US History

Gulf War

1990, Iraq broke international law when it invaded Kuwait, an oil rich country. U,S alarmed, worried that Iraq would invade Saudi Arabia next, an ally of the US 40 nations agreed with US fear. Feb. 1991 US begin Operation Desert Storm to drive Iraq out of Kuwait. First post Cold War since 1947, US victorious.

NAFTA

1994 North American Free Trade Agreement. Opened trade between Canada, U.S, and Mexico. Within 10 years it had ended all tariffs between the 3 nations. 700,000 jobs from US to Mexico. Increased trade of goods and US agricultural foodstuffs.

Theodore Roosevelt

1st full term pres in progressive era

Little Rock 9

1st group of black students who were able to attend an all white school because President Eisenhower used the military to enforce the Brown v. Board of Education decision

Executive Order 9066

2/19/42; 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes & businesses, 600K more renounced citizenship; demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion

21st Century U.S. Demographics

21st Century U.S. Demographics refers to the changing demographic make up from the start of the 20th century. The U.S. population now is about 330 million, four times the size it was at the start of the 20th century, more immigrants are coming in from all over the world, and the life expectancy has increased from 50s to 70s. It is significant because with changing demographics in society, these reflect politically in todays world, leading to more talks on topics immigration reform due to the changing make up of the U.S.

William McKinley

25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War

*What were the fireside chats?

30 evening radio addresses given by President Franklin D. Roosevelt

Harry Truman

33rd President of the United States. Led the U.S. to victory in WWII making the ultimate decision to use atomic weapons for the first time. Shaped U.S. foreign policy regarding the Soviet Union after the war.

Francisco Franco

4 December 1892 - 20 November 1975) was a Spanish general, dictator and the Caudillo of Spain from 1939 until his death.[2]

Neutrality Act

4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents

NSC 68 (1950)

58-page top secret policy paper by the National Security Council advocated a large expansion in the military budget of the United States, the development of a hydrogen bomb, and increased military aid to allies of the United States. It made the containment of global Communist expansion a high priority. United States needs to counter military action and influence of Soviet Union throughout the world Important part of an overall shift in American foreign policy to a comprehensive containment strategy that was confirmed by successive administrations

Americans with no savings

78% of all americans had Income inequality

What is the Zapruder Film?

8mm film of the assassination

Little Rock 9

9 black students are admitted to Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas; federal troops must escort them to every class every day for a year

Jacob Riis

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.

George McGovern

A Senator from South Dakota who ran for President in 1972 on the Democrat ticket. His promise was to pull the remaining American troops out of Vietnam in ninety days which earned him the support of the Anti-war party, and the working-class supported him, also. He lost however to Nixon.

Andrew Johnson

A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Ruthlessness

A Virtue!

Operation Rolling Thunder

A bombing campaign began in 1965 and authorized by President Johnson. This tactical movement relentlessly bombed Viet Cong-occupied land, decimating the landscape of hundreds of miles of land. However, the intricate and enormously large network of tunnels the guerrilla soldiers had built were largely unharmed, and it failed to stop the Viet Cong from continuing to press on.

Corporation

A business entity

Dunkirk

A city in northern France on the North Sea where in World War II (1940) 330,000 Allied troops had to be evacuated from the beaches at Dunkirk in a desperate retreat under enemy fire.

Space race

A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union.

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

Counterculture

A culture with lifestyles and values opposed to those of the established culture.

Civil Rights Act

A federal law that authorized federal action against segregation in public accommodations, public facilities, and employment.

Rebel without a Cause

A film that portrayed the revolt of teenagers.

Alger Hiss

A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.

Berlin Wall

A fortified wall surrounding West Berlin, Germany, built in 1961 to prevent East German citizens from traveling to the West. Its demolition in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War. This wall was both a deterrent to individuals trying to escape and a symbol of repression to the free world.

Muckrakers

A group of investigative reporters who pointed out the abuses of big business and the corruption of urban politics; included Frank Norris (The Octopus) Ida Tarbell (A history of the standard oil company) Lincoln Steffens (the shame of the cities) and Upton Sinclair (The Jungle)

Jack Kerouac

A key author of the Beat movement whose best selling novel, On the Road helped define the movement with it's featured frenzied prose and plotless ramblings.

Voting Rights Act

A law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically.

National Origins Act

A law that severely restricted immigration by establishing a system of national quotas that blatantly discriminated against immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and virtually excluded Asians.

Josiah Strong

A leader of the social gospel movement

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

How many people died after the Battle of Verdun?

A million French and Germans troops are dead after this battle

Black Power

A movement in support of rights and political power for black people in the 60s and 70s.

Ellis Island

A place where immigrants came through

Marshall Plan

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.

Glasnost

A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which called for more openness with the nations of West, and a relaxing of restraints on Soviet citizenry.

Iron Curtain

A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region

Impeachment

A process in which an official is accused of unlawful activity, the outcome of which, depending on the country, may include the removal of that official from office as well as criminal or civil punishment.

Rosie the Riveter

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.

Eugene V Debs

A socialist leader and political prisoner

Fourteen Points

A speech Wilson gave- led to league of nations

Mckinley Tariff

A tax, as high as 50% on foreign imports

Domino Theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Vietnamization

A war policy in Vietnam initiated by Nixon in June of 1969. This strategy called for dramatic reduction of U.S. troops followed by an increased injection of S. Vietnamese troops in their place. A considerable success, this plan allowed for a drop in troops to 24,000 by 1972. . This policy became the cornerstone of the so-called "Nixon Doctrine". As applied to Vietnam, it was labeled "Vietnamization".

Bessemer Process

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

ASSIMILATION -- Gave Native Americans U.S. citizenship, 160 acres of farmland or 320 of grazing land,and railroads had right-of-way on the old reservations

Alger Hiss

Accused of being a communist spy (giving classified docs to the soviets) and was convicted of perjury...case prosecuted by Richard Nixon

Bayard Rustin

Activist, racial equality, CORE, (gay & black)

James Dean

Actor who starred in "Rebel Without a Cause" in 1955. Embodied the new generation's "moral decay", teen angst, and dysfunctional families.

What were the espionage and sedition acts and what were their impacts on Americans and the constitution?

Acts that prohibited many forms of speech including: disloyal, profane, scurrilous, abusive language against the government, flag, or military.

German

Adolf Hitler comes into power in 1933 and was the head of the Nazi movement. Because of WW1, they had to form a new democracy gov and depression in US = price increases and value of money decreased in Germany. 1936: takes Rhineland which was given to France. Violation of treaty but France did nothing. 1938: unification of Germany and Austria. French and Britain takes on a policy of Appeasement. 1938 Germany takes over Sudetenland (place where Czechs had all their weapons and defense) Sept 1,1939: invasion of Poland= start of war

How did Marcus Garvey help early civil rights?

Advocated for black pride and separation of the races, Organized UNIA, Founded Black Star Steamer line, and Was deported

The sharecropping system that came into being after the Civil War ultimately caused which of the following?

African Americans found themselves caught in ever-increasing debt.

Great migration

African Americans moving out of the south

Great Migration

African-Americans traveled north in search of jobs and to take advantage of blooming wartime industry. Since there were still segregation occurring, black ghettos started to form (Harlem). A distinct black culture flourished. Both blacks and whites wanted cultural interchange restricted

Platt Amendment

After Us wins war with Spain, it issues this amendment which states that Cuba can be considered an independent country if it accepts a US made constitution which says the US can veto Cuba's alliances and can invade to restore order whenever they want

WW2

After WW1 US went back into isolation, German Aggression, Allies: great Britain, France, Soviet union. Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan

Charles Ponzi

After running a highly profitable and expansive investment was arrested and charged with 86 counts of mail fraud.

Freedmans Bureau

Agency established in 1865 to aid former slaves in their transition to freedom, especially by administering relief and sponsoring education.But it failed bc it was runed by ppl that didnt like blacks. i.e General Howards(white supermists)

McCarthyism

Aggressive tactics and wild claims in an attempt to weed out alleged communists

AAA

Agriculture adjustment act, paid farmers to grow less in the future

Rosa Parks

Alabama, 1955; little lady refused to give up her seat and it resulted in a boycott

who were chambers, hiss, Rosenburgs, and McCarthy, and what happened?

