Urinary

The filtration membrane includes all except ________. A. podocytes B. glomerular endothelium C. basement membrane D. renal fascia

D

Tubular secretion in the nephron is a process by which substances move ________. A) from the glomerulus into the nephron B) from the peritubular capillary into the nephron C) from the afferent arteriole into the glomerulus D) from the nephron into the peritubular capillary

B

Which of the choices below is a function of the nephron loop? a. absorb water and electrolytes into the tubular network b. form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine c. absorb electrolytes actively and water by osmosis in the same segments d. form a large volume of very concentrated urine or a small volume of very dilute urine

B

The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney. a. cortical radiate b. interlobar c. arcuate d. lobar

C

The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________. a. the ionic electrochemical gradient b. protein-regulated diffusion c. glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure) d. the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries

C

The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________. electrolytes glucose plasma protein hormones

C

The function of angiotensin II is to ________. A) decrease arterial blood pressure B) decrease water absorption C) constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure D) decrease the production of aldosterone

C

What is true about the urethral sphincters? A) The internal urethral sphincter is under involuntary control. B) The external urethral sphincter is under involuntary control. C) The internal urethral sphincter is made up of skeletal muscle. D) Both sphincters are under voluntary control.

C

Which of the choices below is the least important role of tubular secretion? a. eliminating undesirable substances such as urea and uric acid that have been reabsorbed by passive processes b. disposing of substances not already in the filtrate, such as certain drugs c. ridding the body of bicarbonate ions d. ridding the body of excessive potassium ions

C

Which of the following does not describe the juxtaglomerular complex? A. It helps control systemic blood pressure. B. It regulates the rate of filtrate formation. C. Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone. D. Its granular cells produce rennin.

C

Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? a. granular cells b. mesangial cells c. podocyte cells d. macula densa

C

Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle? A. a podocyte B. an efferent arteriole C. a vasa recta D. a fenestrated capillary

C

Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption? A) atrial natriuretic peptide B) thyroxine C) ADH D) aldosterone

C

The veins that drain the kidney include all of those below except ________. A) interlobar veins B) segmental veins C) cortical radiate veins D) arcuate veins

B

Tubular secretion in the nephron is a process by which substances move ________. A) from the afferent arteriole into the glomerulus B) from the peritubular capillary into the nephron C) from the glomerulus into the nephron D) from the nephron into the peritubular capillary

B

Excretion of dilute urine requires ________. A) impermeability of the collecting tubule to water B) the presence of ADH C) transport of sodium and chloride ions out of the descending loop of Henle D) relative permeability of the distal tubule to water

A

In which segment of the nephron would you find cuboidal cells with many microvilli and mitochondria? A) proximal convoluted tubule B) nephron loop (thin segment) C) glomerulus D) distal convoluted tubule

A

Micturition is a synonym for ________. A) emptying the bladder B) full bladder C) incontinence D) urinary frequency

A

Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________. A) hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments B) in the distal convoluted tubule C) not limited by a transport maximum D) accomplished after the nephron loop is reached

A

Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________. A) secondary active transport B) facilitated diffusion C) passive transport D) countertransport

A

Select the correct statement about the ureters. A) The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract. B) Ureters contain sphincters at the entrance to the bladder to prevent the backflow of urine. C) The ureter is innervated by parasympathetic nerve endings only. D) The epithelium is stratified squamous like the skin, which allows a great deal of stretch.

