Urden Questions

Which finding confirms the diagnosis of a pulmonary embolism? a. Low-probability ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan b. Negative pulmonary angiogram c. High-probability V/Q scan d. Absence of vascular markings on the chest radiograph

c. high probability V/Q scan

What are the causes of a postoperative fever? (Select all that apply.) a. Medication reactions b. Hypotension c. Blood transfusion reaction d. Pulmonary emboli e. Atelectasis

A, C, D, E

Which of the following dysrhythmias are common in the postanesthetic period? (Select all that apply.) a. Ventricular tachycardia b. Ventricular fibrillation c. Supraventricular tachydysrhythmias d. Sinus bradycardia e. Premature ventricular contractions

A, C, D, E

Which stage of general anesthesia begins with the initiation of an anesthetic agent and ends with loss of consciousness? Which stage of general anesthesia begins with the initiation of an anesthetic agent and ends with loss of consciousness? a. Stage I b. Stage II c. Stage III d. Stage IV

A. stage I

A patient has been admitted with the diagnosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ABGs revealed an elevated pH and decreased PaCO2. The patient is becoming fatigued, and the practitioner orders a repeat ABG. Which set of results would be indicative of the patient's current condition? a. Elevated pH and decreased PaCO2 b. Elevated pH and elevated PaCO2 c. Decreased pH and decreased PaCO2 d. Decreased pH and elevated PaCO2

D. Decreased pH and elevated PaCO2

Supplemental oxygen administration is usually effective in treating hypoxemia related which situation? A. Physiologic shunting B. Dead space ventilation C. Alveolar hyperventilation D. Ventilation-perfusion mismatching

D. Ventilation-perfusion mismatching

A patient is oversedated after receiving a benzodiazepine. Which medication would the nurse administer to reverse the effects of this medication? a. Naloxone b. Neostigmine c. Fentanyl d. Flumazenil

D. flumazenil

A patient is admitted with a severe head injury. The nurse knows that critically ill patients are at risk for gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to stress-related mucosal disease. The nurse would monitor the patient for which signs and symptoms? a. Metabolic acidosis and hypovolemia b. Decreasing hemoglobin and hematocrit c. Hyperkalemia and hypernatremia d. Hematemesis and melena

D. hematemesis and melena

Patient with left-sided pneumonia may benefit from placing them in which position? A. reverse trendelenburg b. supine c. on the left side d. on the right side

D. on the right side

A patient was admitted with acute lung failure secondary to pneumonia. What is the single most important measure to prevent the spread of infection between staff and patients? a. Place the patient in respiratory isolation. b. Ensure everyone is using proper hand hygiene. c. Use personal protective equipment. d. Initiate prompt administration of antibiotics.

b. ensure everyone is using proper hand hygiene.

What two pathogens are most frequently associated with ventilator-associated pneumonia? a. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa b. Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae c. Acinetobacter baumannii and Haemophilus influenzae d. Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp

a. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

What are the effects of nitrous oxide? a. Anesthesia, analgesia, and amnesia b. Vasodilation, analgesia, and myocardial depression c. Respiratory and cardiovascular depression d. Bronchodilation, myocardial excitation, and muscle tremors

a. anesthesia, analgesia, and amnesia

A patient was admitted following an aspiration event on the medical-surgical floor. The patient is receiving 40% oxygen via a simple facemask. The patient has become increasingly agitated and confused. The patient's oxygen saturation has dropped from 92% to 84%. The nurse notifies the practitioner about the change in the patient's condition. What interventions should the nurse anticipate? a. Intubation and mechanical ventilation b. Change in antibiotics orders c. Suction and reposition the patient d. Orders for a sedative

a. intubation and mechanical ventilation

Which medication has a direct myocardial depressant effect on the heart? a. Ketamine b. Barbiturates c. Succinylcholine d. Opioids

a. ketamine

A patient with a history of chronic alcoholism was admitted with acute pancreatitis. What intervention would the nurse include in the patient's plan of care? a. Monitor the patient for hypovolemic shock from plasma volume depletion. b. Observe the patient for hypoglycemia and hypercalcemia. c. Initiate enteral feedings after the nasogastric tube is placed. d. Place the patient on a fluid restriction to avoid the fluid sequestration.

a. monitor the patient for hypovolemic shock from plasma volume depletion.