Albert hiss-accused of treason for Soviet chambers: author for times, him and his were both communists hiss-proven innocent chambers-nothing happened Rosenburgs: put to death McCarthy: presidential candidate, perpetuated red scare, made many people seem communist

EBA- Emergency Bank Act

All banks were required to take a "4 day holiday" where they close down the bank and get inspected for their practices. Weak banks had to be reconstructed while strong ones re-opened right away. Addresses the banking industry and helped restore people's trust in banks

What was Blitzkrieg?

All out extreme fighting for a swift victory. Wanted to create panic and hysteria in civilian populations. Example: France and Western/Northern Europe fall to Hitler's Panzer division in 7 weeks.

Yalta Conference

Allied leaders, respectively, for the purpose of discussing Europe's post-war reorganization.

Operation overlod

Allied powers landed in Normandy, success allowed them to liberate France (part of d day)

In 1914 when the war broke out in Europe, who were the allies, who were the central powers?

Allies: USA, Russia, France, UK Central Powers: Germany, Austria, Ottoman Empire

Tonkin Resolution

Allowed the president to "take all necessary measures" to prevent communist aggression in Vietnam. The president is given a "blank check" so he begins operation rolling thunder...

Margin trading

Allows you to buy more stock than you'd be able to normally

Loyalty Order (1947)

Also known as executive order 9835 (i.e an order given by the president) Designed to root out communist influence in U.S Federal government -Truman aimed to rally public opinion behind cold war policies with investigation conducted under his authority Conducted loyalty screenings of federal employees Important because Executive order 9835 was significant because it symbolized Truman's actions in getting rid of communism.

National Defense Education Act (1916)

Also known as the GI Bill Servicemen after service were given college fund and pension Encouraged people to become more active consumers Part of vision to keep people spending for vision of suburban culture Stable upper middle class for economic prosperity Left out African Americans who couldn't participate in the war Perpetuated economic segregation amongst racial lines

Wagner Act

Also known as the Wagner Act, this bill was signed into law by President Franklin Roosevelt on July 5, 1935. It established the National Labor Relations Board and addressed relations between unions and employers in the private sector.

Were the New Deals successful?

Although the New Deals did restore American confidence they did not end the great depression.

18th Amendment

Amendment of the United States Constitution effectively established the prohibition of alcoholic beverages in the United States by declaring the production, transport, and sale of alcohol (though not the consumption or private possession) illegal

16th Amendment

Amendment to the United States Constitution allows the Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the United States Census.

What were the reasons that brought USA into War?

America was invested in Allied victory, Lusitania Disaster, submarine warfare, and to save the world from democracy.

Stagflation

America's economy emerged and became known as "Stagflation". Increased inflation with higher unemployment.

ACLU

American Civil Liberties Union formed to monitor govt abridgments of the bill of rights

Aim

American Indian movement, red power, condensation the US for the mistreatment of natives

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor. Argued the case of Brown v Board of Education

Who was Maya Lin?

American designer of the Vietnam War Memorial

Turner Joy

American destroyer that was attacked by the North Vietnamese in the Gulf of Tonkin.

Margret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Gary Powers-

American pilot shot down in his U-2 spy plane, captured and convicted of spying

Panay Incident

American small patrol boat 1937 got attacked in China

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

NATO-

An alliance of countries from North America and Europe committed to fulfilling the goals of the North Atlantic Treaty signed on 4 April 1949.

Domino Theory

An event in one country will cause similar events in neighboring countries, like a falling domino causing an entire row of dominoes to fall; containment of Communist-like activity

Individual proprietary capitalism

An individual or partnership for producing goods

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

Bay of Pigs

An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, which was sponsored by the United States. Its purpose was to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.

Anita Hill

Anita Hill (1956-) is a lawyers and law professor at Brandies University. When Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas was going through his confirmation hearings, Anita Hill said that when she was his law clerk, he committees inappropriate sexual acts towards her. She is significant because after this, the topic of sexual harassment and how to act appropriately in the work place, making the work place a safer environment for all.

Literature influence

Anti war sentiments

President Roosevelt's handling of trusts suggests that he accepted which of the following beliefs?

Antitrust laws should be used to prosecute unscrupulous corporations that exploit the public and refuse to regulate themselves.

KKK targets

Anyone who wasn't white Protestant american

"Waving the Bloody Shirt"

Appealing to sensitive civil war issues at campaigns

Appeasement

Appeasement in a political context is a diplomatic policy of making political or material concessions to an enemy power in order to avoid conflict

French Indochina

Area of southeast Asia controlled by France during Imperialism. Includes Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.

Orval Faubus

Arkansas governor who called out the National Guard to prevent nine black students from entering Little Rock's Central High School under federal court order.

Kellogg briand

Arms control navigation that outlawed war as an instrument of national policy

Who are the girls with the yellow hands?

Arms factory workers

Why salt2 failed

Arms limitation, Russia violated the agreement when they went into Afghanistan to promotecommunism

Cold War

Arms race between the US and Soviet Union; both sides stockpile nuclear weapons; proxy wars (nations don't directly fight but are involved in a war)

Causes of WWI

Arms race, increase in Imperialism( Europeans) and Nationalism. Officially started when Archduke Franz Ferdinand, next heir of Austria-Hungary, was assassinated by a Serbian person in Bosnia. They issued an ultimatum saying that if Serbia doesn't comply to all the terms there will be war. Russia and France backs Serbia while Germany backs Austria- Hungary. Belgium who was neutral was in the way of Germany getting into France, so Germany marched into Belgium demanding to get through. Belgium puts up a fight, slowed them down and sacrificed themselves to help France prepare themselves. Britain gets involved at this point.

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

The lost generation

Artsy young people who had become disillusioned with the consumer culture (fought new conformity and values)

A. Phillip Randolph

Asa Philip Randolph was a leader in the Civil Rights Movement, the American labor movement, and socialist political parties. He organized and led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, the first predominantly African-American labor union

Sirhan Sirhan

Assassinated Robert Kennedy on June 6, 1968 in Chicago after hearing pro-Israeli remarks in his victory statement after having won the California primaries.

Model T

Assembly line, time and money were saved, many cars

Thurgood Marshall

Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, serving from October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the Court's 96th justice and its first African-American justice.

CIO/Sit-Down Strikes

At the 1935 AFL convention, a group of ore militant union officals led by John L. Lewis and Sidney Hillman formed the Committe for Industrial Organization (CIO) a set about organizing mass-production workers.

New Look

Attempted by eisenhower balanced the ecer economic costs of the cold war against the USSR

Richard Olney

Attorney General of the U.S., he obtained an active injunction that state union members couldn't stop the movement of trains. He moved troops in to stop the Pullman strike.

Germany gives what is called a blank check to who?

Austria

Adolf Hitler

Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied in Mein Kampf (1925-1927), attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945).

Interstate Highway Act (1956)

Authorized the construction of the Interstate highway system primarily as a defense means. The interstate can allow the military to get from one place to another. Eisenhower also wanted to reduce spending on Defense, and introduced this program. Eisenhower got the idea from the Germans. Highway system quickly became more intimate as the public started using it. People wanted to stay out of the city. Principal of the act was that you never had to stop(traffic never halts) Significance was that it lead to an explosion of car ownership(i.e car culture)

What was in February 1964?

Beatles On Ed Sullivan

Hoovervilles

Because of the great depression and Hoover not helping the people, many had to live in lots with makeshift homes. They named the place Hoovervilles since they blamed him for them living like this.

Isolation

Because of the war, US was no longer isolated and since the US joined the United Nations as a permanent member, the US will never be isolated again. A policy of remaining apart from the affairs of interest of other groups

Rations

Because of the war, the military needed a lot of materials like food and most factories turned into military factories. Each family was issued a ration book which was like a coupon book. Rationed items include: cars, tires, shoes, gas, cheese, sugar, coffee, and canned goods

Teller Amendment

Before US joins the war with Spain, it issues this amendment which states the US has no territorial ambitions of Cuba

Berlin Blockade

Began when the U.S. Began the process of creating a West German state

Phyllis Schlafly

Believes women are fortunate to live at home.

Free speech movement

Berkeley, nonviolent rallies spread (sit ins)

William Jefferson Clinton

Bill Clinton (Born 1946) is the 42nd President from 1993 to 2001, and was the first baby boomer to be the president. He came from a humble southern background, not knowing his own father, and worked his way up into Washington politics. He is significant becuase he helped revitalize the Democratic party being a brilliant politician. He would listen to the conservative perspective at the time and take on parts of it which led to the passing of the Welfare Reform Act of 1996 to reform welfare in the U.S. This helped him get reelected and allow the Democrats to keep the white house for another term.

