US History - Chapter 7

What was the first battle of the Civil War? A. Fort Sumter B. Shiloh C. Fredericksburg D. Antietam

A. Fort Sumter

What aspect of Confederate life was most affected by the shortage of paper and ink during the war? A. communication B. fashion C. agriculture D. healthcare

A. communication

What was the Confederacy's policy regarding African American soldiers? What impact did this policy have on their war effort?

After the Emancipation Proclamation, the North began recruiting African Americans to fight for the Union army, while the Confederacy only considered drafting slaves and free African Americans. Many southerners did not support the enlistment of African Americans, passing an opportunity to bolster their military forces and potentially win the war.

Explain how foreign countries and entrepreneurs assisted the South's ailing economy.

Even though Britain was officially neutral, it provided aid to the Confederate Army by helping build blockade runners so the Confederate Army could outrun the strong Union blockade. Independent entrepreneurs contributed to the southern economy by building ironworks in many southern cities. Even with this help, the Confederacy could not meet its wartime needs.

What can you infer about the legal status of people who had escaped from slavery along the Underground Railroad into northern states?

Fugitive slaves who had escaped along the Underground Railroad into northern states were not protected by law and could be legally returned to their southern slave owners if caught.

Why did violence break out in Kansas?

In 1854, Senator Stephen Douglas introduced a bill to admit the Nebraska Territory as a state based on the principle of popular sovereignty, but the Kansas-Nebraska Act divided the territory in two, presuming that Nebraska would organize as a free state and Kansas would organize as a slave state. However, political conflict resulted in violence between pro- and antislavery settlers of Kansas.

Explain how General Sherman's "March to the Sea" demonstrated a total war strategy.

In May 1864, Union General William T. Sherman set out on a 250-mile march with 60,000 troops. His goal was to capture the port in Savannah, Georgia, and all along the way his troops looted cities and vandalized private property. By doing so, General Sherman's men implemented the total war strategy of attacking not only the enemy, but also the economy that supports the enemy.

What was the role of warships in the Civil War?

As a way to block trade in the South, the Union navy used warships to set up naval blockades to deny merchant ships access to southern ports. Under the command of David Farragut, Union ships sailed through the Gulf of Mexico and eventually entered the mouth of the Mississippi River as part of the so-called "Anaconda Plan" to cut the Confederacy in two. Over the course of the war, ironclad warships were introduced, which signaled the beginning of the end of wooden warships.

Discuss Harriett Tubman's significance to the abolitionist movement.

Born into slavery in the South, Tubman escaped captivity and traveled to Philadelphia. Soon after her own escape, she became active in the Underground Railroad as a successful "conductor." Tubman made many trips into the South to help hundreds of slaves escape plantations and find freedom and safety in the North. Many plantation owners had a bounty for her capture, though no one ever caught her.

How did the early battles of the Civil War surprise both sides?

Both sides expected the war to resolve quickly. The Union was surprised by the military leadership and resilience of the South. The Confederacy was surprised by the strength and the tenacity of the North. The first year of war dragged into another, with no end in sight. More surprisingly, the scope, the ferocity of fighting, and the number of casualties, particularly at Shiloh, shocked people throughout the nation.

Why were people fleeing slavery using the Underground Railroad to escape into Canada? A. Canada encouraged people fleeing slavery in the United States to become residents there. B. Although free African Americans could live in the northern United States, they preferred to live in a country where no slavery was allowed. C. Both federal laws and some state laws allowed fugitives to be caught and returned to slavery in the South, even if they had reached a state that did not permit slavery. D. Canada was free of discrimination against African Americans and offered better job opportunities.

C. Both federal laws and some state laws allowed fugitives to be caught and returned to slavery in the South, even if they had reached a state that did not permit slavery.

What were the provisions of the Compromise of 1850?

