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) produces images with greater detail than computed tomography (CT) and provides views of several planes (sagittal, coronal, axial, and oblique) that are not possible with CT. MRI with contrast is the preferred study for detection of infectious and inflammatory processes of the central nervous system (CNS). MRI can detect areas of cerebral infarct within a few hours of the incident and can identify small areas of plaque in patients with multiple sclerosis. MRI with contrast is the preferred study for detection of infectious and inflammatory processes of the CNS, malignancy, and metastatic lesions; cervical spine imaging; and postoperative evaluation of tumor recurrence. MRI also is the diagnostic study of choice in the evaluation of spinal cord injury.

The nurse is caring for a patient with a head injury who is obtunded. The nurse is going to use noxious stimuli to elicit a response. What is an acceptable method? a. Nipple pinch b. Nail bed pressure c. Supraorbital pressure d. Sternal rub

ANS: B Nail bed pressure and trapezius pinch are acceptable methods of noxious stimulation. Nail bed pressure allows evaluation of individual extremity function. Trapezius pinch is difficult to perform on large or obese adults. Repeated sternal rub can cause the sternum to become excoriated, open, and infected. Supraorbital pressure must be avoided in patients with head injuries, frontal craniotomies, or facial surgery. Nipple and testicle pinching are inappropriate and unnecessary.

Substances most likely to pass across the blood-brain barrier have what characteristics? a. Low pH compared with body fluids b. Lipid solubility c. Large particle size d. A close relation to toxic metabolites

ANS: B Passage of substances across the blood-brain barrier is a function of particle size, lipid solubility, and protein-binding potential. Most drugs or compounds that are lipid soluble and stable at body pH rapidly cross the blood-brain barrier. The blood-brain barrier is also very permeable to water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and glucose.

The nurse is caring for a patient immediately after a craniotomy. When assessing the size and shape of the patient's pupils the nurse notes the patient's left pupil is oval. What does this finding indicate? a. Cortical dysfunction b. Intracranial hypertension c. Hydrocephalus d. Metabolic coma

ANS: B Pupil shape is also noted in the assessment of pupils. Although the pupil is normally round, an irregularly shaped or oval pupil may be noted in patients with eye surgery. Initial stages of cranial nerve III compression from elevated intracranial pressure can also cause the pupil to have an oval shape.

The nurses are admitting a neurologically impaired patient. The patient's family is present. How comprehensive should the initial history be? a. It should be limited to the chief complaint and personal habits. b. It should be all-inclusive, including events preceding hospitalization. c. It should be confined to current medications and family history. d. It should be restricted to only information that the patient can provide.

ANS: B The one factor common to all neurologic assessment is the need to obtain a comprehensive history of events preceding hospitalization.

The primary functions of which lobe are hearing, speech, behavior, and memory? a. Frontal lobe b. Temporal lobe c. Occipital lobe d. Parietal lobe

ANS: B The temporal lobe lies beneath the temporal bone in the lateral portion of the cranium. Separated from the frontal and parietal lobes by the lateral fissure, this lobe has the primary functions of hearing, speech, behavior, and memory.

Which statement best describes the role of neuroglial cells? a. They are fewer in number than neurons. b. They provide support to the neuron in nutrients and structural formation. c. They protect the central nervous system (CNS) from nonmetabolic primary neoplasms. d. They produce a steady supply of neurotransmitters.

ANS: B These cells provide the neuron with structural support, nourishment, and protection (Table 26-1). They also retain their ability to replicate but can replicate abnormally and hence are the primary source of central nervous system neoplasms.

The nurse is caring for a patient who has sustained a traumatic head injury. The practitioner has asked the nurse to test the patient's oculocephalic reflex. Which findings indicate that the patient has an intact oculocephalic reflex? a. The patient's eyes move in the same direction the head is turned. b. The patient's eyes move in the opposite direction to the movement of the patient's head. c. The patient's eyes rove and move in opposite directions from each other. d. The patient's eyes move up and down and then back and forth.

ANS: B To assess the oculocephalic reflex, the nurse holds the patient's eyelids open and briskly turns the head to one side while observing the eye movements and then briskly turns the head to the other side and observes. If the eyes deviate to the opposite direction in which the head is turned, doll's eyes are present, and the oculocephalic reflex arc is intact. If the oculocephalic reflex arc is not intact, the reflex is absent.