Malcolm X was assassinated by

Black Muslims who believed that he had betrayed their cause.

Marcus Garvey

Black nationalism, supported racial segregation and the back to Africa movement, writer and Union leader (Jamaican born)

Tuskegee Airmen

Black pilots of ww2 contributed to the desegregation of the military

Malcolm X

Black power movement; nation of islam; "any means necessary"

Harlem Renaissance

Black pride, artistic flourish

Sit-ins

Black students would "sit-in" at the counter in restaurants where they were not allowed

Langston hughes

Black writer, African American folklore

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Blacks refused to ride the bus for a year

Bus Boycott

Blacks refused to ride the bus until they were heard and someone did something about the way they were treated

Which of the following best expresses the beliefs of Booker T. Washington?

Blacks should prove themselves worthy of equal rights by working hard and acquiring property

Great Migration

Blacks who left the south to escape poverty and discrimination

the Kansas question

Bleeding Kansas, Bloody Kansas or the Border War was a series of violent political confrontations in the United States involving anti-slavery Free-Staters and pro-slavery "Border Ruffian" elements in Kansas between 1854 and 1861.

Who was attorney general?

Bobby Kennedy

Japan

Bombing of Hiroshima= August 6, 1945, spread: 4 square mile. 1st bomb dropped and millions of people died. Bombing of Nagasaki: 60 thousand people died, dropped 3 days after Hiroshima Japan surrenders August 14,1945, a week after Nagasaki and war ended

"The Affluent Society"

Book, invest in education and research John Kenneth Galbrith

Who were 3 early civil rights leaders?

Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. Dubious, and Marcus Garvey

Cuban Missile Crisis

Both America and Soviets agreed to stop testing nuclear weapons in the atmosphere

Invasion of Cambodia and Laos

Both were invaded despite Nixon's pledge to reduce troop strength in Vietnam and it angered many Americans.

Constitution significance

Bribing overstepped the separation if poweers

As a result of the Munich Conference and the concept of appeasement

Britain and France accepted Hitler's seizure of the Sudeten region of Czechoslovakia.

what was cash and carry?

Britain and France could only buy goods from the U.S. if they pay in cash and transport it themselves.

After Germany's attack on Poland,

Britain and France declared war on Germany.

"Appeasement"/ Munich

Britain and France had plegded to Munich on Sept. 30, 1938, to allow Germany to annex the Sudetenland- the German-speaking parts of Czechoslovakia. "Appeasement", this was called: Hilter pledged tjst he would no mot territorial demands. W/thin 6 months however, in March 1939, Germany seized the rest of the country.

Who were the Allies in WW1?

Britain, France, Russia, Japan, U.S.

Allies

Britain, USSR, US

How did Allies respond to the mounting evidence that Hitler intended to exterminate the Jews?

British and American representatives met in Bermuda to discuss the plight of the Jews but offered no concrete plan of assistance

What happened to the Lusitania and what did it have on the US policy?

British ship sunk by the Germans. Killed 1,200 people including all of the American passengers. They sunk a neutral merchant ship with no warning made neutrality difficult to maintain.

Samuel Insull

British-born American business magnate; an innovator and investor based in Chicago who greatly contributed to creating an integrated electrical infrastructure in the United States.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)

Broke up Rockefeller's oil monopoly, meant to top trusts from forming, rarely used because American government values big business and relies on it

Cultural sign

Brought attention to the terrible living conditions

Brown Decision

Brown v. Board of Education involved Linda Brown from Topeka, Kansas; goal was desegregating public schools; Thurgood Marshall was attorney representing Brown family and worked for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP); Earl Warren was Chief Justice of Supreme Court and urged for unanimous opinion; Warren wrote that segregation may affect the hearts and minds of school children; result was desegregation of public schools (1954)

Death camps

Buchenwald Dachau Auschwitz

Hooverville

Bumville

Election of 1988

Bush won election easily. Faced a democratic majority in both houses of congress. First sitting VP to be elected pres. since Martin V. Buren.

Economy of scale

Buying in bulk is cost efficient. The more you buy at once, the less expensive each unit is.

Buying on margin

Buying stocks on credit (no regulation)

Who is E Howard Hunt?

CIA - he was involved in the death of JFK

Central Pacific Railroad

California based. Owned by the "Big Four", Stanford, Crocker, Huntington, Hopkins

Cesar Chavez

Called for boycotts; asked that people not buy grapes as a boycott to improve working conditions for Hispanics in the fields

15th Amendment

Can't take away voting rights

Nafta

Canada, us, Mexico, removed tariffs to encourage trade

1892 Homestead Steel Strike

Carnige bought Homestead Steel ->Henry Frick was in charged->Barbed wire 300 pinkerton. Fight workers. ->Frick telegraphed Pennsylvania gov. sent to destroyed union

Jimmy Carter

Carter becomes President in 1977; was governor of Georgia who pledged to never lie to the American people; had the "Camp David Accords"

Camp David Accords

Carter brought the leaders of Egypt and Israel together for peace talks; Egypt became first Arab nation to recognize Israel's government; Israel agreed to withdraw from the Sinai peninsula

Carter's Lack of Political Experience

Carter portrayed his lack of experience as his greatest strength.

What were the 3 major conferences of WWII?

Casablanca conference, Tehran conference, Yalta conference.

Sweatt v. Painter (1950)

Case where a black texas law student applied to an all-white university and was rejected, the Supreme Court ruled that the student had to be admitted under the equal protection clause, as separate facilities inhibited the abilities of black law students to competively practice law. The Supreme Court case of Sweatt v. Painter was important because the justices came to the decision that "separate, but equal" was an oxymoron that did not provide true equality

Bay of Pigs

Castro remains in power; big defeat and humiliation for Kennedy; 500 dies

Camp David Accords

Cater brought the leaders of Egypt & Israel together for peace talks; Egypt became the first Arab nation to recognize Israel's government; Israel agreed to withdraw from the Sinai peninsula

Little Rock Nine

Central High School; Little Rock, AR; nine black students; escorted everyday for 1 year by the federal troops

CIA

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a civilian intelligence agency of the United States government. Its primary function is obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and persons in order to advise public policymakers

Scopes Trial

Challenged freedom of speech and education restrictions, taught evolution in school which was attacked by the religious community

Democratic Convention 1968

Chicago presidential nomination convention. Protesters outside the convention faced Chicago police, who had been ordered by Mayor Daley to prevent any disruption to the event. Police used clubs, riot gear, and tear gas against protesters who responded with eggs, rocks, and balloons filled with paint and urine. Protesters, reporters, medics and bystanders were injured.

Nixon and China

China=key. Nixon sought to further the cause of détente, to push the Soviets to improve relations with the U.S. As well, and to open new markets for U.S goods.

Chinese contract labor

Chinese labor contractors sold people to work in US. They were motivated workers because they wanted to work off their contract. They also made more money than they did in China.

Hiroshima

City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II.

Civil Rights Act

Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed discrimination in all public places, outlawed job discrimination based on race and gender, and instituted the Fair Employment Practices Commission

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Civil rights activists whose goal was complete integration of blacks and whose tactic was "non-violence"

What was the goal of the march on Washington?

Civil rights, voting rights and need for equal job opportunities.

CCC

Civilian Conservation Corps, hired young unmarried men to work on Conservation projects

1884 presidential election

Cleveland versus Blaine. Blaine hated for being catholic and Cleveland hated for having a child out of wedlock.

Manhattan Project

Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States.

Containment

Coined by George Kennan; urged the US to keep communism from spreading (Contain communism)

Richard Nixon, Alger Hiss, Julius Rosenberg, and Ethel Rosenberg all gained national attention during the late 1940s and early 1950s because they were all associated with

Cold War spy trials.

CREEP

Committee for the Re-Election of the President, associated with the Watergate scandal of U.S. president Nixon's administration.

Watergate

Committee to Re-elect the President (CREEP) were group of "plumbers" (agents) created by White House to prevent negative leaks about Nixon; used often illegal "dirty tricks" (actions taken by agents to discredit opponents); Watergate was scandal following a break-in by the "plumbers" at the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C. in 1972 and President Richard Nixon's administration's attempted cover-up of its involvement; Woodward and Bernstein were reporters for "Washington Post" that received information from informant nicknamed "Deep Throat"; Nixon resigned August 9th, 1974

Company Act

Companies Acts may be a generic name either for legislation bearing that short title or for all legislation which relates to company law.