A

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________. A. nephron B. capsular space C. glomerular capsule D. nephron loop

A

The functions of the urinary system include ________. A) excreting nitrogenous wastes, maintaining electrolyte balance, and maintaining acid-base and fluid balance B) maintaining acid-base and fluid balance C) excreting nitrogenous wastes D) maintaining electrolyte balance

A

The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________. a. is drained by an efferent arteriole b. has a blood pressure much lower than other organ systems c. is impermeable to most substances d. has a basement membrane

A

The juxtamedullary nephrons ________. A) have a nephron loop that penetrates deeply into the renal medulla, and play an important role in concentrating urine. B) have a nephron loop that penetrates deeply into the renal medulla C) play an important role in concentrating urine D) are located almost entirely within the renal cortex E) are most numerous

A

The renal artery enters the kidney at this indented area. A) hilum B) renal pelvis C) renal medulla D) trigone

A

The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium. transitional pseudostratified columnar stratified squamous simple squamous

A

This structure is a capillary bed from which blood is filtered into the nephron. A) glomerulus B) renal corpuscle C) peritubular capillary D) glomerular capsule

A

What is the most direct function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? a. help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys b. help regulate blood pressure and the rate of excretion by the kidneys c. help regulate urea absorption by the kidneys d. help regulate water and electrolyte excretion by the kidneys

A

What is true about the renal processes for making urine? A) Filtration occurs only in the glomerular capsule. B) Reabsorption occurs only in the proximal convoluted tubule. C) Filtration occurs only in the glomerular capsule, reabsorption occurs only in the proximal convoluted tubule, and secretion occurs only in the proximal convoluted tubule. D) Secretion occurs only in the proximal convoluted tubule.

A

Which cells of the kidney are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in solute content of the filtrate? A) macula densa cells B) podocytes C) mesangial cells D) juxtaglomerular cells

A

Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method? A) electrolyte levels B) neural regulation C) hormonal regulation D) renal autoregulation

A

Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron? a. macula densa b. loop of Henle c. vasa recta d. principal cell

A

Which of the following is not true regarding tubular reabsorption? A) It is a purely passive transport process. B) It occurs via transcellular or paracellular routes. C) It is a reclamation process. D) It involves hormonal signals in the collecting ducts.

A

What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal? A) Net filtration would decrease. B) Capsular osmotic pressure would compensate so that filtration would not change. C) Net filtration would increase above normal. D) Filtration would increase in proportion to the increase in capsular pressure.

A.

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________. A) decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma B) increase in the production of ADH C) increase in the production of aldosterone D) decrease in the production of ADH

B

Blood flows from the peritubular capillary to the renal vein through this sequence of vessels. A) cortical radiate vein, interlobar vein, arcuate vein B) cortical radiate vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vein C) interlobar vein, arcuate vein, cortical radiate vein D) arcuate vein, cortical radiate vein, interlobar vein,

B

During filtration in the nephron, substances move ________. A) from the peritubular capillary into the nephron B) from the glomerulus into the nephron C) from the afferent arteriole into the glomerulus D) from the nephron into the peritubular capillary

B

If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will ________. A) be completely reabsorbed by the tubule cells B) appear in the urine C) be completely reabsorbed by secondary active transport D) be actively secreted into the filtrate

B

Many nephrons empty into a ________. A) columnar duct B) collecting duct C) microcalyx D) renal tubule

B

Of the following urinary system organs, the homeostatic functions are performed by the ________. A) urinary bladder B) kidneys C) urethra D) ureters

B

Select the structure or structures that are much longer in males than in females. A) renal arteries and veins, ureters, and urethra B) urethra C) renal arteries and veins D) ureters

B

The juxtaglomerular apparatus ________. A) contains a region of chemoreceptor cells called the macula densa in the distal nephron loop B) is found where the most distal part of the ascending limb of the nephron loop touches the afferent arteriole, contains granular cells in the afferent arteriole that sense blood pressure, and contains a region of chemoreceptor cells called the macula densa in the distal nephron loop C) contains granular cells in the afferent arteriole that sense blood pressure D) is found where the most distal part of the ascending limb of the nephron loop touches the afferent arteriole

B

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________. A) when the pH of the urine decreases B) by a decrease in the blood pressure C) when the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10 D) when the peritubular capillaries are dilated

B

The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________. A) active transport B) filtration C) osmosis D) cotransport with sodium ions

B

The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________. A. collecting duct B.loop of Henle C.distal convoluted tubule D. glomerular filtration membrane