What is the most effective treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting? a. Prevention b. Droperidol given immediately when nausea is reported c. Phenergan given immediately when nausea is reported d. Metoclopramide given immediately when nausea is reported

a. prevention

A postoperative patient has developed laryngeal edema. What medication would the nurse anticipate being administered to the patient? a. Racemic epinephrine b. Succinylcholine c. Albuterol d. Morphine

a. racemic epinephrine

A patient was admitted with severe epigastric pain and has been diagnosed with cancer. The patient is scheduled for an esophagectomy. The patient asks about the procedure. What would be an appropriate response from the nurse? a. "This procedure is usually performed for cancer of the proximal esophagus and gastroesophageal junction." b. "This procedure is usually performed for cancer of the distal esophagus and gastroesophageal junction." c. "This procedure is usually performed for cancer of the pancreatic head." d. "The procedure is usually performed for varices of the distal esophagus and gastroesophageal junction."

b. "This procedure is usually performed for cancer of the distal esophagus and gastroesophageal junction."

A patient was oversedated and required a dose of naloxone. How long would the nurse expect the duration of action of the medication to last? a. 30 minutes to 1 hour b. 1 to 4 hours c. 4 to 6 hours d. 6 to 10 hours

b. 1-4 hrs

Management of an airway obstruction begins with immediate recognition and treatment. Place these nursing interventions in the appropriate order for initial care of a postanesthesia patient with airway obstruction. 1. Positive-pressure mask ventilation 2. Head-tilt/chin-lift maneuver (nonreactive patient) 3. Insertion of oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway 4. Intubation with mechanical intubation 5. Stimulation of the patient a. 1, 2, 3, 5, 4 b. 5, 2, 3, 1, 4 c. 2, 3, 1, 5, 4 d. 4, 2, 3, 1, 5

b. 5, 2, 3, 1, 4

A trauma victim has sustained right rib fractures and pulmonary contusions. Auscultation reveals decreased breath sounds on the right side. Bulging intercostal muscles are noted on the right side. HR is 130 beats per min, RR is 32 breaths per minute, and breathing is labored. In addition to oxygen administration, what procedure should the nurse anticipate? a. Thoracentesis b. Chest tube insertion c. Pericardiocentesis d. Emergent intubation

b. chest tube insertion

How would the nurse administer sucralfate through a gastric tube? a. Crushed and mixed with 10 mL of water b. Dissolved in 10 mL of water to form a slurry c. Mixed in 15 mL of water to form a solution d. Administered as a whole pill with a 35-mL water flush

b. dissolved in 10 mL of water to form a slurry

Which diagnostic criteria is indicative of mild adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)? a. Radiologic evidence of bibasilar atelectasis b. PaO2/FiO2 ratio less than or equal to 200 mm Hg c. Pulmonary artery wedge pressure greater than 18 mm Hg d. Increase in static and dynamic compliance

b. PaO2/FiO2 ratio less than or equal to 200 mm Hg

A patient emerges from general anesthesia screaming, shouting, and thrashing wildly. The nurse suspects the patient is experiencing what problem? a. Emergence hallucination b. Emergence fever c. Emergence hyperactivity d. Emergence delirium

d. emergence delirium

A patient with acute pancreatitis is complaining of a pain in the left upper quadrant. Using a 1-10 point pain scale, the patient states the current level is at an 8. What intervention would the nurse include in the patient's plan of care to facilitate pain control? a. Administer analgesics only as needed. b. Administer analgesics around the clock. c. Educate the patient and family on lifestyle changes. d. Teach relaxation and distraction techniques.

b. administer analgesics around the clock.

