urinary system
starting from the collecting duct, indicate the order in which urea molecules move to maintain the medullary concentration gradient 1. ascending loop of henle 2. distal convoluted tubule 3. interstitial fluid 4. collecting duct 5. descending loop of henle
4, 3, 5, 1, 2
calculate the net filtration pressure, given the following values: glomerular capillary pressure = 80 mm Hg blood colloid osmotic pressure = 20 mm Hg capsular hydrostatic pressure = 10 mm Hg
50 mm Hg
diabetes insipidus is a consequence of a loss of _____
ADH production
when sodium is actively transported from tubular cells to the interstitial fluid
a Na+ concentration gradient is established between the tubule lumen and tubule cell
surgical removal of smaller pituitary tumors can be accomplished by reaching the pituitary gland through the nose. this type of surgery accesses the gland from beneath, via the sphenoid sinus. pituitary surgery can be difficult and occasionally results in loss of the posterior pituitary lobe. because critical hormone-producing cell bodies are located in the hypothalamus, and not the pituitary gland, the hormone secreting axons can regrow, and patients usually recover after some time. removal of the posterior pituitary will immediately cause
an increase in urine volume
Effects of aging on the kidneys include all of the following, except
an increased ability to eliminate uric acid and creatine from the blood
renin converts ______
angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
what are the arteries which diverge from the interlobar arteries near the base of the renal pyramid
arcuate
the movement of fluid into Bowman's capsule is opposed by
capsular hydrostatic pressure
which of the following is not an organ of the urinary system urethra collecting duct ureter urinary bladder kidney
collecting duct
all of the following are located in the renal cortex, except ____
collecting ducts
urine is prevented from flowing into the ureters from the bladder by _____
compression of the ureteral openings
water is moved from the ____ into the capillaries of the vasa recta by way of the process of _____
descending loop; osmosis
the _____ is responsible for contraction of the urinary bladder during micturition
detrusor muscle
urea
diffuses out of the collecting ducts into the interstitial fluid of the medulla and then diffuses into the descending loop of henle
kidney dialysis depends on the process of ____ to remove waste solutes from blood. blood is run by a semipermeable membrane. on the other side of the membrane is a solution in which solutes that are normally recovered are ____, and those that must be removed are ____.
diffusion; present in normal concentrations; absent
aldosterone targets cells in the ____
distal convoluted tubule
which of the following pairs of structures are the most similar in function
distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
some lung cancers secrete large amounts of ADH. this causes increased water reabsorption in the
distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts
once inside the cells of the ascending limb, potassium and chloride cross the basal membrane into the interstitial fluid by the process of
facilitated diffusion
there are two routes for eliminating solutes from the circulation. the first is ____, which transfers solutes directly from the blood to the tubular lumen, and the other is _____, which transfers solutes from peritubular capillaries to interstitial fluid, and from there through tubular cells into the tubular lumen
filtration, tubular secretion
substances that are cotransported into proximal convoluted tubule cells include
glucose molecules with sodium ions
the juxtamedullary nephrons
have long loops of Henle
which of the following helps maintain a high solute concentration in the kidney medulla?
high urea concentration in medulla, active transport of solutes from the ascending loop of henle, solutes transported across the basolateral membranes of the loop of henle
blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter enter or leave the kidney at a region called the _____
hilum
in order to regulate the pH of extracellular fluid, the kidneys are able to adjust the excretion of ____
hydrogen ions
glomerulonephritis involves an increase in the permeability of the filtration membrane. which of the following might you expect to observe as evidence of that?
increase in GFR
which of the following situations increases the number of action potentials to the supraoptic region of the hypothalamus?
increased plasma osmolarity
lasix is a diuretic that blocks the reabsorption of sodium in the ascending loop of henle. the result of giving this drug would be _____
increased urine output
decreased blood colloid osmotic pressure affects renal function by
increasing net filtration pressure
aldosterone exerts its effect on the kidney tubules by
increasing the synthesis of the transport proteins for sodium
a substance that is useful for determining the plasma clearance rate of the kidney is ____
insulin
which of these correctly traces blood flow from the renal cortex to the renal vein
interlobular v. --> arcuate v. --> interlobar v. --> renal v
voluntary micturition
involves higher brain centers
atrial natriuretic hormone
is secreted when atrial blood pressure increases
why is the external urinary sphincter under conscious control?
it is made of skeletal muscle
the urge to urinate results from the ____
micturition reflex
renal papillae drain into ____
minor calyces
a renal pyramid passes urine into a _____
minor calyx
smooth muscle cells in the walls of the afferent and efferent arterioles dilate or constrict as needed in response to changes in blood pressure. this process of autoregulation is called the
myogenic mechanism
the structural and functional units of the kidney are called ____
nephrons
tubular load refers to the amount of a given substance that
passes through the filtration membrane into the nephron each minute
the kidneys are located behind the _____ membrane on the posterior side of the _____ wall
peritoneal; abdominal
increased aldosterone causes increased
potassium secretion
formation of filtrate depends on a ___
pressure gradient
most water is reabsorbed from the filtrate in the ____
proximal convoluted tubule
to calculate plasma clearance of any substance, it is necessary to know the
quantity of urine produced per minute, the concentration of the cleared substance in the urine, and the concentration of the cleared substance in the blood
regions containing cortical tissue that are located between the pyramids are referred to as ___
renal columns
the kidney is protected from mechanical shock by the ______
renal fat pad
which of these correctly traces blood flow from the renal artery into the renal cortex
segmental a. --> interlobar a. --> arcuate a. --> interlobular a.
in the sodium-hydrogen antiport system
sodium ions are transported into the cell and hydrogen ions are transported out of the cell
when urination is desired, decreased action potentials along which of the following causes relaxation of the external urinary sphincter?
somatic motor neurons
the micturition reflex is initiated by the ____
stretching of the walls of the urinary bladder
the kidneys produce renin when
the blood pressure in the afferent arteriole decreases
when the tubular maximum for a substance is exceeded
the excess remains in the urine
the renal corpuscle consists of
the glomerulus and Bowman capsule
In response to impulses from _________, the smooth of the urinary bladder contracts.
the parasympathetic neurons from the spinal cord to the urinary bladder
What is tubular reabsorption?
the process where the nephron returns water and some filtered molecules to the blood
the proximal convoluted tubule is
the site of glucose and amino acid reabsorption
When the urinary bladder becomes stretched, there is an increase in the frequency of action potentials traveling from...
the urinary bladder to the sacral region
the lining of the bladder that accommodates the expansion of this organ is composed of ____
transitional epithelium
With aging, a loss of inhibitory action potentials to the sacral region of the spinal cord results in
uncontrollable micturition
if the tubular maximum for a particular amino acid is 200 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 100 mg/100 ml, the amino acid
will be completely reabsorbed by the tubule cells
measuring the rate of insulin removal from the blood provides a measure of _____
GFR
match the region of the kidney tubule with its description
1. site where the majority of reabsorption takes place: proximal convoluted tubule 2. contains simple squamous epithelium in the thin segments: loop of henle 3. permeability to water and solutes in this region varies based on hormone regulation: distal convoluted tubule 4. amino acids are reabsorbed in this region: proximal convoluted tubule
at the rate of 125 ml of filtrate/minute, estimate the amount of filtrate formed in 24 hours
180 liters
arrange the following structures in the order that urine would flow from where it is formed in the kidney to where it is eliminated from the body: 1. ureter 2. renal pelvis 3. calyx 4. urinary bladder 5. urethra
3, 2, 1, 4, 5