Urinary System Exam Review (Pt. 4)

________ play(s) a key role in maintaining acid-base homeostasis by eliminating carbon dioxide. Buffer systems The urinary system The respiratory system Metabolically active cells All of the answers are correct.

The respiratory system

The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by atrial natriuretic peptides. aldosterone. parathormone. glucocorticoids. ADH.

aldosterone.

When the pH rises above 7.45, a state of ________ exists. acidosis alkalosis

alkalosis

The hemoglobin buffer system exists in intracellular fluid only. extracellular fluid only. both intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid.

both intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid.

A(n) ________ consists of a combination of a weak acid and its associated anion. fixed acid buffer system leak channel exchange pump water balance

buffer system

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n) electrolyte. compensation. acid. alkali. buffer.

buffer.

Secretion of potassium into the urine is associated with the secretion of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts. increased when the exchange pump binds H+. increased by aldosterone. decreased by aldosterone. None of the answers is correct.

increased by aldosterone.

Consuming a meal high in salt will decrease thirst. decrease renin secretion. drastically increase the osmolarity of the blood. result in a temporary increase in blood volume. cause hypotension.

result in a temporary increase in blood volume.

Which buffers/buffer system exist(s) only in intracellular fluid? plasma protein buffers amino acid buffers the hemoglobin buffer system the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system the phosphate buffer system

the phosphate buffer system

Which fluids are buffered by the phosphate buffer system? (Module 25.8B) ICF, urine ECF, urine ECF, blood plasma ICF, ECF, blood plasma ICF, blood plasma

ICF, urine

Normal K+ concentration in extracellular fluid is ________ mEq/L. 3.5-5.0 135 1.5 5.5-7 1.5-3.0

3.5-5.0

The normal pH range for extracellular fluid is 6.95-7.00. 7.45-7.55. 7.15-7.25. 7.25-7.35. 7.35-7.45.

7.35-7.45.

Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism? ADH natriuretic peptides epinephrine norepinephrine aldosterone

ADH

Define acidemia and alkalemia. (Module 25.7A) Acidemia is when pH decreases below 7.35 and alkalemia is when pH increases above 7.45. Acidemia is when pH increases above 11.4 and alkalemia is when pH decreases below 4.8. Acidemia is when pH increases above 7.45 and alkalemia is when pH decreases below 7.35. Acidemia is when pH decreases below 4.8 and alkalemia is when pH increases above 11.4. Acidemia is when pH decreases below 1 and alkalemia is when pH increases above 13.

Acidemia is when pH decreases below 7.35 and alkalemia is when pH increases above 7.45.

What effect does aldosterone have on sodium ion concentration in the ECF? (Module 25.4B) Aldosterone decreases urinary sodium retention and therefore decreases sodium ion concentration in the ECF. Aldosterone increases urinary sodium retention and therefore decreases sodium ion concentration in ECF. Aldosterone decreases urinary sodium retention and therefore increases sodium ion concentration in ECF. Aldosterone increases urinary sodium retention and therefore increases sodium ion concentration in ECF. Aldosterone does not affect urinary sodium retention and therefore has no effect on sodium ion concentration in ECF.

Aldosterone increases urinary sodium retention and therefore increases sodium ion concentration in ECF.

Which body system is not involved in fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance? integumentary endocrine cardiovascular muscular All systems produce metabolic wastes and therefore are involved in fluid and electrolyte balance.

All systems produce metabolic wastes and therefore are involved in fluid and electrolyte balance.

Summarize the relationship between PCO2 levels and pH. (Module 25.7C) A direct relationship occurs between the levels of PCO2 and pH. A inverse relationship occurs between the levels of PCO2 and pH when the pH is between 7.35 and 7.45. A direct relationship occurs between the levels of PCO2 and pH when the pH is above 7.45. A direct relationship occurs between the levels of PCO2 and pH when the pH is below 7.35. An inverse relationship occurs between the levels of PCO2 and pH.

An inverse relationship occurs between the levels of PCO2 and pH.

What would happen to the blood PCO2 of a patient who has an airway obstruction? (Module 25.10A) Blood PCO2 would increase, resulting in respiratory alkalosis. Blood PCO2 would decrease, resulting in respiratory alkalosis. Blood PCO2 would increase, resulting in metabolic acidosis. Blood PCO2 would decrease, resulting in respiratory acidosis. Blood PCO2 would increase, resulting in respiratory acidosis.

Blood PCO2 would increase, resulting in respiratory acidosis.