The nurse is caring for a postoperative patient who is snoring and has stridor, nostril flaring, and intercostal retractions. The nurse knows that these findings are clinical manifestations of what problem? a. Angina b. Airway obstruction c. Pain d. Oversedation

b. airway obstruction

A patient with a history of chronic alcoholism was admitted with acute pancreatitis. The nurse is developing a patient education plan. Which topic would the nurse include in the plan? a. Diabetes management b. Alcohol cessation c. Occult blood testing d. Anticoagulation management

b. alcohol cessation

When a patient develops postoperative hypertension, what potential cause would the nurse investigate? a. Opioid administration b. Fluid overload c. Bladder distention d. Dysrhythmias

b. fluid overload

Depending on the patient's risk for the recurrence of pulmonary embolism, how long may a patient remain on warfarin once they are discharged from the hospital? a. 1 to 3 months b. 3 to 6 months c. 3 to 12 months d. 12 to 36 months

c. 3 to 12 months

In the postop care unit, how often would the nurse stimulate the patient to take 3-4 deep breaths? a. 1 to 2 minutes b. 3 to 5 minutes c. 5 to 10 minutes d. 30 to 60 minutes

c. 5-10 minutes

The nurse is caring for a patient with acute liver failure. The practitioner asks the nurse to assess the patient for asterixis. How should the nurse assess for this symptom? a. Inflate a blood pressure cuff on the patient's arm. b. Have the patient bring the knees to the chest. c. Have the patient extend the arms and dorsiflex the wrists. d. Dorsiflex the patient's foot.

c. have the patient extend the arms and dorsiflex the wrists.

A postoperative patient has developed bronchospasms. What medication would the nurse anticipate being administered to the patient? a. Racemic epinephrine b. Methylprednisolone c. Albuterol d. Morphine

c. albuterol

A patient is admitted with a GI hemorrhage due to esophagogastric varices. The patient has been started on a vasopressin drip. The nurse would monitor the patient for which side effect of the medication? a. Constipation b. Diarrhea c. Chest pain d. Bleeding

c. chest pain

An older patient reports taking cimetidine for several years. The nurse knows that this medication can cause central nervous system side effects. For what side effect would the nurse monitor the patient? a. Tremors b. Dizziness c. Confusion d. Hallucinations

c. confusion

The nurse is caring for a postoperative patient who is complaining of being cold and shivering. The patient's temperature is normal. The nurse understands that shivering can occur in the normothermic patient for what reason? a. Dehydration b. Delayed response to being hypothermic during surgery c. Effects of anesthetic agents d. Anxiety

c. effects of anesthetic agents

What is the medical treatment for a pneumothorax greater than 15%? a. Systemic antibiotics to treat the inflammatory response b. An occlusive dressing to equalize lung pressures c. Interventions to evacuate the air from the pleural space d. Mechanical ventilation to assist with re-expansion of the collapsed lung

c. interventions to evacuate the air from the pleural space

The nurse is caring for a patient with acute liver failure. The patient has elevated ammonia levels. Which medication would the nurse expect the practitioner to order for this patient? a. Insulin b. Vitamin K c. Lactulose d. Lorazepam

c. lactulose

What stage of general anesthesia is known as surgical anesthesia? a. Stage I b. Stage II c. Stage III d. Stage IV

c. stage III

A patient has been admitted with severe abdominal pain. When examining the patient, the nurse notes hypoactive bowel sounds, abdominal guarding, distention, and a discoloration around the umbilicus. The nurse suspects the patient may have which condition? a. Peptic ulcer disease b. Esophageal varices c. Acute liver failure d. Acute pancreatitis

d. acute pancreatitis

The nurse is caring for a patient who has just returned from surgery. The nurse is monitoring the patient's heart rhythm. In the postop period, when do dysrhythmias often occur? a. During the first minute b. During the first 2 minutes c. During the first 5 minutes d. At any time

d. at any time

Nursing management of a patient in the immediate postop period includes implementation of the stir-up regimen. What actions are parts of the stir-up regimen? a. Deep-breathing exercises, suctioning, warming, and nausea management b. Incentive spirometry, abdominal breathing, warming, drinking, and pain management c. Incentive spirometry, coughing, suctioning, warming, mobilization, and eating d. Deep-breathing exercises, coughing, positioning, mobilization, and pain management

d. deep-breathing exercises, coughing, positioning, mobilization, and pain management

Medical management of a patient with status asthmaticus includes which treatments? Select all that apply. a. Oxygen therapy b. Bronchodilators c. Corticosteroids d. Antibiotics e. Intubation and mechanical ventilation

