US HIST 7-11

23. The first American political parties developed primarily because of

e. the opposition of Thomas Jefferson and his followers to Hamilton's financial policies and enhancements of federal government power.

21. The effect of Benedict Arnold's treachery was

e. to stagger previously improving American morale.

5. Jefferson's greatest concern about purchasing Louisiana was

e. whether the purchase was permissible under the Constitution.

Abigail Adams

had her own opinions about the course of the American Revolution and urged her husband to take the needs and rights of women into consideration in the construction of the new government.

American Revolution Advantages for the Colonies

Defensive war in vast continent Good marksmen Good leadership- political, military Fighting for moral cause Aid from France

American Revolution Disadvantages for the British

Distance from the mother country Poor leadership Fearful of rebellion in Ireland Opposed by Britons Opposition from France Conquer colonies

Father of the Constitution

James Madison, Jefferson's Secretary of State and fourth U. S. president who allowed himself and the U. S. to be dragged into war with Britain.

American Revolution Disadvantages for the Colonies

No money or supplies Poor organization Colonial jealousy and division No standing army, navy, or training

American Revolution Advantages for the British

Population (7.5 million to the colonies 2.5 million) Supplies Native American allies, German mercenaries (Hessians), Loyalists Standing army, strongest navy

1. Among the important social changes brought about by the American Revolution was

e. the increasing separation of church and state.

22. Alexander Hamilton believed that the Bank of the United States was constitutional because of the

a. "necessary and proper" clause of the Constitution.

1. One of the greatest problems that John Adams and the Federalists faced in the election of 1800 was

a. Adams's refusal to take the country to war with France.

4. The primary advantage that the British enjoyed at the outset of the American Revolution was a

a. British nation behind the principle of forcing the Americans to support the Empire with their taxes.

29. All of the following were true of the Federalists except

a. Hamiltonians supported full-blown democracy as the fountain of all civic good, rooted in the common folk.

6. The greatest political beneficiary of the Louisiana Purchase was

a. Thomas Jefferson.

1. The American colonial exponents of republicanism argued that a just society depends on

a. a willingness to subordinate private interests to the common good.

26. The Sedition Act of 1798 declared that

a. anyone criticizing the President or other federal officials could be fined or imprisoned.

6. The event that precipitated the first real shooting between the British army and the American colonists was the

b. British attempt to seize colonial supplies and leaders at Lexington and Concord.

12. The crucial federalist successes in the fight for ratification occurred in the states of

b. Massachusetts, Virginia, and New York.

11. As a condition for ratification, the federalists in Massachusetts and elsewhere promised that if adopted, the constitution would be amended to include

b. a bill of rights

17. At the outset of the American Revolution, the civilian population in the colonies was generally

b. enthusiastically supportive of the Patriot cause.

21. Hamilton's first financial policies were intended to

b. fund the national debt and to have the federal government assume the debts owed by the states.

3. One of the ways in which mercantilism harmed the colonial economy was by

b. inhibiting development of banking and paper currency in the colonies.

7. One of the advantages the British enjoyed in the impending conflict with the colonies was

b. the ability to enlist foreign soldiers, Loyalists, and Native Americans in their military forces.

4. For funding, the Congress of the Articles of Confederation depended on

b. voluntary contributions from the states.

16. The first ten amendments to the new Constitution.

b. were passed to satisfy antifederalist concerns that the Constitution

6. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 provided that the western territories

b. would proceed through two stages on the way to becoming equal states of the Union.

25. President Washington's foreign policy rested on the firm conviction that

c. America needed to adhere firmly to its Revolutionary alliance with France.

10. The new Congress that met in 1811 contained a large number of members who believed that

c. Britain should be vigorously confronted and the Indian threat to the West eliminated.

12. The Congressional war hawks of 1812 were especially eager to sponsor an American invasion and conquest of

c. Canada.

5. The 1786 rebellion of Daniel Shays and his followers represented the pent-up grievances of

c. Poor western farmers and debtors.

12. The two brilliant American generals who conducted the nearly-successful invasion of Canada in October 1775 were

c. Richard Montgomery and Benedict Arnold.

19. The Ninth and Tenth Amendments partly reversed the federalist momentum of the Constitution by declaring that

c. all rights not mentioned in the federal Constitution were retained by the states or by the people themselves.

7. John Marshall as chief justice of the United States, helped to strengthen the judicial branch of government by

c. asserting the doctrine of judicial review of congressional legislation, giving the Supreme Court the power to determine constitutionality.

2. Under the theory of mercantilism, the British colonies were essentially expected to

c. furnish raw materials to the mother country and buy British manufactured goods.

8. Thomas Jefferson's failed attempt to impeach and convict Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase for "high crimes and misdemeanors" meant that

c. judicial independence and the separation of powers had been preserved.

15. Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence was most brilliant and effective in

c. linking the cause of American independence to the "natural rights" of humankind.

2. Despite the Revolution's emphasis on human rights and equality, the Founding Fathers failed to abolish slavery because

c. of their fear that a fight over slavery would destroy fragile national unity.

27. George Washington's successor, John Adams, was politically crippled by

c. the attacks and plots by enemies within his own Federalist party, including Hamilton.

5. Besides effective military and political leadership, the greatest advantage that the rebels enjoyed was

c. the fact that they were fighting a defensive war on their own vast territory.

11. All of the following were true of Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa except

c. they embraced whites' concept of ownership.

16. All of the following were true of the Loyalists except

c. they were called "Tories" after the dominant political factions in Britain.

18. All of the following fates befell Loyalists after the Revolutionary War except they

c. were given aristocratic status in Canada.