Populist Party

Comprised of farmers who were angry at the two existing parties. In favor of government to help them. They believed the economy was dominated by banker and left little room for farmers.

What was the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution?

Congress granting President Lyndon B. Johnson the authority to assist any Southeast Asian country whose government was considered to be jeopardized by "communist aggression, hence Vietnam. Allowed the president to deploy the army or declare war instead of congress

CORE

Congress of Racial Equality

CORE

Congress of racial equality, Civil rights organization the fought segregation in public works

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

Congress's plan -- 50% of the South had to pledge loyalty to the North for the Confederate States to be accepted back into the US

Army-McCarthy Hearings (1954)

Congressional hearings called by Senator Joseph McCarthy's to accuse members of the army of communist ties. In this widely televised spectacle, McCarthy finally went too far for public approval. The hearings exposed the Senator's extremism and led to his eventual disgrace Important because Senator McCarthy was a hero. He has been demonized but new information has emerged proving that he was right all along. The Soviet Union has had spies in the US Government all throughout the Cold War.

Message rap

Connections with minorities, showrd

Conservatism (1980's style)

Conservatism in the 1980's started in the 70s and percolated to the 80's with the election of Ronald Reagan, who was President from 1981-1989. The platforms of Conservatism were to cut taxes and government spending, to have a strong foreign policy and a respected military, and to practice traditional christian moral beliefs and values. It is significant because Conservatism in the 80s was a pendulum swing from the very liberal 60's, as a reaction to much of the change, and we still are affected by the conservative beliefs of that time today, shifting the whole nation to the right.

Young Americans for Freedom

Conservative college group in the 1960s. Reflected that not all college students were liberalsm, alternative to SDS. Supported Goldwater in 1964 election.

Federal Highway Act

Consumerism-Rhe automobile industry/Federal Highway Act-75% of households had a car.

What was Truman Doctrine?

Contained Communism

What was the USA cold war policy towards the Soviet Union?

Containment Policy

Sacco and Vanzetti

Convicted of robbery and murder, convicton based on their background not real evidence, they were executed

Lester Ward believed what to be the path to a more progressive, more moral society?

Cooperative activity fostered by government intervention

Timothy Leary

Counterculture thinking: Dr. Timothy urged people to take LSD and "drop out" of the rat race of American Society

Hiphop

Counterculture, broncs

Expansion into Hawaii

Coup led by sugar planters in 1893 to overthrow Queen lili Uokalani

Social Security Act

Created a system of unemployment insurance, old age pension & aid to disabled, elderly poor and families with dependent children. This was a radical departure from previous government policies.

Highway Act

Created under Eisenhower to build highway system which would improve national defense and improve transportation

Andrew Carnegie

Creates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons"

Bay of Pigs Fiasco

Cuba

Fidel Castro

Cuban (communist) dictator, Bay of Pig

What happened in 1962 October?

Cuban Missile brinks men-ship, Quarantine Naval Blockade

Us intervention in the80s

Cuban embargo, supported contras in Nicaragua, el Salvador we set up death squads

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

Harlem renaissance

Cultural movement in the 20's

Kyoto protocal

Curtail greenhouse and gas emissions, us didn't ratify it,

August 28, 1963

Day of "I Have a Dream"

Pearl Harbor

Dec 7, 1941. Struck US Naval Base in Hawaii. 19 ships sunk, 300+ planes destroyed, and over 2,400 people dead. Japan wanted total destruction but aircraft were not damaged. US act of isolation was over and they went to war.

When was Pearl Harbor?

December 7, 1941

What did Roosevelt address to congress and when?

December 8, 1941 "Day that live in infamy"

What did the supreme court case Brown V. Board of Education in Topeka, Kansas call for?

Declared that separate education facilities are inherently unequal. Gave school boards "reasonable time" to end segregation.

Andrew Johnson

Democrat. 1865-1868., A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

William Jefferson Clinton

Democratic president (1993-2001) whose two-term presidency witnessed rapid economic growth but also a sexual scandal that fueled an impeachment effort, which he survived.

Compromise of 1877

Democrats promised to swing the election to the Republican sin return for the withdrawal of all remaining troops from the South

Dorothea Lang

Depression-era photographer

Reaganonmics

Describes Reagan's economic Polices. Included Trickle Down Economics (Theory that high taxes and government stifled business. Instead, Reagan's economy policy included a large tax cut with the claim that with less taxes the wealthy would spend more money in the economy and hire more employees allowing the economy to grow), deregulation, tax cuts (Personal income taxes cut by 25% in 3 years.) and weakening unions, Initially created sever recession but then had a long period of economic expansion in the 1980s. Inflation also decreased.

Miranda v arizona

Detained criminals must be informed of their rights

Manhattan project

Development of the first nuke

Andrew Carnegie

Died the richest man from Scotland->New York->Pits-burg->Pennsylvania. Vertical Marketing. Rail road business STEAL from beginning to end.Monopoly of steal

What did the Anti-war Movement of the 1960s and 1970s challenge?

Disillusionment. The purpose of America's involvement in war and needless killings.

38th parallel

Dividing line between North and South Korea

What were Gilded-Age political parties and elections like?

Dominated by money and very polar parties. Used political machines which required strict party adherence and committed fraud by voting multiple times. Patronage system.

War production board

During WWII, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers

100 Days/ New Deal

During the first hundred days of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency, President Franklin D. Roosevelt planned to put an end to the Great Depression that was allegedly caused by the policies of his predecessor, Herbert Hoover. When Roosevelt took office on March 4, 1933, he immediately addressed the effects of the depression. His main four priorities were to get Americans back to work, protect their savings and create prosperity, provide relief for the sick and elderly, and get industry and agriculture back on their feet.

What are Hoover blanket?

During the great depression, the homeless used old newspapers as blankets

Dust Bowl

Dust storms in mid-west

Détente

Détente was used by the Nixon Administration (1969-1974) to ease the conflict between the Soviet Union and the U.S. to focus on common issues like arms control, trade, and stability. Nixon also used Detente to exploit the rifts between Communist China and the USSR to start and political and later economic relationship between the U.S. and China. It is significant because the common ground that was focused on helped to ease the grip of the Cold War, leading to arms limitations agreements like the Strategic Arms Limitations Talks I, limiting each nation to 200 ballistic missiles and also limited antiballistic missiles

John Dewey

Each child must be studied to fit the right method of teaching "not memorization" IQ test.

Headstart Program

Early childhood education for lower income families, part of the reform

What was the second New Deal's goal?

Economic security. Forge a lasting democratic coalition.

Arab-Israeli Conflict/Camp David Accords

Egypt and Israel at an impasse. Israel occupied Sinai Peninsula, claiming it as territory of their ancestors. President Jimmy Carter invited Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Egyptian president Anwar Sadat to Camp David in August 1978 to try to come to peaceful resolution. They spent weeks with Carter and in March 1979, they reached a treaty. Israel would leave the peninsula and Egypt would formally recognize Israel as a nation. Begin and Sadat received the Nobel Peace Prize for this resolution.

Bay of Pigs

Eisenhower administration secretly authorized CIA to invade Cuba. April 1961- Kennedy allowed CIA to launch its invasion under the pretense that it had support from the Cuban population. Invaded through the Bay of Pigs. Castro's army quickly overtook the invasion, killing 100 Cuban rebels and capturing 1,100 more. Kennedy refuse to give the CIA more support and more opportunities to invade.

John Forester Dulles

Eisenhower's tough-talking secretary of state who wanted to "roll back" communism

African Americans found support during the New Deal from

Eleanor Roosevelt.

Grover Cleveland (D)

Elected in 1884 and 1892

Willian Mckinley (R)

Elected in 1896 and 1900

Franklin Roosevelt

Election of 1932, Roosevelt won against Hoover. He had an illness that makes him unable to walk properly and had to lean on things. People gave him sympathy and trusted him because he's suffering too. His wife had go to places he couldn't like underground.

What were the programs of the New Deal?

Emergency Banking Act, Glass-Steagall Act, Civilian Conservation Corps, Agricultural Adjustment Act, Tennessee Valley Authority, Homeowners Loan Corp, Farm Credit Act, National Industrial Recovery Act, National Recovery Administration.