A, B, C, E

What is the major hemodynamic consequence of a massive pulmonary embolus? a. Increased systemic vascular resistance leading to left heart failure b. Pulmonary hypertension leading to right heart failure c. Portal vein blockage leading to ascites d. Embolism to the internal carotids leading to a stroke

b. pulmonary hypertension leading to right heart failure

A patient was admitted with acute pancreatitis. The nurse understands that pancreatitis occurs as a result of what pathophysiologic mechanism? a. Uncontrolled hypoglycemia caused by an increased release of insulin b. Loss of storage capacity for senescent red blood cells c. Premature activation of inactive digestive enzymes, resulting in autodigestion d. Release of glycogen into the serum, resulting in hyperglycemia

c. premature activation of inactive digestive enzymes, resulting in autodigestion.

What psychologic factors contribute to long-term mechanical ventilation dependence? Select all that apply. a. Fear b. Delirium c. Lack of confidence d. Depression e. Trust in the stuff

A, B, C, D

Which disorders or conditions are potential causes of acute liver failure? Select all that apply. a. Ischemia b. Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, non-A, non-B, non-C c. Acetaminophen toxicity d. Wilson disease e. Reye syndrome f. Diabetes

A, B, C, D, E

Nursing management of the patient with acute lung failure includes which interventions? Select all that apply. a. Positioning the patient with the least affected side up b. Providing adequate rest between treatments c. Performing percussion and postural drainage every 4 hours d. Controlling fever e. Pharmaceutical medications to control anxiety

A, B, D, E

A patient has been admitted with pancreatitis. Which clinical manifestations would the nurse expect to observe in support of this diagnosis? Select all that apply. a. Epigastric and abdominal pain b. Nausea and vomiting c. Diaphoresis d. Jaundice e. Hyperactive bowel sounds f. Fever

A, B, D, F

Which nursing intervention should be used to optimize oxygenation and ventilation in the patient with acute lung failure? A. Provide adequate rest and recovery time between procedures. B. Position the patient with the good lung up. C. Suction the patient every hour. D. Avoid hyperventilating the patient.

A. Provide adequate rest and recovery time between procedures.

A patient is admitted with a gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to esophagogastric varices. The nurse knows that varices are caused by which pathophysiologic mechanism? a. Portal hypertension resulting in diversion of blood from a high-pressure area to a low-pressure area b. Superficial mucosal erosions as a result of increased stress levels c. Loss of protective mechanisms resulting in the breakdown the mucosal resistance d. Inflammation and ulceration secondary to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use

A. portal hypertension resulting in diversion of blood from a high-pressure area to a low-pressure area

A patient is admitted with the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. The nurse expects which lab values to be elevated? Select all that apply. a. Calcium b. Serum amylase c. Serum glucose d. Potassium e. White blood cells f. Serum triglycerides

B, C, E, F

A patient has been admitted with acute liver failure. Which interventions would the nurse expect as part of the interprofessional collaborative management plan? Select all that apply. a. Benzodiazepines for agitation b. Pulse oximetry and serial arterial blood gas measurements c. Insulin drip for hyperglycemia and hyperkalemia d. Monitoring electrolyte blood levels e. Assessing for signs of cerebral edema

B, D, E

For which situation does a patient with acute lung failure require a bronchodilator? A. Excessive secretions B. Bronchospasms C. Thick secretions D. Fighting the ventilator

B. Bronchospasms

A patient is admitted with an upper gastrointestinal bleed. Which disorder is the leading cause of upper GI hemorrhage? a. Stress ulcers b. Peptic ulcers c. Nonspecific erosive gastritis d. Esophageal varice

B. peptic ulcers

The patient's body temperature is 33° C. The patient is shivering and the nurse needs to initiate which interventions? (Select all that apply.) a. Cover the patient with warm blankets. b. Apply heat lamps. c. Provide fluid and blood warming. d. Apply supplemental oxygen. e. Provide a thermal mattress.