Define hypokalemia and hyperkalemia. (Module 25.5C) Hypokalemia is defined as blood Na+ levels below 136 mEq/L and hyperkalemia is defined as blood Na+ levels above 145 mEq/L. Hypokalemia is defined as blood Na+ levels above 145 mEq/L and hyperkalemia is defined as blood Na+ levels below 136 mEq/L. Hypokalemia is defined as blood K+ levels below 3.5 mEq/L and hyperkalemia is defined as blood K+ levels above 5.0 mEq/L. Hypokalemia is defined as blood pH below 7.35 and hyperkalemia is defined as blood pH above 7.45. Hypokalemia is defined as blood K+ levels above 5.0 mEq/L and hyperkalemia is defined as blood K+ levels below 3.5 mEq/L.

Hypokalemia is defined as blood K+ levels below 3.5 mEq/L and hyperkalemia is defined as blood K+ levels above 5.0 mEq/L.

Describe metabolic acidosis. (Module 25.9A) Metabolic acidosis occurs when pH increases due to the removal of hydrogen ions when bicarbonate ion concentrations are elevated. Metabolic acidosis occurs when pH increases due to an impaired ability to remove CO2 by the lungs. Metabolic acidosis occurs when pH increases due to faster CO2 elimination by the lungs than production. Metabolic acidosis occurs when pH decreases due increased numbers of fixed and metabolic acids, from bicarbonate loss, or from depletion of bicarbonate reserve when hydrogen ions are not adequately excreted by the kidneys. Metabolic acidosis occurs when pH decreases due to an impaired ability to remove CO2 by the lungs.

Metabolic acidosis occurs when pH decreases due increased numbers of fixed and metabolic acids, from bicarbonate loss, or from depletion of bicarbonate reserve when hydrogen ions are not adequately excreted by the kidneys

Describe metabolic alkalosis. (Module 25.9B) Metabolic alkalosis occurs when pH increases due to the removal of hydrogen ions when bicarbonate ion concentrations are elevated. Metabolic alkalosis occurs when pH increases due to faster CO2 elimination by the lungs than production. Metabolic alkalosis occurs when pH decreases due increased numbers of fixed and metabolic acids, from bicarbonate loss, or from depletion of bicarbonate reserve when hydrogen ions are not adequately excreted by the kidneys. Metabolic alkalosis occurs when pH increases due to an impaired ability to remove CO2 by the lungs. Metabolic alkalosis occurs when pH decreases due to an impaired ability to remove CO2 by the lungs.

Metabolic alkalosis occurs when pH increases due to the removal of hydrogen ions when bicarbonate ion concentrations are elevated.

How would a decrease in the pH of body fluids affect the respiratory rate? (Module 25.10B) Respiratory rate would increase. Respiratory rate would decrease. Respiratory rate would not change.

Respiratory rate would increase.

Identify factors that cause potassium excretion. (Module 25.5B) Potassium excretion is caused by an increase in aldosterone stimulation and when the pH of the ECF is neutral. Potassium excretion is caused by an increase in aldosterone stimulation and when the pH of the ECF increases. Potassium excretion is caused by an increase in aldosterone stimulation and when the pH of the ECF decreases. Potassium excretion is caused by a decrease in aldosterone stimulation and when the pH of the ECF increases. Potassium excretion is caused by a decrease in aldosterone stimulation and when the pH of the ECF decreases.

Potassium excretion is caused by an increase in aldosterone stimulation and when the pH of the ECF increases

Describe the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system. (Module 25.8C) The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system uses the kidneys to secrete or excrete bicarbonate to buffer pH. The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system uses the hydrogen ions created by the metabolic and fixed acids to generate carbonic acid which dissociates into H2O and CO2, which can be eliminated by the lungs. The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system uses hemoglobin to buffer hydrogen ions. The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system uses the lungs to exhale CO2 to buffer pH. The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system uses the side group, the amino group, and the carboxylate group of amino acids to buffer pH changes.

The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system uses the hydrogen ions created by the metabolic and fixed acids to generate carbonic acid which dissociates into H2O and CO2, which can be eliminated by the lungs.

What is the primary challenge to acid-base homeostasis? (Module 25.6B) The primary challenge is that buffer systems only work within tissues not in the blood plasma. The primary challenge is that only the lungs can increase pH. The primary challenge is that blood pH must be maintained at exactly 7.0. The primary challenge is that the body generates a variety of acids during normal metabolic operations causing a decrease in pH. The primary challenge is the difficulty exhaling CO2 causing accumulation of acid.

The primary challenge is that the body generates a variety of acids during normal metabolic operations causing a decrease in pH.

When the blood pH falls below 7.35, ________ results. acidemia alkalemia

acidemia

Which substance plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption? epinephrine ADH extracellular fluid natriuretic peptides aldosterone

aldosterone

What intermediate compound formed from water and carbon dioxide directly affects the pH of the ECF? (Module 25.7B) bicarbonate carbonic acid hydrogen hydroxide carbonic anhydrase

carbonic acid

Antidiuretic hormone does not cause water to shift out of the ICF. increase thirst. increase ECF sodium concentration. inhibit water reabsorption at the kidneys. increase ECF volume.

cause water to shift out of the ICF.

The ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are sodium and chloride. potassium. phosphorus. calcium. magnesium.

chloride.

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis? consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to COPD consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness consequence of prolonged vomiting consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions

consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis? consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to COPD consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness consequence of prolonged vomiting

consequence of prolonged vomiting

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis? consequence of prolonged vomiting consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to emphysema consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness

consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to emphysema

Which of the following is required as a cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis? copper manganese phosphorus zinc None of the answers is correct.

copper

The release of natriuretic peptides from the heart will cause the following response increase in norepinephrine. increase in epinephrine. increase in blood volume. increase in aldosterone release. decrease of ADH release.

decrease of ADH release.

Increased blood volume will decrease sodium loss in urine. decrease natriuretic peptide release. decrease thirst. decrease water loss in urine. increase aldosterone release.

decrease thirst.

What effect does inhibition of osmoreceptors have on ADH secretion and thirst? (Module 25.4A) decreased ADH secretion and suppressed thirst increased ADH secretion and suppressed thirst increased ADH secretion and increased thirst decreased ADH secretion and increased thirst increased ADH secretion but no change in thirst

decreased ADH secretion and suppressed thirst

When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the kidneys reabsorb bicarbonate ions. excrete more hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions. excrete more hydrogen ions. excrete more hydrogen ions and excrete more bicarbonate ions. excrete more bicarbonate ions.

excrete more hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions.

Homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the cytosol. plasma membrane. intracellular fluid. solid components. extracellular fluid.

extracellular fluid.

A(n) ________ acid is an acid that cannot leave solution and enter the atmosphere. hydrophobic fixed organic volatile weak

fixed

Small amounts of ________ acids are generated during the catabolism of amino acids and compounds that contain phosphate groups volatile fixed organic

fixed

Which organs are primarily responsible for regulating the potassium ion concentration in the ECF? (Module 25.5A) adrenal glands lungs intestines kidneys lymph nodes

kidneys

The primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids. increase ventilation. buffer the urine. buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide. buffer stomach acid.

limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.

If the kidneys are conserving HCO3- and eliminating H+ in acidic urine, which is occurring: metabolic alkalosis or metabolic acidosis? (Module 25.9C) metabolic acidosis metabolic alkalosis

metabolic acidosis

Prolonged vomiting can result in metabolic alkalosis. respiratory alkalosis. respiratory acidosis. metabolic acidosis.

metabolic alkalosis.

Which hormone(s) is released by cardiac muscle cells in response to increased atrial distension? natriuretic peptides PTH aldosterone ADH acetylcholine

natriuretic peptides

All of the following factors are consistent with hyperkalemia except a potassium level above 7 mEq/L. decreased aldosterone secretion. overuse of diuretics. kidney failure. reduction in sodium reabsorption.

overuse of diuretics.

Identify the body's three major buffer systems. (Module 25.8A) renal buffer system, respiratory buffer system, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system hemoglobin buffer system, amino acid buffer system, and the protein buffer system phosphate buffer system, protein buffer system, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system hemoglobin buffer system, amino acid buffer system, and the plasma protein buffer system renal buffer system, respiratory buffer system, and the phosphate buffer system

phosphate buffer system, protein buffer system, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

The principal cation in cytoplasm is potassium. magnesium. chloride. sodium. calcium.

potassium.

Hyperventilation will ________ pH. raise (increase) lower (decrease)

raise (increase)

Hypoventilation leads to metabolic alkalosis. respiratory alkalosis. respiratory acidosis. metabolic acidosis.

respiratory acidosis.

Identify the electrolytes absorbed by active transport. (Module 25.3B) potassium, chloride, iron, and iodide sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphate, and sulfate chloride, iodide, and nitrate zinc, copper, chloride, and calcium hydrogen, bicarbonate, sulfate, and potassium

sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphate, and sulfate

Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by the kidneys. the feces. buffers. the liver. sweating.

the kidneys.

With regard to mineral balance, the primary site of ion loss in the body is the skeleton. the kidneys. the liver. the epithelial lining of the small intestine and colon. sweat gland secretions.

the kidneys.

A(n) ________ acid is an acid that can leave solution and enter the atmosphere. fixed volatile organic weak hydrophobic

volatile

When is your body in acid-base balance? (Module 25.6A) when the loss of hydrogen ions exceeds the production of hydrogen ions and pH becomes alkaline when the production of hydrogen ions exceeds the loss of hydrogen ions and pH becomes acidic when the loss of hydrogen ions is offset by the production of bicarbonate ions and pH becomes alkaline when the production of hydrogen ions is precisely offset by their loss and pH remains within normal limits when the production of hydrogen ions is precisely offset by the production of sodium ions and pH remains within normal limits

when the production of hydrogen ions is precisely offset by their loss and pH remains within normal limits