California joined the Union as a free state, and popular sovereignty was applied to territory acquired from Mexico. Slavery remained legal in Washington, D.C., but the slave trade was prohibited there. The Fugitive Slave Act strengthened an earlier fugitive slave law, adding a requirement that private citizens must help apprehend runaway slaves. The law made it illegal for citizens to help fugitive slaves.

What were the Confederacy's military and political strategies to win the Civil War?

Given the Union's military advantages, Confederate leaders thought it best to engage Union forces only when they thought Confederate forces might have strategic advantages. The South did their best to preserve their small armies and use them sparingly while still inflicting enough damage to wear down the Union. A primary political strategy was to establish a trade alliance with Great Britain and France to whom the Confederates could export cotton. Ultimately, the South wanted to be sure Great Britain and France would be able to help them if the war dragged on longer than anticipated.

What did John Wilkes Booth hope to accomplish with the assassination of President Lincoln? How did people in the North respond to the assassination?

John Wilkes Booth assassinated President Lincoln as a way to seek revenge for the Confederacy's loss in the Civil War. But he was also a part of a larger group who were plotting to kill the Vice President and Secretary of State in the hopes of causing political chaos in the North and giving the South time to reorganize their war effort. His killing of President Lincoln united Lincoln's supporters and many of his critics to celebrate their fallen President.

In what way did President Lincoln and General McClellen disagree on Union strategy?

McClellan was very cautious, while Lincoln was anxious for military victories. Lincoln pushed McClellan to act but also insisted on keeping a large force near the capital to protect it from Confederate attack. Lincoln would dismiss McClellen briefly after the failed Peninsular Campaign.

What were some advantages to the new technology used in the Civil War? What were some disadvantages?

Some advantages: Medical care on the battlefield improved. Railroads made travel faster and enabled the transport of supplies easier. Hot air balloons allowed both sides to gather helpful information. Iron siding created stronger, more durable ships. Some disadvantages: New bullets and guns increased firing speed and accuracy, which meant a deadlier, more violent weapon and higher casualties for both sides. Because railroad depots were so essential to the armies' functioning, they were also prime targets for attack.

What were the main ideals of the Confederate States of America? Why was Jefferson Davis chosen as its president?

The Confederate States of America consisted of southern states that had seceded from the Union and its main goal was to develop a new government with its own constitution. The constitution they developed was similar to the U.S. Constitution; however, the Confederate constitution gave greater power to the states and protected the right for states to secede. It also stated that slavery would be protected in the South. Jefferson Davis had been a U.S. Senator from Mississippi and was elected president, in part, to appeal to those in the South who still hoped for reconciliation with the North.

What long-term consequences did the Battle of Gettysburg have on the Confederate war effort?

The Confederate loss at Gettysburg was the last attempt of the Confederacy to invade the North. Instead of scoring a major victory, the Confederates had to retreat to Virginia, putting the Confederate army on defense, instead of offense. The defeat at Gettysburg, coupled with the Confederate loss at Vicksburg, were events from which the Confederates were not able to recover, and the loss left the South with little chance of getting help from Britain or France.

What impact did the Emancipation Proclamation have?

The Emancipation Proclamation freed all enslaved persons in states and territories still in rebellion against the Union on January 1, 1863. The proclamation inspired many African Americans, enslaved and free, to join the fight and also renewed the Confederates' determination. It also redefined the purpose of the war for northerners as being about slavery. Abroad, the proclamation secured the support of Britain and France for the Union, dashing Confederate hopes for an alliance.

How did the Free-Soil Party affect the issues and the outcome of the presidential election of 1848?

The Free-Soil Party nominated Martin Van Buren, who called for limits to the expansion of slavery. This made the expansion of slavery a national issue during the election. The Democratic and Whig parties avoided the issue by supporting popular sovereignty. The Free-Soil Party won enough votes to cost the Democratic candidate, Lewis Cass, the election. As a result, the Whig candidate, Zachary Taylor, a slaveholder from the South, became the next president.

Why did the North win the Civil War?

