US History Chapter 2,3,4 Study Guide

According to these sources, what were the major challenges facing Europeans settling the North American colonies?

European settlers faced problems with survival. First, there was barely any supplies. Profitable trade would take years. Disease encompassed the most damaging impact on the settlers.

What issues divided the various ethnic and religious groups of the Middle colonies? What core values did they agree upon?

In New York, Dutchmen disagreed with English Law. In Pennsylvania, Benjamin Franklin didn't like German Immigrants. They agreed upon economic opportunity and liberty of conscience.

How did the Glorious Revolution affect relations between England its colonies?

The Glorious Revolution, also known as the Revolution of 1688, reduced the power of the king. The colonies restored original charters which required religious freedom in Massachusetts, and also disbanded the establishment of the Dominion of New England. The Glorious Revolution also returned the colonies to their previous states (day-to-day activities, smuggling, etc).

How did the print and transportation revolutions transform colonial culture and the economy in the eighteenth century

The Great Wagon Road was created. People, produce, and finished merchandise were carried over from the Shenandoah Valley to the Carolinas. It also carried information such as letters and newspapers. When the Parliament let the licensing act lapse, all types of writing services started to open. All these new ideas from these writing services created enlightenment as new ideas took shape. Newspapers in America were created which helped share grievances and join in common cause

What attracted German and Scots-Irish migrants to Pennsylvania in such large numbers?

The Quaker vision "peaceable kingdom" attracted over 100,000 German migrants who fled their homes because of military restrictions, high taxes, and religious persecution. They escaped their native lands to escape English Oppression, create new opportunities, and escape English lands

How did the experiences of slaves in the Chesapeake differ from their experiences in South Carolina?

Slaves in the Chesapeake had better lives than those at South Carolina. They lived longer lives, had less diseases, and were treated better by their owners rather than those in South Carolina.

What explains the increasing political autonomy of the colonies in the 18th century.

Around the 18th century, the American colonies began to use self-governance, and realized that they could prosper without help from Britain. Therefore, the British ruled more leniently. If England threatened or imposed trade on the New World, the colonists were in a position the challenge the rules of the Mercantilist System. Therefore, a rise in colonial autonomy began in the 18th century.

How did the prosperity of the British Empire improve and endanger the lives and interests of the colonists?

Colonists were consuming more luxury goods, closing social gaps, and becoming more self reliant. Though, it endangered the lives of colonists by putting them into recession, debt, and trade deficits.

How did rapid immigration and economic growth trigger conflict in the Middle colonies?

Economic growth brought prosperity along with conflicts between ordinary settlers and proprietors who attempted to control access to land, resources, and political power. New Jersey was plagued by contested land titles and settlers rioted against the proprietors in the 1740s and 1760s. The wheat trade & landing prices differentiated wealth and land ownership even further in the next generation. This led to social upheavals, political uprising, and economic downturns at a frequent rate due to influx of migrants into hte colonies and a outright inequality in wealth and land ownership.

How did the Seven Years' War reshape Britain's empire in North America and affect native peoples?

Great's Britain's victory in the Seven Years War sparked a massive change in the New World. Britain received control of New France while handing back Martinique and Guadeloupe. The British were handed all of the mainland North America east of the Mississippi River. Though, these acts severed relations between Britain and the New World. Native Americans mindsets were now focused on the idea that the British were the enemy.

What conditions and ideas lay behind the emergence of the Enlightenment in America?

In 1543, Copernicus published his observation that the earth traveled around the sun. Then, soon after, Isaac Newton managed to explain the movement of the planets around the sun. The philosophers of the Enlightenment used empirical research and scientific reasoning to study the many aspects of life, including human behavior. There were four principles that guided this concept: lawlike order of the natural wold, the power of human reason, progressive improvement of society. These ideas were further reasoned by individuals like John Locke, Voltaire, Rosseau, and Montesquieu.

What made New England different from New France and New Netherland?

In New England, when they landed at Plymouth, they created family groups & communities like the ones they left behind, and established them according to Protestant Principles. They were able to multiply quickly because of their approach to community formation. In New Netherland, the Dutch republic wasn't able to thrive, and the population was too small to support emigration. And the same applied for New France. They failed as a farming settlement and few peoples moved there.

Why did New France and New Netherland struggle to attract colonists?