B

The outermost portion of the kidney is called the renal ________. A) medulla B) cortex C) column D) pelvis

B

Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system? A) maintains blood osmolarity B) eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat C) helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the composition, volume, and pressure of blood D) regulates blood glucose levels and produces hormones

B

Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH? A) by reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate ions B) by secreting sodium ions C) by producing new bicarbonate ions D) by secreting hydrogen ions into the filtrate

B

Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule? A.K+ B.creatinine C.glucose D.Na+

B

Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________. A) increases the rate of glomerular filtration B) increases secretion of ADH C) inhibits the release of ADH D) is not reabsorbed by the tubule cell

C

As urine is formed it flows through the collecting ducts to enter, in order, the following structures. A) major calyces, minor calyces, ureter, renal pelvis B) renal pelvis, minor calyces, major calyces, ureter C) minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis, ureter

C

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle the ________. A) thin segment is freely permeable to water B) thin segment is not permeable to sodium and chloride C) thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption D) thick segment is permeable to water

C

List the parts of the nephron in correct sequential order: ________. A) proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, glomerulus B) nephron loop, glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule C) glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop D) glomerulus, nephron loop, proximal convoluted tubule

C

Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct 2, 1, 3, 6, 5, 4 3, 1, 2, 6, 5, 4 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4 6, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4

C

The macula densa cells respond to ________. a. aldosterone b. antidiuretic hormone c. changes in solute content of the filtrate d. changes in pressure in the tubule

C

The nephron loops of the juxtamedullary nephrons are surrounded by a looping, ladder-like blood vessel called the ________. A) perinephron capillary B) peritubular capillary C) vasa recta D) medullary loop

C

The vessel that supplies blood to the nephron is called the ________. A) efferent arteriole B) arcuate artery C) afferent arteriole D) cortical radiate artery

C

Urine is formed by three processes. In which process do filtrate components that are useful to the body move from the nephron into the blood? A) filtration B) tubular secretion C) tubular reabsorption

C

Name the structures in the kidney that produce urine. A) collecting ducts B) major and minor calyces C) afferent and efferent arterioles D) nephrons

D

Nephrons consist of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscles are located in the ________ of the kidney. A) pelvis B) medulla C) columns D) cortex

D

The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the ________. A) capsular hydrostatic pressure B) myogenic mechanism C) colloid osmotic pressure of the blood D) glomerular hydrostatic pressure

D

The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________. A) is necessary as a barrier between the adrenal glands and kidneys B) ensures adequate energy for the adrenal glands to operate efficiently C) produces vitamin D and other chemicals needed by the kidney D) stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position

D

The pathway taken by blood from the renal artery to the afferent arteriole is, in correct sequence, ________. A) arcuate artery, interlobar artery, segmental artery, cortical radiate artery B) interlobar artery, segmental artery, arcuate artery, cortical radiate artery C) cortical radiate artery, segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery D) segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, cortical radiate artery

D

The renal corpuscle is made up of ________. A. the renal papilla B. the renal pyramid C. the descending loop of Henle D. Bowman's capsule and glomerulus

D

These cells form a porous membrane surrounding the endothelial cells of the glomerulus. A) columnar cells B) squamous cells C) cuboidal cells D) podocytes

D

What is the function of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra? A) electrolyte and acid-base balance B) helping to control blood pressure C) excreting metabolic waste products D) transporting or storing urine

D

Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion? angiotensin II and ADH angiotensin I and epinephrine angiotensin I and atrial natriuretic peptide angiotensin II and aldosterone

D

Which of the following is the least important influence on reabsorption of a substance in the nephron? A) number of carriers. B) lipid solubility. C) molecule size relative to fenestrations. D) molecular complexity

D

Select the correct statement about the nephrons. a. The glomerulus is correctly described as the proximal end of the proximal convoluted tubule. b. Filtration slits are the pores that give fenestrated capillaries their name. c. Podocytes are the branching epithelial cells that line the tubules of the nephron. d. The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium.

D.