The North had more resources than the South. The Union had more people, established industries, more money and supplies, and better technology. The South failed to win the support of European nations like Britain and France. Without help, the Confederacy's resources, including its soldiers, slowly ran out.

What are some of the reasons the South experienced more severe shortages during the war than the North?

The North was more industrialized and prepared to meet the demands of production brought on by the war. The South suffered from the naval blockade of its ports, a less extensive railroad system, too much dependence on cash crops, and economic inflation.

Discuss how the role of women changed during the Civil War.

With many men off fighting the war, women were called upon to assume roles that had been previously dominated by men, like overseeing the family businesses, farms, or plantations, and being teachers. Some of the soldiers' wives even went to military camps to help cook and do laundry. Also during the Civil War, female nurses took care of returning soldiers and their families. Soon, women were charged with overseeing and maintaining hospitals as well as the sanitation efforts in military installations following the approval of the formation of the United States Sanitation Commission.

How did African Americans in the South respond to the end of the war?

When the war ended, the main sentiment felt by African Americans in the South was their quest to find and enjoy the freedom they were promised. Some stayed in the South and tried to make new lives for themselves and their families, while many joined the large migration west in hopes of buying land by taking advantage of the Homestead Act. Overall, as the Reconstruction era began, many southern African Americans did not get to fully experience the freedom they were promised.

Which of the following was an effect of the Emancipation Proclamation? A.Britain supported the Confederacy. B. African American soldiers joined the Union Army. C. Union troops won the Battle of Antietam. D. Maryland joined the Confederacy.

B. African American soldiers joined the Union Army.

Which event immediately preceded the writing of South Carolina's Declaration? A. the Harpers Ferry Raid B. the Dred Scott decision C. the election of Abraham Lincoln D. the firing on Fort Sumter

C. the election of Abraham Lincoln

The military strategy of Sherman's Atlanta and Savannah campaigns is an example of A. a tactical retreat. B. guerrilla warfare. C. total war. D. flanking maneuvers.

C. total war.

Atlanta and Savannah were both important military targets because they were A. military forts. B. tourist destinations. C. transportation hubs. D. capital cities.

C. transportation hubs.

The 54th Massachusetts Regiment was the first regiment A. attacked at Fort Pillow. B. established by Frederick Douglass. C. led by an African American officer. D. composed of African American soldiers.

D. composed of African American soldiers.

According to the cartoon, who is primarily to blame for the Freesoilers' situation? A. enslaved African Americans B. border ruffians C. abolitionists using violence D. supporters of popular sovereignty

D. supporters of popular sovereignty

What difficulties did Lincoln face during the 1864 presidential campaign? How did the Union war effort help him win reelection?

During the campaign, Lincoln realized that he'd lost some support from his own party because Republicans thought he was overreaching his authority. Many others were not convinced that Lincoln was fully invested in ending slavery for good. Lincoln's chances of winning reelection were helped because of the Union victories at that time.

How did enslaved African Americans in the South help the Union war effort?

Enslaved African Americans helped the Union war effort in both passive and active ways. Some enslaved African Americans were able to provide crops for advancing Union troops while their slave owners were away from the plantation. Some enslaved African Americans served as Union spies because they were familiar with the terrain. There were also military regiments of former slaves in places like South Carolina, Missouri, and Kansas.

What geographic significance did the Battle of Gettysburg have?

It took place on Union soil.

Compare and Contrast Daniel Webster and John Calhoun's response to the Compromise of 1850.

Like many other northerners, Daniel Webster was against the expansion of slavery, though Webster supported the provisions of the Compromise Henry Clay proposed. John Calhoun, however, felt that any agitation on the issue of slavery would lead to the South's secession from the Union, because the proposal did not offer the South much protection.

Why did Lincoln consider emancipation, and why did he wait to announce his plan?