Women workers

Employed rates rose, still received lower wages, seen as temporarily replacing men

Compromise of 1877

Ended the Reconstruction Era, made Rutherford B. Hayes President, hurt black freedom in the South

Treaty of Pairs

Ended the war, gave all 7000 Philippines island for $2 million

What was the Truman Doctrine?

Enforces America to become protector of the "free" world, and allowed us to use the false "domino effect theory" as reason to our interference in other countries and economies

Herbert Spencer

English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903), "Survival of the fittest"; Social Darwinism between societies and cultures

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; responsible for managing federal efforts to control air and water pollution, radiation and pesticide hazards, environmental research, hazardous waste, and solid-solid waste disposal.

Environmentalism

Environmentalism refers to the concern for actions taken to protect the environment. It is significant because with people gaining civil rights in the 60's, people turned their attention to environmental protection. It led to Nixon signing into law in 1970 the Environmental Protection Agency, and also the formation of the Green Party, which is a small third political party aimed at getting their politicians elected to have an impact on environmental legislation

ERA

Equal Rights Ammendment

NOW goals

Equality for women, rights (reproductive and health) childcare

Peace Corps

Established by Kennedy to counter communist global influence, sent young Americans abroad to aid in economic and education progress in developing countries. Improved the image of the US abroad. By 1966, 15,000 men and women serving.

1894 Pullman Palace Car Strike

Eugen V. Debs Pullman made town for its workers->life controlled by Pullman->Depression: Pullman cut wages, workers in town owed same rent-> General Managers West bought Pullman->Workers went on strike for better wages.->Richard Olney got in injunction to make strikes illegal. Debs was arrested, gompers didnt help debs

Who became the leading spokesperson for American socialism in the late 1890s?

Eugene V. Debs

In response to the Hawley Smoot Tariff,

European states raised tariffs against American imports, delaying international trade.

Old expansion

Expand and settle the frontier, territories later became states, settled by Americans

Spanish American War

Exported to Cuba. then U.S saw how spain was dominating cuba and a war started. U.s was at the port when a bomb(?) exploded. sank the ship everyone was outraged with spain. Rough Riders created to fight the war in cuba against spain., In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

What were the elements of economic disaster that ended in a crash by 1929?

Extreme concentration of wealth, wild stock market speculation, margin buying, and a faltering world economy.

Atlantic charter

FDR and Winston Churchill, outlined potential war aims and set the groundwork for united nations (also cemented their relationship)

Executive Order 9066

FDR authorized the Secretary of War to make certain areas as military zones for the deportation of Japanese Americans to internment camps

Manhattan Project

FDR created a top-secret program in which American scientists developed an atomic bomb during WWII. It was successfully tested in New Mexico in July 1945

Court packing

FDR proposal to increase the size of the supreme Court with supporters of the new deal (damaged his reputation)

New deal

FDR's way to combat the depression,

Fair labor standard act

FLSA is a federal law which establishes minimum wage, overtime pay eligibility

Isolationists supported facism?

False

Model T impacts

Family time, teenage social and romantic change, business sored

Sacco & Vanzettii

Famous murder trial

Granges

Farmer coops that compiled their crops to sell in bulk

Ellen bakke

Faught affirmative action because he couldn't get into college

Red Scare

Fear of Communism

Yalta Conference

Feb 1945, conference to decide what to do next about Germany to make sure they don't act up again. After Germany's defeat = free elections in Poland, Germany occupied by Allied power, USSR would recommit to joining war against Japan. April 30, Hitler commits suicide and Germany admits defeat 1 week later. ( May 8, 1945)

1968events

Feb police shot haphazardly in SC Civil right activist group killed 3, April MLK assassinated, Nixon ran against Herbert humphrey

FDIC

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: A federal guarantee of savings bank deposits initially of up to $2500, raised to $5000 in 1934, and frequently thereafter; continues today with a limit of $100,000

A.I.D.S.

Federal Support for AIDS became available in the 1990's for education, prevention programs, and research. Some conservatives claimed that AIDS was nature's way of getting back at homosexuals

FTC

Federal Trade Commissio

Sputnik (1957)

First artificial earth satellite that the Russians had put into space Significance was that it scared America through the technological gap with the soviet union leading to the intensification of the arms race and raise cold war tensions between the the two states Triggered the Creation of NASA and the space race

Neil Armstong

First man on the moon; said "That's one small step for man; one giant leap for mankind."

Florida land boom

First real state bubble

The First Reconstruction Act

First reconstruction act passed by congress. The bill reduced the secessionist states to little more than conquered territory, dividing them (the south) into 5 military districts, each governed by a Union general. Also had to get rid of black codes, and ratify the 14th amendment (equal rights to all those who are born or naturalized in the U.S.) This act also banned confederate leaders from voting, and any who didn't pledge their allegiance to the U.S.

Sharecroppers, Latinos, black and white women

First to lose jobs, numerous deportations, harsh discrimination, women still expected to care for the families,

Freedmen's Bureau (1865-1872)

First welfare program by the federal gov't, meant to help the recently freed slaves

Francis Perkins

First women cabinet member

Jacob Riis

Flash photography- "how the other half lived". most famous for photos of immigrant housing

Charles Lindberg

Flew, solo across Atlantic ocean

Herbert Hoover

Food administrator in ww1. Believed that with hard work comes success. Was an Orphan, worked hard, went to Stanford, and made a lot of money. Did not really help people during the depression because he thought that they were not working hard enough. Resists Democratic efforts to give direct aid to the unemployed. Approval rate of Hoover decreased.

Pure Food and Drug Act

For preventing the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated or misbranded or poisonous or deleterious foods, drugs, medicines, and liquors, and for regulating traffic therein, and for other purposes.

Containment

Foreign policy used to stop the spread of communism

United Nations

Formed by allies in 1945. General Assembly (each member=1 vote), Security council: decides what they should vote on. Permanent members = all of the allies/winners from WW2 (US, Britain, France, China, and Soviet Union) and 6 rotating members meant to maintain peace

James Earl Carter

Former Georgia governor whose presidency was plagued by economic difficulties and a crisis in Iran.

forty acres and a mule

Forty acres and a mule refers to a concept in the United States for agrarian reform for former enslaved African American farmers, following disruptions to the institution of slavery provoked by the American Civil War.

Mattachine/Daughters of Bilitis

Fought for the rights of homosexuals and lesbians.

Abraham's vs US

Found distribution of incendiary materials illegal

NAACP LDF (Legal Defense Fund)

Founded by Thurgood Marshall; Culminated in the Brown v. Board case, law firm taking on Supreme Court cases regarding segregation and race; signifies a change in trying to dismantle segregation Legal challenge of the civil rights movement Slower more methodical way of dismantling segregation

William f buckley

Founder of the national review journal of conservative views (yaf Bible)

Who were the allies in WW1?

France, Britain, Russia,

John Maynard Keynes

Frances Perkins Wilson was an American sociologist and workers-rights advocate who served as the U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, the longest serving in that position, and the first woman appointed to the U.S. Cabinet

FDR

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (/ˈroʊzəvəlt/, his own pronunciation,[2] or /ˈroʊzəvɛlt/; January 30, 1882 - April 12, 1945), commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and emerged as a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century. He directed the United States government during most of the Great Depression and World War II. As a dominant leader of his party, he built the New Deal Coalition, realigning American politics into the Fifth Party System and defining American liberalism throughout the middle third of the 20th century. He is often rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U.S. Presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln.[3]

13th Amendment

Freed the slaves

What were Franklin Roosevelt's four freedoms?

Freedom of Speech, Worship, Want, and Fear.

Iran contra crisis

Funneled illegal arms money into the rebels to avoid communism

Us in iraq-war

Gave both sides supplies causes a lot of distrust,

CCC

Gave work to young men inparticular for a set salary of $30 a month; most had to go back home to eh family. $25 to plant trees

Why the US lost in vietnam

Geography(jungle), people(couldn't trust anyone),tactics(weren't in control), military organization(no one wanted to be there wanted to promote out) misunderstanding (us is the best! We can't lose!)

George Marshall

George Catlett Marshall, Jr. was an American statesman and soldier. He was Chief of Staff of the United States Army under presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman, and served as Secretary of State and Secretary of Defense under Truman

2000 Presidental Election

George W. Bush (R) versus Al Gore (D). Tightest US election. Gore won popular vote by 500,000 votes of the 11 million cast. However, Bush won the electoral college votes, largely due to the votes in Florida. Until 9/11. Bush had one of the lowest approval ratings as half the country did not believe he had won the election.