C, D, E

Which cause of hypoxemia is the result of blood passing through unventilated portions of the lungs? A. Alveolar hypoventilation B. Dead space ventilation C. Intrapulmonary shunting D. Physiologic shunting

C. Intrapulmonary shunting

A nurse is administering a benzodiazepine to a patient to facilitate relaxation prior to surgery. Which benzodiazepine has a slow onset of action and long duration? a. Diazepam b. Midazolam c. Lorazepam d. Droperidol

C. lorazepam

What nursing intervention can facilitate the prevention of aspiration? a. Observing the amount given in the tube feeding b. Assessing the patient's level of consciousness c. Encouraging the patient to cough and to breathe deeply d. Positioning a patient in a semirecumbent position

D. positioning the patient in a semi-recumbent position

The nurse is assisting with intubation of a patient. Which depolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant medication would the nurse anticipate being given to the patient? a. Succinylcholine b. Pancuronium c. Mivacurium d. Rocuronium

a. succinylcholine

What are the most common presenting signs and symptoms associated with a pulmonary embolism? a. Tachycardia and tachypnea b. Hemoptysis and evidence of deep vein thromboses c. Apprehension and dyspnea d. Right ventricular failure and fever

a. tachycardia and tachypnea

The nurse is teaching a patient how to do the sustained maximal inspiration (SMI) maneuver. Which instruction to the patient is correct? a. Take a deep breath and hold it for 3 to 5 seconds before exhaling. b. Take a slow deep breath and then forcefully exhale. c. Take a deep breath and, at the peak of inspiration, expand the chest and take in a little more air. d. Take a slow deep breath and then exhale slowly.

a. take a deep breath and hold it for 3 to 5 seconds before exhaling.

Which condition develops when air enters the pleural space from the lung on inhalation and cannot exit on exhalation? a. Tension pneumothorax b. Sucking chest wound c. Open pneumothorax d. Pulmonary interstitial empyema

a. tension pneumothorax

The coughing maneuver in which a patient takes a deep breath and then performs multiple coughs on exhalation of that breath is known as what type of cough? a. Serial b. Cascade c. Sustained maximal d. Deep

b. cascade

Which nursing intervention is a priority for a patient with GI hemorrhage? a. Positioning the patient in a high-Fowler position b. Ensuring the patient has a patent airway c. Irrigating the nasogastric tube with iced saline d. Maintaining venous access so that fluids and blood can be administered

b. ensuring the patient has a patent airway

The nurse is caring for a patient who has developed laryngospasm. What action should the nurse take first? a. Assist with intubation and then provide manual ventilation with 100% oxygen. b. Hyperextend the patient's head and administer positive-pressure ventilations on 100% oxygen. c. Administer 10 mg of succinylcholine. d. Administer nebulized racemic epinephrine.

b. hyperextend the patient's head and administer positive-pressure ventilations on 100% oxygen.

A postoperative patient is experiencing delayed arousal after a transurethral prostatectomy. To assist with finding the cause, the nurse would assess the patient's laboratory values for which finding? a. Hypercalcemia b. Hyponatremia c. Hyperkalemia d. Hypermagnesemia

b. hyponatremia

When a patient emerges in a very restless state, what is the first problem the nurse must suspect? a. Anxiety b. Hypoxia c. Pain d. Gastric distention

b. hypoxia

The nurse suspects that a patient has aspirated. What action would the nurse take immediately? a. Raise the head of the bed to a 45- to 90-degree angle. b. Lower the bed and turn the head to the side. c. Notify the physician and prepare to intubate the patient. d. Call for chest radiography to verify aspiration.

b. lower the bed and turn the head to the side

The nurse is caring for a patient after an esophagectomy. In the immediate postop period, which nursing intervention would have the highest priority? a. Preventing atelectasis b. Managing pain c. Promoting ambulation d. Preventing infection

b. managing pain

A patient was admitted with acute liver failure. The patient is lethargic, confused, and has marked asterixis. The nurse suspects the patient is in what stage of hepatic encephalopathy. a. Stage 1 b. Stage 2 c. Stage 3 d. Stage 4

b. stage 2

The nurse is caring for a patient after an esophagectomy. The nurse knows the patient is at risk for an anastomotic leak. Which finding would indicate this occurrence? a. Crackles in the lung bases b. Subcutaneous emphysema c. Incisional bleeding d. Absent of bowel sounds

b. subcutaneous emphysema

A postoperative patient has developed laryngospasm. What medication would the nurse anticipate being administered to the patient? a. Racemic epinephrine b. Succinylcholine c. Albuterol d. Morphin

b. succinylcholine

A patient is admitted with a GI hemorrhage due to esophagogastric varices. What medication would the nurse expect the practitioner to order for this patient? a. Histamine2 (H2) antagonists b. Vasopressin c. Heparin d. Antacids

b. vasopressin

A patient was admitted after a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. A nursing student asks the nurse what type of surgery an RYGBP is. What would be an appropriate response from the nurse? a. "It is an esophagectomy performed using the transthoracic approach." b. "It is an esophagectomy performed using a transhiatal approach." c. "It is a combination of restrictive and malabsorption types of bariatric surgery." d. "It is a standard operation for pancreatic cancer.