Lincoln knew that slavery was a pivotal issue of the Civil War and that the fate of enslaved and escaped African Americans had to be addressed. He also hoped to secure the good will and support of European nations that opposed slavery. He devised a plan for emancipation, but he waited to announce his plan until after the Union secured a victory.

Why did the Union advance into Confederate territory in the summer of 1862? What was the result of this campaign?

Lincoln ordered McClellan to attack the Confederate capital of Richmond, and McClellan responded by launching the Peninsular Campaign. Even though McClellan had superior forces, he remained cautious. Confederate General Lee skillfully led his forces and withstood the Union attack during the Seven Days (June 26-July 2). At a subsequent battle, the Second Battle of Bull Run, Lee crushed Union forces under their new leadership. The Union again retreated.

How did northerners respond to John Brown's raid and execution?

Most northerners condemned the violence of the raid. Many abolitionists refused to join Brown or sent only money and arms. However, many northerners agreed with his abolitionist principles, and some viewed Brown as a martyr for being willing to sacrifice himself in order to end slavery.

How did northerners and southerners view slavery?

Northerners held mixed views on slavery. Some, called abolitionists, opposed slavery and its expansion. Others only sought to limit slavery to the South. Some workers in the North, who feared that freed slaves might move north to claim their jobs, also supported the continuation of slavery. Many northern business leaders also favored slavery because they profited from it. Many white southerners supported not only the continuation but also the expansion of slavery. The southern economy and way of life largely depended on enslaved labor.

How did President Lincoln's leadership affect the Union's Civil War victory?

President Lincoln was committed to keeping the nation, the North especially, united, even though there were criticisms and disagreements. His steady leadership throughout the difficult war kept northern spirits up while the Confederacy struggled.

How did the election of 1860 reflect the break between the North and the South?

Republican Abraham Lincoln won the election without a single electoral vote from the South. He and Douglas competed for the votes of the North and West. In the South, Bell and Breckinridge split the vote. None of the four candidates was able to bridge the gap between the two regions.

What economic effects did the Civil War have on the North and the South?

The war left both the North and the South with the challenge of coping with tremendous loss of life and wounded soldiers, and rebuilding the South and the economy. The North's industries continued to benefit from expansion and trade. By contrast, the South, which had suffered most of the damage in lost property, resources, and trade, struggled to rebuild. The South remained largely agricultural and suffered from debt and devastation, making it difficult to stabilize economically.

How did the Union's system of conscription work? What were some criticisms of this system?

Under the system of conscription, also called the draft, all white men from the ages of 20 through 45 were eligible to be called in to serve for the Union military. Wealthy men could hire a replacement for $300. Also, African Americans could not be conscripted. As a result, most of the men sent to the battlefield through this system were white immigrants and poor laborers. Anger among poor white men grew until the New York Draft Riot of July 1863 broke out. For four days, the angry mob damaged factories that made war supplies and they attacked African Americans.

What effect did the Emancipation Proclamation have on African American soldiers?

Union armies actively recruited more African Americans to join the fight, and more than 180,000 African Americans volunteered to serve in the Union military. About 70,000 lost their lives in the war. However, it took time for African Americans to overcome prejudices. Eventually, African American soldiers did win equal pay, and some were afforded high honors. Despite their brave and excellent service, however, most African American soldiers were still treated poorly.

Discuss the significance of the Battle of Vicksburg.

Vicksburg was a stronghold for the Confederate army because it was the major obstacle standing in the Union army's path to controlling the Mississippi River. If the Union army were to take Vicksburg from the Confederacy, then the Confederacy would be divided into two parts.

The Wilmot Proviso applied to A. territories ceded in the Mexican-American War. B. the state of Texas after annexation. C. land acquired in the Louisiana Purchase. D. the Confederate states after secession.

A. territories ceded in the Mexican-American War.

Jonathan Letterman improved medical care during the Civil War by A. building hospitals. B. inventing anesthesia. C. streamlining ambulance services. D. training civilian physicians.