Who pardoned president Nixon and what did he say?

Gerald Ford "Time to Heal"

enigma refers to what?

German code of warfare, used by Germans to communicate about plans of attack

Zimmerman Telegram 1917

Germany to Mexico. intercepted by Britain and told US. Message says: 1: Attack the US 2: Germany will help Mexico fight against US 3:Mexico should agree to regain their land Germany wanted to keep US occupied Wilson asked Congress to declare war and they did on April 1917 on Germany. He didn't want to do it but felt that it was needed. There were problems though. Small military and Britain lost 2x the men US had.

Who were the Central Powers?

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

Who were the central powers in WW1?

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy and japan

Which countries made up the Axis power by 1941?

Germany, Italy, Japan

Which countries made up the Axis powers by 1941?

Germany, Italy, and Japan.

What is the The Lost Generation?

Gertrude Stein

Barrio

Ghetto where mainly Mex Americans lived in la

What was a common argument used by Senators voting against the Women's Suffrage amendment?

Giving women the right to vote will interfere with their family responsibilities.

Globalization

Globalization refers to the intertwining of the worlds economy, with businesses and other organizations developing international influence. It is significant because it has led to homogenization around the world. You could go to mostly any place and expect to see a McDonalds or Starbucks to globalization

The family economy

Good and services produces in the home by the family members

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Gov't built dams, hydroelectric power plants, public land opened up; reforested land for them to be sold later; the federal gov't was in the business of selling electricity in competition with private companies

GI Bill

Government Issued Bill; provided full tuition and spending more to vets of WW2; loans guaranteed to $2,000; 52/20 club

what were the turning points of WW2?

Great Britain and France declared war the Battle of Britain the battle of Moscow midway Stalingrad and Kursk d-day long range fighters

Oakies

Great plains farmers who traveled to California in search of work

Great Plains & Great Basin

Great plains is middle section of US, called "Great American desert" back then. The Great Basin includes Nevada and half of Utah.

Who were Ethel and Julius Rosenberg?

HUAC accused them of committing espionage for the Soviet Union. They were convicted and executed.

Harry Truman

Harry S. Truman[b] (May 8, 1884 - December 26, 1972) was an American politician who served as the 33rd President of the United States (1945-53), assuming the office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt during the waning months of World War II. He is known for launching the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe, for leading the Cold War against Soviet and Chinese communism through the Truman Doctrine and NATO, and for intervening in the Korean War. In domestic affairs, he was a moderate Democrat whose liberal proposals were a continuation of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, but the conservative-dominated Congress blocked most of them. He used the veto power 180 times, which is more than any president since then, and saw 12 overridden by Congress; only Grover Cleveland and Franklin D. Roosevelt used the veto so often, and only Gerald Ford and Andrew Johnson saw so many veto overrides.[3] He also used nuclear weapons to end World War II, desegregated the U.S. armed forces, supported a newly independent Israel, and was a founder of the United Nations.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

He had polio, but was seen as a vigorous & ordinary American President during the 30's and WWII. Roosevelt made the New Deal to be an alternative to socialism, Nazism, and unregulated capitalism. His cabinet was made of intellectuals and social workers. Started the first 100 days by passing a lot of social legislation. He had a vision for after the war and outlined them into four freedoms: freedom form fear, speech and religion and want.

General Douglas McArthur

He wanted to use nuclear weapons to invade China.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union, knew he had to reduce cold war tensions with the us

B-24 (mid 1939's)

Heavy bomber made in America during WW2,high speed cruise, long range, and has the ability to hold heavy bomb loads (used by the United States and British air forces) Showcased the United states production ability Important because The B-24 became the natural choice for the war in the Pacific. If could use its faster speed to more of its advantage

shopping malls

Hence people were spending more money thus increasing the economy through the flow of cash Significance it was related to the increased purchasing power of the people after the war

Pinkerton Agents

Henery Frick hired them . private detectives used by industrialists to fight strikers.1892 Homestead Steel Strick

Hebert Hoover

Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 - October 20, 1964) was an American politician who served as the 31st President of the United States from 1929 to 1933 during the Great Depression. A Republican, as Secretary of Commerce in the 1920s he introduced Progressive Era themes of efficiency in the business community and provided government support for standardization, efficiency and international trade. As president from 1929 to 1933, his ambitious programs were overwhelmed by the Great Depression, which seemed to get worse every year despite the increasingly large-scale interventions he made in the economy. He was defeated in a landslide in 1932 by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, and spent the rest of his life as a conservative denouncing big government, liberalism and federal intervention in economic affairs, as Democrats repeatedly used his Depression record to attack conservatism and justify more regulation of the economy.

Social Darwinism

Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner

Elvis Presley

Highly controversial among parents because he was seen as suggestive; was blamed for teen rebellion

Caesar Chavzez

Hispanic MLK

Germany surrenders

Hitler's final solution meant what?

Ho Chi Minh

Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969) was the leader of the Vietminh movement against the French during the Indo-China War, and was the leader of North Vietnam. He was a proclaimed communist and received funding from the Soviets. The U.S. funded a friendly government in the South due to the domino theory, believing that if all of Vietnam fell to communism, then the rest of Asia will slowly fall. He is significant because he led the Vietnamese independence movement from foreign influence. Despite having all odds against him, he was determined to have independence. His views challenge American views, forcing Americans to try and think from their prospective.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Homer PLessy sat on white side of train -broke Louisiana State Law -Plessy is white with black ancestry; still counts as a black person Important because HIGHLY INFLUENTIAL. SLOWLY SPREADING JIM CROW LAWS WERE NOW ENFORCED ACROSS THE WHOLE OF THE SOUTH.

Horizontal integration versus Vertical integration

Horizontal integration is the merging of similar companies in terms of services Vertical integration is the merging of different companies

John D Rockefeller

Horizontal. Oil. Buying every oil company, Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history.

HUAC

House Un-American Activities Committee established in 1938, and invigorated in the postwar era. Launched series of hearing about suspected communists and communist influence. Most well known trial were those of Hollywood actors, directors, and producers. The Hollywood 10 were the 10 uncooperative witnesses who refused say if they had been or had known members of the Communist party. The Hollywood 10 served prison terms for contempt of Congress.

HUAC

House Un-American Activities Committee was a congressional committee investigating the influence of communism

HUAC

House on un-American Activities Committee; a congressional committee investigating the influence of communism

"Share our Wealth"

Huey Longs platform a program designed to provide a decent standard of living to all Americans by spreading the nation's wealth among the people. (Wealth among the people)

Bonanza farms

Huge farms for cultivating crops

Iraq actions in kuwait

Hussein sent in a lot of troops, us feared their control of the oil,

Arms Reduction Agreements

INF treaty (1987). U.S. and the Soviets signed a series of arms reduction agreements.

*Social Security Act....

Ida May Fuller November4, 1939

Domino effect

If one country fell to communism, surrounding countries would fall as well

Levittown

In 1947, William Levitt used mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in surburban New York to help relieve the postwar housing shortage. Levittown became a symbol of the movement to the suburbs in the years after WWII.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

Achievement of Montgomery Bus Boycott

In 1956, The Supreme Court ruled segregation in public transportation unconstitutional

Sputnik 1

In 1957 Sputnik 1 was launched into space by the Russians and became the 1 sattelite to orbit the earth.

Johnson and Finacial Regulation

In 1965, LBJ signed bills that included: 1)Healthcare 2)Education 3)Immigration

Iranian Hostage Crisis

In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. The Iranian hostage crisis weaked the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president.

Planned Parenthood

In 1992, Supreme Court decision on P.P. Confirmed a woman's right to an abortion, but allowed states to modify that right in some cases.

1997 Supreme Court

In 1997, the US Supreme Court invalidated a federal mandate for state police conducting background checks on gun-buyers

Congressional Reconstruction

In March 1867 Congress passed, over President Johnson's veto, several Reconstruction acts. The First Reconstruction Act, also known as the Military Reconstruction Act, effectively raised the qualifications for southern states' readmission to the Union.

What were the turning points of WWII?

In Pacific: Battle of Midway, USA victory over Japan. In Eastern Europe: Stalingrad, Soviet Union victory over Germany.

Yom Kippur War

In retaliation for supporting Israel in the YKW, the Arab nations placed an oil embargo on the U.S.

