U.S. History Chapter 1-4
Declaration of Independence
Written by Thomas Jefferson , point was to break away from Britain, signed on July 4th.
Electoral College
Institution that elects president of U.S. Every 4 years. established in 1787. purpose was to create and buffer between population and selection of president. the second as part of the structure of government that gave power to other states. they feared a manipulative public opinion and came to power.
Jeffersonian Republic
Jefferson will move to the south and give support to the southerners who hate this new tax system. he will form his own political party. naming it after himself. this politics party will attempt to run for power vs the federalist in the next 2 elections (1796 & 1800) renamed themselves the democratic republicans. had power from the 1800's to the 1830's.
Stamp Act
Passed by the English in 1765, it targets the north colonies and it's the idea to charge basic tax for all written documents to pay for the French and Indian debt.
Bering Strait Theory
at some point in U.S., due to mini ice age, water levels in the world dropped 200ft, possible to cross land Bridge from Asia to America. they believe this is where the native Americans came from.
Missouri Compromise
in 1819-1820, the territory of Missouri will apply to become a state. was a slave state. congress at this point is evenly split between slave/ non-slave states. to fix situation the government granted statehood to two states, Missouri and Maine. Maine is a free state.
the Trail of Tears
in 1830 Andrew Jackson forced the Cherokees to move from the south to the west. they gave the Cherokee $9 million for the trip, but charged them $6 million and 4,000 died.
George Washington
in the 1700's, he is involved in the French and Indian war, American Revolution, formed nationalist party, won first presidential election after creation of constitution, created first presidents cabinet.
Christopher Columbus
led the Spanish to attempt to sail west of Europe. goal was to find either China or India. August 3, 1492, he sails west. mid October will spot land for the lot KMe and meet India. series of islands (Hispaniola). he was the first explorer to discover land for Spain.
Marques de Lafayette
(French) will join he Americans after Saratoga with 6,000 troops. Helps the U.S. Win the Anerican Revolution in 1788.
Conquistadors
1400-1600's. were first invaders of Americas. Invaded because religion, land, and resources. Hernando Cortez/ Francisco Pizarro.
American Revolution
1787, starts over economics, becomes about independence. War between British and Americans, fought in the colonies. Americans win independence from Britain.
Market Revolution
1800's. 3 big shifts: increased population, movement to west, and increase want/need for materials. no longer bartering for goods now purchasing it with money. money regulated by the federal government.
Andrew Jackson
1815, kills group of British after war is over. 1830, forces native Americans south. democratic republican. south loves him. senator 1790's. from Tennessee. wins president in 1812. strongly enforces taxes.
Baron Von Steuben
A Prussian that will join the American side in the American Revolution after the battle of Saratoga and provided new intelligence on training soldiers.
Federalists
A group led by Washington and Madison in 1780's that want the constitution to pass. They stand for. Strong federal government and a reduced state government.
Congregation
After invasion in South America. To create small towns with small churches for the native Americans. The Catholic Church will see a chance to insert itself into the native Americans religions through encomienda system/ presidios.
Boston Tea Party
December 16, 1773, a group angry at the tax, boarded a British ship with tea on it and dumped it in the Boston Harbor. This was meant to hurt the British economically and it costed them thousands.
Salutary Neglect
England by the early 1700's losing control over the economy & mercantilism in the colonies.
Bill of Rights
Fought for by the anti-federalists in the late 1700's, in order to guarantee basic freedoms to the people. Bill of Rights added to the constitution as first 10 amendments. Jefferson believed the people needed protection from the government.
Townsend Act
In 1767 they began to tax lead, glass, and tea. Both north and south colonies will protest this and the British in 1770 will repeal on taxes except tea, which they keep. It used to pay for the French and Indian war.
Louisiana Purchase
In 1803, Jefferson as president buys a bunch of land from the French for about $15 million. This turns into modern-day Midwest and leads to further westward expansion.
Boston Bloody Massacre
March 5, 1770, in Boston, Massachusetts, a group of colonies protest a British guards. Someone fires a shot and 5 colonies are killed. This is important because it rallied many colonies for freedom.
Jacksonian Democrats
Political party started by Andrew Jackson in the 1828 election. They win the presidency in 1828 & 1832. They represent southern interest/economies. They eventually develop into the modern day Democrats (several more name changes).
James Monroe
President in 1817. Ran as democratic republican. 4 issues- 1818 recognizes new flag with 13 stripes. 1819 helps get Florida from Spain pays debt of 5 million dollars. Missouri compromise makes Missouri slave state and Maine a free state. 1823 Monroe Doctorine. States if people go to war with U.S. U.S. Will fight.
Treaty of Paris
September 3, 1783. in England. this shows that the king of England no longer has control over the American colonial.
Anti federalist
Small state governments fighting the constitution, lead by Jefferson because he fears federal government with too much power. They want freedom guaranteed for people.
New Jersey Plan
Small state plan made in 1787. 1. Created unicameral legislative branch. 2. Want to create an executive and judicial branch. 3. Want to give power to legislative branch to tax Americans.
The Virginia Plan
Wants to create a bicameral legislative. Both houses will be based on population. Big states will have more control of the government. They want to create a new executive branch and judicial branch, they want the power in the legislative and executive branch to overturn/ veto laws.
The Great Compromise
Was an agreement that large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787. It was held in Connecticut . It helped create the 3 branches - Judicial, executive, and legislative. Had a bicameral legislative branch.
Three-fifths Compromise
Was created in 1787 & was a plan offered by Madison determining a states representation in the U.S. The issue of how to count people spilt the delegates and count slaves as 3/5 of a person.
James Madison
Was supposed to restart the national bank in 1809 but did not until 1816. War of 1812 happens under his presidency. Early 1700's to late 1800's. (In the U.S.)
Cabinet
Washington creates 4 cabinet positions: Attorney General, Secretary of War, Secretary of State, & secretary of treasury (1788). created to split up powers in the executive branch.
Kelp Highway Theory
a group of Eurasians harvested kelp 40,000 years ago and they followed the coast with kelp until they found the Americas. recently, ancient asian beats have been found on Peru, which further supports the theory that native Americans derived from Asians.
Alien and Sedition Acts
a series of acts. in the U.S. in 1798. 1. 14 years to become a U.S. citizens 2. if you are illegally in the U.S., you can and will be departed. 3. if the U.S. is in war, & you are a citizen of the enemy you will be departed. 4. if you speak bad about the U.S. government you can and will be departed or jailed.
Articles of Confederation
an argument among e 13 states. Began the legislative branch and gave the state government more power than the federal government in 1781.
encomienda system
once the Spanish conquer native America land the Europeans say they own the land and change native Americans to live on it. in the 1600's in South America.
Presidios
the idea of having a local army to back the encomienda system/colony. in the 1600's. Native Americans will help build forts/presidios and feed them and then are opposed by forts/presidios.
Treaty of Tordesillas
the pope splits the land of north and South America between Spain and Portugal & in the late 1400's Spain got most of the land.