Control of the rate of respirations occurs in the in which brain center? a. Apneustic center b. Pneumotaxic center c. Reticular activating system d. Midbrain

ANS: B Two respiratory control centers are located in the pons, namely the apneustic and pneumotaxic centers. Whereas the apneustic center controls the length of inspiration and expiration, the pneumotaxic center controls respiratory rate.

The practitioner has ordered a carotid Doppler study for a patient. The patient asks the nurse what the test is for. How should the nurse respond? a. The test evaluates blood flow in the anterior, middle, or posterior cerebral arteries. b. The test estimates blood flow velocity thought the carotid arteries. c. The test assesses arteriovenous circulation in the intracranial space. d. The test gauges global cerebral blood flow.

ANS: B Ultrasound technology, although not an absolute measure of cerebral blood flow, uses a noninvasive technique to provide information about the flow velocity of blood through carotid vessels. Carotid duplex studies are used as a routine screening procedure for intraluminal narrowing of the common and internal carotid arteries as a result of atherosclerotic plaques.

The patient's intracranial pressure (ICP) reading has gradually climbed from 15 to 23 mm Hg. The nurse's primary action is to: a. drain off 7 mm of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the catheter. b. notify the physician. c. place the patient in a high Fowler position to decrease the pressure. d. check level of consciousness.

ANS: B Under normal physiologic conditions, mean intracranial pressure (ICP) is maintained below 15 mm Hg. An increase in ICP can decrease blood flow to the brain, causing brain damage. Persistent ICP elevation above 20 mm Hg remains the most significant factor associated with a fatal outcome.

The nurse and a new graduate nurse are caring for a comatose patient on continuous electroencephalography (cEEG) monitor. The new graduate says "This monitor is great. How come we don't use it on all the neuro patients?" What are the drawbacks to using this type of monitor? (Select all that apply.) a. Size of machine b. Expensive c. Labor-intensive program d. Requires expertise for interpretation e. Artifacts from ICU environment

ANS: B, C, D, E The drawbacks to the use of continuous electroencephalography (cEEG) are that it is an expensive, labor-intensive program that requires expertise for interpretation, and is subject to artifacts from the intensive care unit environment. More research on cEEG is needed to determine its cost-saving potential and impact on outcome.

Which cranial nerves are responsible for motor functions of the eye? (Select all that apply.) a. Optic nerve b. Oculomotor c. Trochlear d. Trigeminal e. Abducens f. Acoustic.

ANS: B, C, E The oculomotor nerve is the motor nerve whose function is raising the eyelids and extraocular movement of the eyes. The trochlear nerve is the motor nerve whose function is the extraocular movement of the eyes. The abducens nerve is the motor nerve that functions with extraocular eye movement and rotates the eyeball outward. The optic nerve is the sensory nerve whose function is vision. The trigeminal nerve is the sensory nerve that gives sensation to the cornea, ciliary body, iris, and lacrimal gland. The acoustic nerve is the sensory nerve whose function is hearing

The nurse is caring for a patient with an intracranial pressure-monitoring device that provides access to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for sampling. What type of device does the patient have? a. Subarachnoid bolt b. Epidural catheter c. Intraventricular catheter d. Fiber-optic catheter

ANS: C An intraventricular catheter allows accurate intracranial pressure (ICP) measurement and provides access to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for drainage or sampling. A subarachnoid bolt, epidural catheter, and fiber-optic catheter provide no access for CSF sampling.

Why is assessment of level of conscious (LOC) the most important aspect of the neurologic examination? a. The LOC is the most prognostic indicator of the patient's outcome. b. The LOC is generally limited to the Glasgow Coma Scale making it the quickest part of the assessment. c. In most situations the LOC deteriorates before any other neurologic changes are noted. d. The LOC is the easiest part of the neurologic exam and thus is generally performed first.

ANS: C Assessment of the level of consciousness is the most important aspect of the neurologic examination

Obstructive hydrocephalus can occur in the presence of what abnormality? a. Blockage in the arachnoid villi b. Malformation of the falx cerebelli c. Blockage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow in the ventricular system d. Increased production of CSF

ANS: C Blockage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow occurring within the ventricular system obstructs the normal circulation of CSF, causing dilation of the ventricles, a condition called obstructive hydrocephalus.

The nurse is caring for a patient who is going to have digital subtraction angiography. The patient asks what is the difference between conventional and digital subtraction angiography. What should the nurse tell the patient? a. Digital subtraction angiography has fewer complications. b. Digital subtraction angiography is noninvasive. c. Digital subtraction angiography uses significantly less dye. d. Digital subtraction angiography is done through the femoral vein.