Black Codes

In the South, "slave codes" placed significant restrictions on Black Americans who were not themselves slaves. A major purpose of these laws was maintenance of the system of white supremacy that made slavery possible.

Us reactions to the Holocaust

In the beginning our focus was on ending the war not stopping the Holocaust (don't win the battle win the war)

Appeasement

Inaction, gives the offender what they want in hopes they will stop there (Hitler)

Black power

Inspired by malcom x, violent (self defense)

14th ammendment

Intended to ensure the rights of the freed slaves; it granted citizenship to the freedmen, guaranteed them due process of law, and gave them the right to vote

Destruction of 1869(79) Knights of Labor

Internal Dissension: Blacks and whites didnt get along. Catholics or Jews etc Main reason: 1886 Haymarket Riot

Freedom Fighters

Interstate Commerce Commission declared it would uphold the Supreme Court's ban on segregated bus terminals

Johnson Treatment

Intimidate his target and get in their face

Operation Torch

Invasion of North Africa that would clear the axis powers from the area,

Terence Powderly

Irish American leader of the Knights of Labor, led the Knights of Labor, a skilled and unskilled union, wanted equal pay for equal work, an 8hr work day and to end child labor

6-Day War

Israel V Arab nations of Egypt, Syria, and Jordan.

FDIC

It guarantees banks 250,000 to help prevent loss of your money

What is true of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?

It lacked precision and definition as to what constituted a restraint of trade.

What happened to NIRA and AAA?

It was declared unconstitutional by Supreme court.

Reaganomics

It's the economy stupid, trickle down Theory, tax cut the wealthy-more money to create jobs (but they sent the jobs overseas), cut welfare programs Inflation, poor Americans got more poor

League of Nations

Its primary goals, as stated in its Covenant, included preventing wars through collective security and disarmament and settling international disputes through negotiation/ it was also one of Woodrow Wilsons 14 points (Organization after WWI)

Berlin Wall

JFK and Khrushchev meet (1961) because Khrushchev is worried about "brain drain" (smartest and most able people are leaving East Berlin); Krushchev wants US to leave West Berlin but JFK says no so he builds a wall to keep people in East Berlin

Berlin Wall

JFK builds wall around east Berlin to keep people in; wall that separated east and west Berlin

Outcome when Soviet missiles were discovered in Cuba (1962)

JFK decided not to attack Cuba to avoid a nuclear war with Russia. Instead JFK imposed a blockade of the island demanded the missiles' removal. Soviet premier, Khrushchev agreed to withdraw the missiles & U.S. secretly agreed to remove American Jupiter missiles from Turkey

Women's Movement

JFK established the Commission on the Status of Women (1963); National Organization for Women (NOW) (1966) whose goal was equality for women and whose tactic was to influence the government through legislation; "Equal Rights Amendment" WOULD have amended the Constitution to outlaw discrimination based on gender (was not ratified)

Bay of Pigs

JFK follows Eisenhower's example and allows CIA to stage Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba; Fidel Castro defeats the invasion and remains in power (1961)

JFK and flexible response

JFK required a significant increase in military spending

What was the first televised debate?

JFK vs Nixon

Volstead Act

Jan 16,1920, prohibits the distribution and production of alcohol with more than a .5% alcohol exceptions: for medical purposes and was properly made to be sold to doctors. Religious uses, and private uses.( can make your own alcohol as long as you don't sell it. problems: improperly made= health issues) because of this, bootleggers (producer) and speakeasies (seller) became popular

Pearl Harbor

Japan attacked the US fleet, ended isolationism

Hiroshima

Japan is still fighting, US demands they surrender unconditionally, they disagree, US drops the first Atomic Bomb

What were the causes for the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor?

Japanese aggression in Asia, US economic embargoes, including oil, and Dependency on the USA for many raw materials

Nagasaki

Japanese city in which the second atomic bomb was dropped (August 9, 1945).

Pear Harbor

Japanese military leaders planned a large-scale attack to destroy the U.S navel fleet stationed at pearl harbor in Hawaii

As a result of the Battle of Midway,

Japanese momentum in the Pacific was broken

What were the images and innovations of the roaring 1920s?

Jazz Age, Speakeasies, Bathtub Gin, Flappers, Movies for enjoyment, Radio, Golden Age of Sports, Henry Ford's model T car.

who was the first woman to be elected to Congress

Jeannette Rankin

Yom Kippur

Jewish Day of Atonement- fasting and reflecting on one's sins

What Chinese leader in the late 1920s ousted the Communists from the Guomindang party?

Jiang Jieshi

Jimmy Carter

Jimmy Carter is the 39th President from 1977 to 1981, who was considered to be an "outsider" candidate and a "New Democrat" not tainted by Washington DC politics. He was a former governor of Georgia, and also ran his families peanut farm. He is significant because as a "New Democrat," he was for social and civil rights, but did not want to spend too much money. Although he did not have much success on the domestic front, in foreign policy he was able to orchestrate a peace agreement between Israel and Eygpt, known as the Camp David Accords.

McCarthyism

Joe McCarthy elected to Senate from Wisconsin in 1946. Rose to prominence in 1950 when he claimed had a list of communists in the State Department. His trials grew the Red Scare in the United States, Internal Security, Immigration and Nationality Act, and HUAC continuation through the 1960s.

Civil Rights Act 1964

Johnson Treatment Voting Rights We have lost the south for 100 years

War on Poverty

Johnson declares War on Poverty; low income housing; vocational training; head start program; medicaid/ medicare

Pentagon papers

Johnson lied, gulf of tonken was a mishap!

Johnson and Vietnam

Johnson's leadership was challenged. He feared he would be blamed for "losing" Vietnam to Communism.

Great Society

Johnson, abundance and liberty for all, reform

Potsdam Conference

July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

When was the Battle of Midway?

June 1942 turning point of the war in the pacific

Battle of Midway

June 1942: Japanese created a diversion attack on Aleutian Island, but US intercepted message and Admiral Nimitz pretends they don;t know about plan. Turning point in War: Americans( on Midway) bomb Japanese's air crafts and bombs on aircraft goes off. Industrial ability: US produced more items and Japan couldn't keep up

Marshall Plan

June 1947. Plan created by Secretary of State George C Marshall to help Europe recover from economic perils following WWII. Invited European nations to request monetary assistance to rebuild their economies. Marshall also hoped that with this new money, Europeans would buy American goods, U.S pledged billions of dollars to Europe. Tied to the U.S. to Europe financially.

D-day/Hiroshiami/Nagasaki

June 6, 1944 the day of the first paratroop drops and the amphibious landings on the coast of Normandy, France in the first stage of Operation Overlord during WW2

Who was Joseph McCarthy and what did he say he had in his possession in 1950?

Junior Senator from Wisconsin who used his position to grab headlines and smear innocent people. He claimed to have a list of 200+ communist in the American government but he never actually caught a single one.

Immigration restrictions

KKK wanted to change immigration laws and congress listened. 1917- literacy test (had to be literate in your own language) immigration level went from 1 mil/year to 110000/year cuz of war. Americans worried what would happen after war. Emergency Immigration Act: limited immigrants from Europe to 3% from each country in US. No restraints on North and east europe. Suppose to last only until after war but made it permanent. National origins act (1960) quota system, limited immigrants from Europe to 150,000, lasted until 1960s

Over a piece of paper, what did the kaiser say when England went to war with Germany?

Kaiser considers the treaty by the British empire to protect Belgium, as nothing important Simply a piece of paper. "If the British army attacks Germany I will have them arrested"

McCarthy vs. R. Kennedy

Kennedy supported the idea of extensive executive branch powers, but McCarthy did not.

New Frontier

Kennedy's plan, supports civil rights, pushes for a space program, wans to cut taxes, and increase spending for defense and military

Kent State Protest

Kent State University students protesting against invasion of Cambodia, not allowed to demonstrate, violence (murder) caused by guardsmen

Holocaust

Killing/ concentration camps/ genocide of Jewish people

Huey long

King fish, great political threat to FDR, shot and killed

Francis Townshed

Known as the "Townsend Plan", this proposal influenced the establishment of the Roosevelt administration's Social Security system. (Social security)

The first military test of containment policy came where?

Korea 1950 when communist North Korea attacked South Korea.

where was the first military test of containment policy?

Korea, fighting against communism, China invaded... was a failure

What was the first war in modern US history fought by integrated armed forces?