C. streamlining ambulance services.

Explain the impact of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment on the Union war effort.

After the Emancipation Proclamation, the Union began recruiting African American soldiers instead of merely allowing them to enlist. The 54th Massachusetts Regiment was an all African American regiment that overcame low expectations based on racial prejudice to bravely fight a battle in Port Hudson. During an unsuccessful battle at Fort Wagner, many soldiers from the 54th Massachusetts Regiment were killed, but one soldier was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor, the first of about 20 African American soldiers to be awarded the prestigious medal.

Which Union campaign sought to seize control of a major Confederate supply line? A. Gettysburg B. Atlanta C. Chancellorsville D. Maryland

B. Atlanta

Which of the following was a nullification of the Missouri Compromise? A. popular sovereignty in Utah B. popular sovereignty in Nebraska C. admittance of California as a free state D. annexation of Texas as a slave state

B. popular sovereignty in Nebraska

How did the Land Grant College Act affect education in the United States? A. The country's educational system became more focused on agriculture. B. Private and public schools taught more practical skills. C. The government became involved in public higher education. D. Students went into more specialized careers.

C. The government became involved in public higher education.

What did General Lee hope to accomplish by invading the North?

Feeling confident in his army after recent victories, General Lee decided to take a more offensive approach to the war. Lee's main objectives in invading the North were to humiliate the Union by invading and winning on northern soil and to hopefully raise international aid from Britain and France.

What were Lincoln's views on slavery and popular sovereignty?

He opposed both slavery and popular sovereignty.

How was Lincoln able to win election as President without carrying any southern states?

He won the vote all across the North, which included states with many electorial votes such as New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. Southerners split their votes among three candidates, and Lincoln won an easy victory in the Electoral College.

What was the Republican Party's platform and what factors led to its nomination of Abraham Lincoln in the presidential campaign of 1860?

In 1860, the Republican Party, which had garnered growing support since its inception, called for an end to slavery in the territories while still allowing states to control their own institutions. They also did not want to interfere with slavery in states where it was already accepted. Because of these goals, the Republican Party knew it needed a moderate candidate. With his moderate views, along with excellent debating skills and a reputation for integrity, Abraham Lincoln seemed to be the best fit to carry out the agenda.

Why did northerners oppose the Fugitive Slave Act, and how did they respond to the law?

Many northerners, even those who had not been abolitionists, opposed the Fugitive Slave Act because the law required them to support slavery. In response, many simply refused to comply with the law. Others continued to help shelter and transport escaped slaves on the Underground Railroad. Authors such as Stowe and Delaney wrote novels to expose what life was like under slavery. A few northern states passed personal liberty laws.

What were the respective objectives of General Grant's and General Sherman's campaigns in 1864?

Richmond and Savannah

How did deepening sectional differences impact national politics?

Sectional differences reshaped national politics along sectional, or regional, lines. The Whig Party, splintered by debate over slavery and popular sovereignty, fell apart. The Democratic Party became entrenched in the South, as the party of proslavery southern forces. New parties emerged to fill the vacuum left by the Whigs, including the Know-Nothings and the Republican Party. The Republican Party came to represent antislavery and northern interests.

What was one achievement of Clara Barton?

She helped organize relief and support services for soldiers during the Civil War.

What dangers did soldiers face during the war?

Soldiers on both sides faced dangers on and off the battlefield. Technology produced new, more dangerous weapons that resulted in loss of life unseen in previous wars. Others died of infection and disease. Many soldiers suffered from wounds that resulted in amputations, often without anesthesia. Soldiers also suffered and died in prison camps, especially in the South.

How did southerners respond to northern objections to the Compromise of 1850?

Southerners defended slavery vigorously, arguing that it allowed for a stable society supported by happy and well cared-for enslaved workers. They published texts asserting these claims.

Compare and Contrast the positions of Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas on slavery in their Senate debates.