4. The case of Marbury v. Madison established the principle that

e. the Supreme Court has the final right to determine the constitutionality of legislation.

8. Which of the following was not present among the figures of the Constitutional Convention?

d. Thomas Jefferson.

13. The key development leading a majority of Americans to favor independence after January 1776 was

d. Thomas Paine's brilliant arguments for independence in his publication Common Sense.

15. The new Constitution did not provide for the creation of a(n)

d. cabinet.

13. After the American Revolution, most of the southern states.

d. ignored the Continental Congress's call, in 1774, for the complete abolition of the slave trade.

28. Thomas Jefferson's Kentucky resolutions essentially declared that

d. individual states had the right to nullify or refuse to obey unconstitutional federal laws.

20. The most important components that France contributed to America's cause in the War of Independence were

d. munitions, money, and a navy that challenged British domination of the seas.

7. All of the following were true of the period before the Constitution was drafted except

d. nearly half the states had not issued semi-worthless paper currency.

10. The Continental Congress's primary reason for naming George Washington commander of the army was

d. that he was a wealthy planter from Virginia and thus provided political balance.

17. The Bill of Rights is the name given to the provisions who actual legal form consists of

d. the first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United States.

19. Americans believed that their new national motto, "a new order for the ages," meant that in international affairs, they would stand for

d. the rule of law, free trade, and an end to colonialism.

20. Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton believed that federal fiscal policies should be designed to favor

d. the wealthy.

9. The Great Compromise, finally agreed to by the Constitutional Convention, provided that

d. there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives but equal representation of all states in the Senate.

24. The rebellion of Pennsylvania farmers against Hamilton's whiskey excise tax

d. was crushed by an army led by President Washington himself.

14. Despite the flourishing cities, America's population was still about _________ percent rural.

e. 90

9. Jefferson's Embargo Act provided that

e. America would prohibit all foreign trade.

18. The influential Founder and member of Congress who personally wrote the Bill of Rights was

e. James Madison.

11. In July 1775, after the Battle of Bunker Hill, the Continental Congress

e. adopted an Olive Branch Petition declaring American loyalty to the king and begging him to find a peaceful solution.

14. Most Americans

e. considered citizen virtue fundamental to any successful republican government.

9. One of the most demoralizing forces undermining the American cause was

e. corrupt profiteering and speculation by American merchants.

3. One way that independence actually harmed the nation's economic fortunes was by.

e. cutting off American trade with the British empire.

2. The greatest impact of the Revolution of 1800 was in

e. demonstrating that even a bitterly contested American election could result in the peaceful transfer of power from one party to another.

3. One way in which Jefferson clearly departed from previous Federalist practice was

e. establishing a simple and informal style in presidential entertainment and relations with Congress.

8. In the Revolutionary War, African Americans

e. fought in both the American and patriot and British loyalist military forces.

10. The Antifederalists generally came from among

e. states' rights advocates and poorer western farmers.

Alexander Hamilton

was a Revolutionary War soldier, fierce proponent of a strong central government, and one of the primary authors of the Federalist papers. He also was a leader of the Federalist party and the first U. S. Secretary of the Treasury.

John Jay

was a leading American revolutionaries and diplomat and served as the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He also wrote some of the Federalist papers and negotiated a highly controversial treaty with Great Britain named after him.

James Madison

was the "Father of the Constitution and author of the crucial Federalist No. 10.

John Adams

was the American Revolutionary statesman, first Vice President and Secretary of the United States. A Federalist, his administration was marred by international turmoil and intra-party squabbles as well as the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts.

George Rogers Clark

was the American frontiersman who captured a series of British forts along the Ohio River in the latter stages of the Revolutionary War.

William Clark

was the American soldier and explorer who led the famous expedition through the Louisiana Territory over the Rocky Mountains and to the Pacific Ocean.

Samuel Adams

was the Boston revolutionary who organized committees of correspondence to help sustain opposition to British policies and served as a delegate to the First and Second Continental Congresses.

John Hancock

was the Boston smuggler and prominent leader of the colonial resistance and who served as the president of the Second Continental Congress.

Joseph Brant

was the Mohawk chief and Anglican convert who sided with the British in the Revolutionary War, believing that only a British victory could halt American expansion west.

Tecumseh

was the Shawnee warrior who sought to ally all Native American tribes east of the Mississippi River to oppose the expansion of the United States and advocated a return to the "old ways" for Native Americans.

Thomas Jefferson

was the author of the Declaration of Independence, ambassador to France, second Vice President and third President of the United States. He was also the leader of the Democratic-Republicans who sought a weak central government and strict constructionist viewpoint of the Constitution but compromised and purchased the Louisiana Territory.

John Marshall

was the chief justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835 and established the principle of judicial review and expanded the power of the federal government.

Sacajawea

was the female Shoshone guide the first U. S. exploratory expedition in the western United States.

Nathanael Greene

was the general in command of the Continental Army in the Carolina Campaign of 1781 and was known as the "Fighting Quaker." He was also Washington's choice to succeed him in command of the Continental forces if he (Washington) were to die.

George Washington

was the leading Revolutionary War general, Virginia planter, military hero and first president of the United States serving two terms and putting the United States on sound neutral ground amidst much turmoil in Europe.

Thomas Paine

was the pamphleteer and author of Common Sense, the fiery tract that laid out the case for American independence.

Benjamin Franklin

was the printer, inventor, statesman, and revolutionary who became a leading revolutionary and signatory of the Declaration of Independence. He also served as the American commissioner to France who was most responsible for that nation's support in the American Revolution.

Crispus Attucks

was the runaway slave and leader of the Boston protests that resulted in "The Boston Massacre," in which he was the first to die.