c. "It is a combination of restrictive and malabsorption types of bariatric surgery."

Which therapeutic measure would be the most effective in treating hypoxemia in the presence of intrapulmonary shunting associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)? a. Sedating the patient to blunt noxious stimuli b. Increasing the FiO2 on the ventilator c. Administering positive-end expiratory pressure (PEEP) d. Restricting fluids to 500 mL per shift

c. Administering positive-end expiratory pressure (PEEP)

A patient was transferred to the postanesthesia care unit from the operating room after the induction of halothane anesthesia. The patient has no significant medical history. On admission, the patient appeared comatose and extremely diaphoretic, with severe muscle rigidity and tremors. The patient's vital signs were heart rate, 145 beats/min; monitor reveals sinus tachycardia; blood pressure, 85/50 mm Hg; respiratory rate, 35 breaths/min; and temperature, 103.8° F. Arterial blood gases on 100% oxygen by ventilator were PaO2, 70%; PaCO2, 35 mm Hg; pH, 7.21; HCO3, 16 mm Hg; and SaO2, 90%. Fluid resuscitation and vasoactive therapy were started. Initial abnormal laboratory results were BUN, 66 mg/dL; sodium, 155 mEq/L; potassium, 5.5 mEq/L; glucose, 68 mg/dL; creatinine, 2.4 mg/dL; and creatine phosphokinase, 1896 U/L. The nurse would anticipate a diagnosis of which condition? a. Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema b. Sepsis c. Malignant hyperthermia d. Emergency delirium

c. malignant hyperthermia

A Salem sump NG tube has two lumens. The first lumen is for suction and drainage. What is the purpose of the second lumen? a. Allows for administration of tube feeding b. Allows for testing of gastric secretions c. Prevents the tube from adhering to the gastric wall d. Prevents the tube from advancing

c. prevents the tube from adhering to the gastric wall

A patient returns from the surgical suite and is hypothermic. The nurse understands that hypothermia can lead to which problem? a. Acute kidney failure b. Metabolic alkalosis c. Hypotension d. Delayed emergence

d. delayed emergence

Nursing management of a postoperative patient who is experiencing prolonged vomiting might benefit from which intervention? a. Withholding all pain medication until the nausea has subsided b. Removing the nasogastric tube c. Inserting an oral airway d. Increasing intravenous fluids

d. increasing intravenous fluids

The nurse is caring for a patient immediately after surgery. The patient is requesting something to drink. The nurse knows that oral intake is prohibited after anesthesia until what occurs? a. The patient is ambulatory. b. The patient is strong enough to hold a cup of water. c. All nausea has ceased. d. Laryngeal and pharyngeal reflexes are fully regained.

d. laryngeal and pharyngeal reflexes are fully regained.

What is the most definitive test for detecting malignant hyperthermia (MH) susceptibility? a. Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) test b. Ionized calcium test c. Core temperature reading d. Skeletal muscle biopsy

d. skeletal muscle biopsy

A patient was admitted after a left pneumonectomy. The patient is receiving 40% oxygen via a simple facemask. The morning chest radiography study reveals right lower lobe pneumonia. After eating breakfast, the patient suddenly vomits and aspirates. What action should the nurse take next? a. Lavage the airway with normal saline. b. Place the patient supine in a semi-Fowler position. c. Manually ventilate the patient. d. Suction the airway.

d. suction the airway

What is the most common cause of hypoxemia in the immediate postoperative period? a. Pulmonary vasoconstriction b. Airway obstruction c. Intrapulmonary shunting d. Ventilation/perfusion mismatching

d. ventilation/perfusion mismatching