Stephen A. Douglas had hopes of gaining both northern and southern supporters, which is why he strongly supported popular sovereignty. He was also somewhat sympathetic to slavery. On the other side of the debate, Abraham Lincoln was opposed to slavery's expansion and was against popular sovereignty.

What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act and what consequences did it have on the region?

Stephen A. Douglas proposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act legislation that divided the Nebraska Territory into Nebraska and Kansas. Under this act, each new territory would be given the right to decide whether they were in favor of or against slavery in their state. The main consequence of the legislation was the violent conflict over slavery in Kansas, popularly referred to as "Bleeding Kansas."

Who were the "Know-Nothings" and how were they an example of the changing political landscape in the 1850s?

The "Know-Nothings" was a group of nativists who opposed immigration. When questioned about their secretive organization, their members would only respond with, "I know nothing." The group feared the changes that Catholic immigrant groups might bring to American society. The Know-Nothings became the American Party, and it became divided on the issue of slavery.

What effect did the Compromise have on relations between the North and South?

The Compromise of 1850 provided a temporary solution to the issue of extended slavery to the territories but also resulted in conflict between the North and the South over the issue of states' rights. Based on the proposals outlined by Henry Clay, the debate over whether or not it was fair for both sides to enact the Compromise led some radicals from the North to denounce popular sovereignty in favor of God's "higher law," and some radicals in the South to threaten to secede from the Union. Violence even erupted between two senators over the admission of California to the Union as a free state. Finally, Senator Stephen A. Douglas took charge, persuading the Senate to adopt each proposal separately.

How did critics respond to the Emancipation Proclamation, and what impact did it have on American politics?

The Emancipation Proclamation excited many northerners, though critics on both sides were not in complete appreciation of the act. For example, William Lloyd Garrison and British abolitionists thought the act should include the total end of slavery everywhere. Many Republicans in Congress criticized the Proclamation because they felt it didn't go far enough. Conversely, many Democrats thought it went too far. Because of these criticisms, the Democrats may have gained momentum in the subsequent congressional elections.

How did the Compromise of 1850 differ from the Wilmot Proviso?

The Wilmot Proviso would have established all territories ceded by Mexico to the United States as free. The Compromise of 1850 gave each territory popular sovereignty. Thus, the population of each individual territory would determine whether or not it would permit the practice of slavery.

Why did the South face more severe economic challenges than the North?

The South lacked the resources and the wealth of the North. Largely dependent on its agriculture, the South was hit hard by northern blockades that cut off trade. The Confederacy had to rely on what it could produce within its borders, leading to hardship and scarcity. Though the Confederacy printed paper currency, the currency was backed only by promises, and doubt about its value led to skyrocketing inflation. Goods became increasingly expensive.

Why did the South win most of the early battles of the Civil War?

The South won most of the early battles of the Civil War because they fought them on their own territory and they had excellent military officers.

How did the Dred Scott ruling deepen political divisions in the United States?

The Supreme Court issued a strong ruling in favor of the constitutionality of slavery, which pleased southerners but angered antislavery northerners. Political conflict erupted between the North and South because, while the South celebrated the ruling, many northern abolitionists referred to it as a southern conspiracy. Some northerners even discussed seceding from the Union.

What were the main findings in the Dred Scott case?

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that slaves and their descendants were not citizens and that the U.S. Congress could not ban slavery in the territories.

Why did President Lincoln need a major military victory to win public support for the Emancipation Proclamation?

The Union had lost many battles by this point, and passage of the proclamation would have seemed like a hopeless and unenforceable effort. With the win at Antietam, the North now had a major advantage. The public was more likely to view the proclamation optimistically after this victory.

How did the Union and the Confederacy compare in strengths and weaknesses?

The Union's strengths were its organized government and military, its president's leadership and skill, and its vast population and resources. The Confederacy's strengths were its citizens' motivation, as well as their position on home territory, and their military leaders. The Union's major military weakness was attacking entrenched southern troops in their home states. The South's major weaknesses were its relatively small population (a third of which comprised enslaved workers), its dependence on plantation farming, and its reliance on trade.