In New France, some state policies discouraged migration. Louis XIV drafted tens of thousands of men into military service & barred Huguenots from migration to New France, fearing they might win converts and take control of the colony. Migrants also struggled with oppression, aristocracy, and church dominated feudal system Likewise, in New Netherlands, many colonists were swayed by the large presence of indigenous peoples of the New World

How were the experiences of indentured servants and slaves in the Chesapeake and the Caribbean similar? In what ways were they different?

In the Caribbean, the move to slave labor was faster as supply of indentured servants was inadequate. Slaves were treated harshly using a code of Force and Terror. Likewise, in the Chesapeake, the move to slave labor was gradual, and since English common law did not acknowledge chattel slavery, it was possible for some slaves to be freed by Christian baptism, purchase freedom from owners, or win freedom in courts, etc.

Compare colonists' "pursuit of happiness" in New England, the Middle colonies, the backcountry, and the South. How did poorer colonists in each of these regions seek to maintain their autonomy from powerful landlords and institutions, and how did this effort shape the formation of regional identities?

Poorer colonists would practice their own religions. Likewise, they would protest certain reformations. They attempted their own form of self-governance as well.

What factors threatened the freeholder ideal in midcentury New England, and what strategies did farming families use to preserve this ideal?

Population increasing and less land threatened the freeholder ideal. Farmers plowed fields owned by artisans and shoekeepers who repaid them with shoes, furniture, or store credit. Farmers, artisans, and shopkeepers recovered debits and credits and balanced the books every few years. They also helped New Englanders maximize agricultural output. Some families petitioned the government to frontier land grants and hacked new farms out of forests. This is how they kept their freeholder ideals

What similarities and differences in religious practice do you see in the North American colonies?

Similarities: Each colony was absorbed in its own religious practice, whether it was Puritanism, Protestantism, Judaism, etc. Social & Political Life encompassed faith as well. Differences: There was strict differences in practicing religion between the North & South American Colonies. Just as much, religion practiced in New England was strictly Puritan and no other religion was to be tolerated. The Middle colonies had Jews, Lutherans, Catholics, and Quakers whereas the Southern colonies had Anglicans and Baptists.

How did the institution of slavery develop, and why did it develop differently in the Chesapeake, the Carolina low country, and the West Indies?

Slavery developed because there was a desire for production that couldn't be paid by people who desired to have slaves. They needed to have workers which would work for them, especially without a cost. It developed differently in the parts that are mentioned here because they had different needs at the time.

What did Native Americans have to gain by participating in imperial wars?

The Native Americans used imperial warfare to their advantage. Some tribes used firearms to attack settlements of the Colonists for greater control of territory. And some Native Americans tribes remained neutral and then traded w/both sides creating lucrative trade

How did New Englanders' religious ideas influence their relations with neighboring Native American peoples?

The Puritans believed they were God's chosen people. They considered themselves divinely ordained. Like Catholic Missionaries, Puritans felt their such should embrace everyone. Some Puritan ministers attempted to convert Native American peoples. Only 14 Indian praying towns were established. Few Indians were ever permitted to become full members of Puritan congregations. Therefore, the presence of the Puritan religion heavily shaped the colonists' view of the Indians, and supported the idea of the "White Man's Burden."

How did the rise of the South Atlantic System impact economic development in the North American colonies?

The South Atlantic System introduced new agricultural and commercial order that used slave labor to produce sugar, tobacco, rice, and other products for an international market. The plantation societies were ruled by European merchants who enslaved Africans. Its center was in Brazil and the West Indies

What was the South Atlantic System, and how did it shape colonial society?

The South Atlantic System was a network of slaves and indentured servants that would cultivate different types of crops such as sugar, rice, and tobacco crops. It shaped colonial society in the sense that European merchants, investors, and planters gathered all the profits from all the crops. This system created labor-mill societies in the Caribbean, Brazil, and southern tip of North America

How did the long era of imperial warfare beginning in 1689 affect the colonies, Native Americans, and relations between them?

The long era of imperial warfare made the colonists form new alliances with the Native Americans. It also placed new demands on colonial governments to support the increasingly militant British Empire.

The Great War for Empire delivered the eastern half of North America into British lands. How did that massive territorial acquisition affect ordinary colonists? What impact did it have on Native Americans' strategies for coexisting with their European neighbors?

The massive territorial acquisition of the Treaty of Paris of 1763 led to many problems for colonists. Although they were eager to travel westward, they weren't allowed to do so due to the Proclamation Acts of 1763, which banned them from settling past a point of the Appalachian Mountains. This territorial acquisition also changed the Native American mindset. They main enemies were now British colonists. Therefore, there was a mass of uprisings, raids, and attacks in many colonial towns. An event that proves this was Pontiac's War.