ANS: C Digital subtraction angiography uses significantly less dye than arterial angiography. Dye is injected in the venous or arterial system. The patient must remain motionless during the procedure. Complications are the same as those for cerebral angiography.

The nurse is precepting a new graduate nurse. The new graduate asks about the difference between electroencephalography and evoked potentials. What should the nurse tell the new graduate? a. Evoked potentials measure and record electric and muscle activity in response to noxious stimuli. b. Electroencephalography measures cerebral blood flow and oxygen extraction. c. Evoked potentials measure cerebral electrical impulses generated in response to sensory stimuli. d. Electroencephalography measures the biochemical changes in the brain to assess metabolic activity.

ANS: C Evoked potentials involve the recording of electrical impulses generated by a sensory stimulus as it travels through the brainstem and into the cerebral cortex. Electroencephalography (EEG) records electric impulses, commonly called brain waves, generated by the brain.

The practitioner wishes to evaluate the functional integrity of cerebral motor pathways in a brain-injured patient. Which test should the nurse anticipate the practitioner will order? a. Electroencephalography b. Xenon computed tomography (CT) c. Motor-evoked potentials d. Emission tomography

ANS: C Motor-evoked potentials assess the functional integrity of descending motor pathways. The motor cortex is stimulated via direct high-voltage electric stimulation through the scalp or use of a magnetic field to induce an electrical current within the brain.

The nurse is caring for a critically injured patient who can only be aroused by vigorous external stimuli. Which category should the nurse use to document the patient's level of consciousness? a. Lethargic b. Obtunded c. Stuporous d. Comatose

ANS: C Stuporous means the patient can be aroused only by vigorous and continuous external stimuli. Motor response is often withdrawal or localizing to stimulus. Obtunded means the patient displays dull indifference to external stimuli, and response is minimally maintained. Questions are answered with a minimal response. Lethargic means the patient displays a state of drowsiness or inaction in which the patient needs an increased stimulus to be awakened. Comatose means vigorous stimulation fails to produce any voluntary neural response in the patient.

A patient is admitted after a stroke. The patient has an altered level of consciousness and garbled speech. A computed tomography scan is performed to determine the cause of the stroke, and a lumbar puncture is performed for analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Because the patient's speech is garbled, the nurse documents the occurrence of which type of aphasia? a. Fluent b. Receptive c. Expressive d. Global

ANS: C The area involved in the formulation of verbal speech is the Broca area. Damage to this area results in an expressive or nonfluent aphasia.

The nurse is caring for a patient with a closed head injury with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 6. What does this score indicate about the patient's neurologic status? a. Patient is in a vegetative state. b. Patient is a paraplegic. c. Patient is in a coma. d. Patient is able to obey commands.

ANS: C The best possible score on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is 15, and the lowest score is 3. Generally, a score of 7 or less on the GCS indicates coma. Originally, the scoring system was developed to assist in general communication concerning the severity of neurologic injury.

What is the large opening at the base of the cranium called? a. Cisterna magna b. Median foramen c. Foramen magnum d. Lateral foramen

ANS: C The cranium is a solid, nonexpanding bony vault with only one large opening at the base called the foramen magnum, through which the brainstem projects and connects to the spinal cord.

A patient is going for digital subtraction angiography. The patient education plan to prepare the patient for the procedure should include which instruction? a. Inform the patient that the procedure is very noisy and earplugs will be provided b. Tell the patient that repositioning will be required at appropriate intervals c. Instruct the patient to remaining motionless during the entire procedure d. Let the patient know he will be expected to swallow frequently during the procedure

ANS: C The major disadvantage of digital subtraction angiography involves the patient's ability to remain motionless during the entire procedure. Even swallowing significantly interferes with the imaging process.

What is the tissue that adheres directly to the brain called? a. Dura mater b. Arachnoid mater c. Pia mater d. Blood-brain barrier

ANS: C The outermost layer of meninges directly beneath the skull is the dura mater. The arachnoid membrane is a delicate, fragile membrane that loosely surrounds the brain. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates freely in the subarachnoid space fragile membrane that loosely surrounds the brain. The pia mater adheres directly to brain tissue. Rich in small blood vessels that supply a large volume of arterial blood to the central nervous system, this membrane closely follows all folds and convolutions of the brain's surface.