What events led to the onset of the Civil War?

The election of Abraham Lincoln moved several southern states to secede from the Union. Attempts at compromise and Lincoln's conciliatory words failed. Seven southern states formed the Confederate States of America and seized federal arsenals and forts on their lands. President Lincoln took the attack on Fort Sumter as an act of rebellion and called for troops to fight against the Confederacy. This action was seen as an official declaration of war. Four more southern states joined the Confederacy, and the war began.

Discuss the impact the end of the Civil War had on American politics. How did it ultimately affect modern America?

The end of the war signified the end of the total disunity the nation had suffered for generations. Despite ongoing differences about regional interests, there would never again be the threat of secession. The economic, political, and social life of each region would increasingly mix together. The war prompted many Americans to identify themselves as citizens of a nation rather than citizens of a particular state. In addition, while the war did not end the debate over states' rights, Americans came to accept an expanded role for the federal government.

why the siege of Petersburg would prove to be one of the most significant conflicts of the Civil War.

The siege of Petersburg would prove to be the last major battle the Confederates would fight under General Lee. Both sides fought hard and set up fortifications to protect themselves, but as the Union kept replenishing its manpower, the Confederate army's manpower dwindled. This siege ultimately led to the retreat of an exhausted Confederate army, which then was trapped near Appomattox Court House where General Lee finally surrendered to General Grant, ending the Civil War.

What effect did the Battle of Antietam have on the Union and Confederate armies?

The two armies met at Sharpsburg, Maryland, and the bloodiest day in the Civil War occurred. Between the two armies, more than 23,000 soldiers were killed or wounded during the Battle of Antietam, causing General Lee to retreat to Virginia without ever turning Maryland into a Confederate state. The victory provided the opportunity for President Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.

What impact did the publication of novels like Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin and Martin Delany's Blake have on the American public at the time?

The two novels affected the American public because in each, the main characters' point of view put a face on the issue of slavery. For example, in Uncle Tom's Cabin, Uncle Tom is seen as sympathetic, gentle, and ultimately submissive to the terrible life of a slave. In Blake, the main character's point of view is rebellious and violent, killing the slave owner in order to escape. Stowe's work increased opposition to slavery in the North and Delany's work struck fear in the hearts of southern slave owners.

What economic impact did the Civil War have on the North?

To fund the war effort, the North needed money. The government responded by imposing and then raising income taxes, increasing tariffs on trade, and selling government war bonds. The war also required northern industries to adapt as the demand for weapons, clothing, food, and other goods increased. Railroads benefited as the North invested in railroad expansion to the West.

Discuss the steps the Union took to increase revenue for the war effort.

To increase revenue for the war effort, the Union introduced an income tax. The Union also raised tariffs, which raised the cost of imported goods. But the main revenue booster was the sale of government bonds, which promised the bond holder a larger payment from the government at a later date. As a way to help pay for the bonds, "greenbacks," or paper money, were issued as well

How did John Brown differ from other antislavery politicians like Abraham Lincoln?

Unlike politicians like Abraham Lincoln, John Brown did not think that the issue of slavery could be resolved within the framework of the nation's laws. Referring to himself as an angel of God, Brown resorted to physical violence as an attempt to end slavery. An example of his violent efforts was his failed raid of Harpers Ferry. He planned to take over the arsenal in Harpers Ferry, enlist as many free African Americans and abolitionists as he could, and fight slavery in the South.

How did the war affect settlement in the West and the Intercontinental Railroad?

Western settlement increased during the Civil War. Prior to the war, settlement was hindered due to debates over slavery in the West. In 1862, Congress passed the Homestead Act, offering low cost land to those who would farm it. The Pacific Railroad Act was passed, granting land to companies who wanted to lay rail tracks for the Intercontinental Railroad in Union territory.