What do the sources reveal about Europeans' treatment of their non-European neighbors in North America?

The treatment of non-Europeans was brutal and harsh. Below are the French, English, and Spanish treatments in the early colonial period. Spanish Policy - Conquer & Convert. Many people in the New World were killed by diseases and the like. Many Spaniards married Natives or Slaves. These actions gave way to the Encomienda, a rigid class system, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ English Policy - Attempted to coexist with Native Americans, and learned to grow new crops and hunt in the forests. They first traded with manufactured English goods. Soon after, they considered the Native Americans savages and considered them a threat to British expansion ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ French Policy - Developed good relationship with Native Americans. To support their fur trade, they helped the Huron tribe in their war against the Iroquois. The French posed no considerable threat to the Native Americans

Why did Spain's economy deteriorate and England's economy improve in the sixteenth century?

There was a loss of Muslims and Jews. American gold and silver led to inflation, and at the same time, there wasn't much focus on farming and commerce. There was heavy taxing on the middle class

In what ways was the spread of ideas during the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening similar, and how did it differ?

They both challenged religion from different points of view. The Enlightenment was a scientific thinking point of view, where the Great Awakening was from a Christian point of view

How did political developments in seventeenth-century England impact the development of its American colonies?

Throughout the first half of the 17th century, the Colonies had no real government or control. The colonies were private ventures with charters from the British government but nothing came in the way of supervision of support because of political turmoil in Great Britain. Soon after the chaos over the monarchy was resolved, Britain had been transformed into a Constitutional Monarchy in which the crown and Parliament jointly ruled. Britain now became stronger and more centralized. The Theory of Mercantilism guided Britain's economic development and was put into the Navigation Acts (1651-1696). In the absence of strict British control, new colonies, such as New Netherland, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina, which were developed in the second half of the 17th century, each differed from each other.

To what extend did affairs in Europe affect daily life in the colonies?

Wars had a profound impact on European daily life in the colonies and also affected the taxes they endured. War also affected the policies that were later put into affect by the British Parliament. Overall, the impact of European affairs had a massive effect on the American colonies

(a)How did environmental and ecological factors shape colonial enterprise? (b)How did the process of colonization impact American ecology and environments?

[A] In terms of Environmental factors, there was a desire to gain land around the European sector. Ecological factors include people in the New World that were never exposed to viruses like the Small Pox. And, at the same time, Europeans had experience in mechanical warfare. [B] The process of colonization impacted American ecology and environments in the fact that foreign diseases managed to wipe out close to 90% of the people in the New World. Europeans were using Native Americans and making them work in mines and on plantations. Through the Columbian Exchange, they also brought horses, guns, and steel and carried a sedentary lifestyle along with domesticated animals and agriculture, manufacturer, and shipping.

(a)What "push factors" caused people to leave England for its colonies in the seventeenth century? (b)What "pull factors" drew them to particular colonies or regions?

[A] The push factors that caused people to leave England to the colonies in the 17th century included religious persecution, economic and financial situations, food shortages, hope for a new life, criminal charges, and limited opportunity to run a business or own property. [B] In terms of pull factors, each specific colony had its own set of rules. Therefore, many people moved to certain colonies for economic or financial opportunity and the opportunity to obtain religious freedom.

(a)How did Spain's conquest of central Mexico and the Andes shape European competition in the Americas? (b)How did the Protestant Reformation affect this competition?

[A] Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, Spain was able to obtain large amounts of gold and silver and send it to its national treasuries. Spain then attempted to use large amount of money to go against the rest of the world powers. The type of power that Spain formed became a threat to England, France, and the Netherlands. [B] As Martin Luther continuously attacked Christians, Protestantism began to take effect. King Philip II of Spain attempted to defend the Catholic church, therefore causing a battle between the two political and religious sectors in the New World.

(a) What strategies did Charles II and James II employ to try to gain more centralized control over England's American colonies? (b) What did James hope to accomplish by creating the Dominion of New England

[A]Charles II developed colonies through proprietorships and gained lots of land in America. His goal was to expand the colonies to gain more colonies. James II attempted to create a huge colony that he could rule over. But, instead of expanding, he condensed into one particular colony. [B]James hoped to accomplish total control over the colonies and the best way to establish the Dominion of New England. James II also banned town meetings and legislative assemblies.