A patient is admitted with an anoxic brain injury. The nurse notes abnormal extension of both extremities to noxious stimuli. This finding indicates dysfunction in which area of the central nervous system? a. Cerebral cortex b. Thalamus c. Cerebellum d. Brainstem

ANS: D Abnormal extension occurs with lesions in the area of the brainstem. Abnormal flexion occurs with lesions above the midbrain in the region of the thalamus or cerebral hemispheres.

The nurse is caring for a patient with a head injury and observes a rhythmic increase and decrease in the rate and depth of respiration followed by brief periods of apnea. What should the nurse document under breathing pattern? a. Central neurogenic hyperventilation b. Apneustic breathing c. Ataxic respirations d. Cheyne-Stokes respirations

ANS: D Cheyne-Stokes respirations have a rhythmic crescendo and decrescendo of rate and depth of respiration, including brief periods of apnea. These respirations are usually seen with bilateral deep cerebral lesions or some cerebellar lesions. Central neurogenic hyperventilations are very deep, very rapid respirations with no apneic periods. They are usually seen with lesions of the midbrain and upper pons. Apneustic breathing includes clusters of irregular, gasping respirations separated by long periods of apnea. They are usually seen in lesions of the lower pons or upper medulla. Ataxic respirations are irregular, random patterns of deep and shallow respirations with irregular apneic periods. They are usually seen in lesions of the medulla.

A patient is being prepared for a neurologic work-up. The practitioner is getting ready to perform a lumbar puncture. What is the best position for the nurse to place the patient in for the procedure? a. Prone b. Reverse Trendelenburg c. High Fowler d. Lateral recumbent position with knees and head slightly tucked.

ANS: D Patients undergoing a lumbar puncture are placed either in the lateral recumbent position, with the knees and head tightly tucked, or in the sitting position, leaning over a bedside table or some other support.

The nursing is caring for a comatose patient with a brain tumor. When the nurse touches the palm of the patient's hand, the patient grasps the nurse's hand. What is this sign indicative of? a. There is damage to the brainstem. b. It's a normal finding. c. The patient is getting better. d. Cortical damage is present.

ANS: D The grasp reflex is present when tactile stimulation of the palm of the hand produces a grasp response that is not a conscious voluntary act. The grasp reflex is a primitive reflex that normally disappears with maturational development; thus, the presence of the grasp reflex in the adult indicates cortical damage.

The nurse is precepting a new graduate nurse. The new graduate asks about testing the oculovestibular reflex. What should the nurse tell the new graduate? a. The test should not be performed on an unconscious patient because of the risk of aspiration. b. An abnormal response is manifested by conjugate, slow, tonic nystagmus, deviating toward the irrigated ear. c. This test should be included in the nursing neurologic examination of a patient with a head injury. d. This test is one of the final clinical assessments of brainstem function.

ANS: D The oculovestibular reflex is one of the final clinical assessments of brainstem function and is only performed by a practitioner. After confirmation that the tympanic membrane is intact, the head is raised to a 30-degree angle. Then 20 to 100 mL of ice water is injected into the external auditory canal. In a normal response, eye movement is in the direction of the injection site. An abnormal response is disconjugate eye movement, which indicates a brainstem lesion, or no response, which indicates little to no brainstem function.

Which lobe of the brain deals primarily with sensory function? a. Frontal lobe b. Temporal lobe c. Occipital lobe d. Parietal lobe

ANS: D The parietal lobe is primarily concerned with sensory functions, including integration of sensory information; awareness of body parts; interpretation of touch, pressure, and pain; and recognition of object size, shape, and texture. Injury to these areas may result in tactile sensory loss on the opposite side of the body.

Damage to the upper portion of the reticular activating system results in which condition? a. Seizures b. Diabetes insipidus c. Apnea d. Impaired consciousness

ANS: D The reticular activating system (RAS) works through activation of the hypothalamus, which results in diffuse cortical stimulation and autonomic stimulation. Damage to the thalamic or hypothalamic RAS pathways results in impaired consciousness.

Which nuclear medicine study should the nurse anticipate a practitioner's order for in a patient who is being evaluated for a brain tumor? a. PET b. MRI c. MRA d. SPECT

ANS: D The single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) test differs from positron emission tomography (PET) in that tracer stays in the bloodstream rather than being absorbed by surrounding tissue, thereby limiting the images to areas where blood flows. SPECT is cheaper and more readily available than higher resolution PET. The major clinical uses of SPECT are to detect cerebrovascular disease, seizures, and tumors. Magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography are radiographic imaging examinations.