Korean War

War on Poverty

LBJ declares his "War on Poverty" with low income housing, vocational training, "head start program", and Medicare/Medicaid

Lyndon B. Johnson

LBJ was Vice President when JFK was assassinated; LBJ successfully passed many of Kennedy's proposals; LBJ was tall and intimidating and used the "Johnson Treatment" to persuade people to vote his way using his words

Great Society

LBJ's "Great Society" was set of domestic programs whose main goal was the elimination of poverty and racial injustice

Bonanza Farms

Large farms that only grow one type of crop, migrant laborers, better machinery

What helped corporate industry rise in the west?

Large government gifts of land. Subsidies to railroad companies. No income tax, total reliance on tariff. Civil war displaced farms and introduced a rival class, the industrial working class.

WPA- Works progress Administration

Largest relief program and many smaller organizations under it. Employed 8 mil, constructed hospitals, schools, post offices, saved money for the arts and employed artist, writers, performers since Roosevelt wanted to preserve the art. Sponsored music programs (pay teacher but lesson= free) and Federal Writers Project (made guides for every state)

Second Wave Feminism

Late 1960s is beginning of Second Wave Feminism (First wave of feminism is at the turn-of-century with focus on woman's suffrage). Pushed for gender equality in a more broad way, both publicly and in the home. Marked by radical feminists who blamed men for women's second class status.

Religious Right

Late 1970s, A group of religious Americans(Christians, Catholics and conservative Jews) who had grown concerned due to the lack of morals in the nation, signified by Supreme Court's ruling in Roe v. Wade. Led by individuals such as Jerry Falwell and the Moral Majority.

During the 1930s what was American foreign policy towards: Latin America, Asia and Europe?

Latin America— "The Good Neighbor" Asia—Keeping the doors open Europe—Isolation

GI BILL

Law passed in 1944 that provided educational and other benefits for people who had served in the armed forces in World War 2.

GI Bill (1944)

Law that provided range of benefit to WWII veterans William Levitt Encouraged families to move out of the Urbans and into Suburban homes/apartments Important because it provided low interest loans w/ zero down payment that had more favorable terms for new construction of buildings compared to pre existing homes

Literacy Tests/Grandfather Clauses

Laws targeted at restricting black voting by requiring things most former slaves didn't have (i.e. literacy)

Jim Crow (1890-1910)

Laws written to separate blacks and whites in public areas/meant African Americans had unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government Significance was that the Black Americans were "Separate but equal" within these unconstitutional laws

Installment Buying

Lay-away

March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (1963)

Lead by A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin purpose of the march was to stand up for civil and economic rights for African Americans during a time when racism was more prevalent throughout society. At the march, Martin Luther King Jr., standing in front of the Lincoln Memorial, delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech in which he called for an end to racism. Significance was that it was successful in pressuring the administration of John F. Kennedy to initiate a strong federal civil rights bill in Congress

Caesar chavez

Leader of repressed Mexican farmers

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the filipino guerrilla forces against Spanish

George c wallace

Leading architect of the conservative revival, supported states rights and was against federal intervention, populist (pop 3rd arty)

Cattle Frontier

Leather was in high demand, $3-4 carcasses a hide, spurred the Long Drive and cowboys

Neutrality acts

Legislation passed to make it more difficult for the US to become entangled in oversea conflicts,

Central Pacific Co.

Leland Stanford, Huntington, Mark Hopkins, Charles Crocker

Flappers

Liberated new women, shorter dresses etc, partiers

Immigration act

Limitation on immigrants

Flapper

Limited clothe, smoked, and drank in bars/ not socially acceptable

Lincoln's 10% plan (what was the goal of this plan and why was it so controversial

Lincoln's blueprint for Reconstruction included the Ten-Percent Plan, which specified that a southern state could be readmitted into the Union once 10 percent of its voters (from the voter rolls for the election of 1860) swore an oath of allegiance to the Union.

Ten Percent Plan

Lincoln's plan -- 10% of the South had to pledge loyalty to the North for the Confederate States to be accepted back into the US

What happened at Little Rock Central High in 1957?

Little Rock tries to desegregate their high school with the "Little Rock 9" causing riots to break out on the school's premises.

Lincoln memorial

Location of I have a dream

Vietnam War

Long, costly armed conflict that pitted the communist regime of North Vietnam and its southern allies, known as the Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States; Dien Bien Phu falls in 1954 and Vietnam is divided into North and South; US sends military advisers to help French hold onto South Vietnam against leader of North, Ho Chi Minh; French appoint Western-friendly leaders in South; Eisenhower's reason for getting involved was "Domino Theory"; by the time JFK leaves office, the US has 16,000 "advisers" in Vietnam

What happened in Dallas 1963, Nov 22nd?

Love Field Dealey Plaza Texas School book depository

Suburbs

Low cost; low down payment; nice place to raise a family; WHITE families leave cities and move to suburbs

Economic growth stimulated by the govt

Lowered taxes on the wealthy and put money into big corporations, forced cooperation between public and private sectors

What happened to an American ship in 1915?

Lusitania Disaster - The Lusitania, an unarmed passenger ship, is torpedoed by the Germans. Killing 128 Americans and 1,260 others.

Barry Golwater

Lyndedn B Johnson opponate, modern Republican, extreme, not federal gov more state

Cesar Chavez

MLK of mexican farmers...traveled far and was an activist for the workers (better wages and hours)

Affluence & Anxiety

MUST KNOW FOR ESSAY; post-war life and civil rights "AFFLUENCE": refers to G.I. Bill, a new middle class, an affluent (wealthy) society where 60% of Americans owned a home, 75% owned a car, and 87% owned a TV; people moved to the suburbs because of low cost, low down payment, and they could raise a family; "white flight" was white people leaving the cities and moving to the suburbs; "Levittown" was neighborhoods where William Levitt produced 150 houses per week; TV game shows were popular; families with two cars doubled in size, new places to drive such as the first McDonald's (1955) and drive-in movies "ANXIETY": Atomic anxieties during the Cold War for fear of nuclear bombings; "Duck-and-Cover Generation"; 217 nuclear weapons and atomic testing over the Pacific and in Nevada; teen culture was changing with some teens rebelling which was blamed on rock-and-roll (Elvis Presley); segregation of society with "BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION", NAACP, Ruby Bridges, Montgomery Bus Boycott, Rosa Parks, MLK Jr., "sit-ins", book called "Other America" (1962) written about 22% of the population was at or below the poverty level

Affluence and Anxiety

MUST KNOW FOR ESSAY; post-war life and civil rights "AFFLUENCE": refers to G.I. Bill, a new middle class, an affluent (wealthy) society where 60% of Americans owned a home, 75% owned a car, and 87% owned a TV; people moved to the suburbs because of low cost, low down payment, and they could raise a family; "white flight" was white people leaving the cities and moving to the suburbs; "Levittown" was neighborhoods where William Levitt produced 150 houses per week; TV game shows were popular; families with two cars doubled in size, new places to drive such as the first McDonald's (1955) and drive-in movies "ANXIETY": Atomic anxieties during the Cold War for fear of nuclear bombings; "Duck-and-Cover Generation"; 217 nuclear weapons and atomic testing over the Pacific and in Nevada; teen culture was changing with some teens rebelling which was blamed on rock-and-roll (Elvis Presley); segregation of society with "BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION", NAACP, Ruby Bridges, Montgomery Bus Boycott, Rosa Parks, MLK Jr., "sit-ins", book called "Other America" (1962) written about 22% of the population was at or below the poverty level

Civil Rights Act 1866

Made African Americans U.S citizens and forbade racial discrimination. President Johnson vetoed the act, but was overturned by congress by 2/3 vote.

What were the espionage and sedition acts impacts on America?

Made criticisms of the government and war effort illegal and suspension of bill of rights.

Mining Frontier

Many metals were being mined and sold, not just gold and silver but iron, tin, copper, etc.

Executive Order #9066

Many people blamed the Japanese-Americans for the attack on Pearl Harbor and called for an incarceration of Japanese. Roosevelt signed this order which forced Japanese Americans into Internment camps.

What was the lifestyle of the Plain's Indians?

Many sacred places. Worship of nature, everything had a spirit. Nomadic, constantly tracked buffalo. Communal ownership. Men were warriors, diplomats and shamans. Women raised children, gathered plants, made tents and clothes

Lend Lease

March 1940. Congress gave the president the authority to lend or lease supplies to any country vital to American defense. Loophole in neutrality act. most supplies went to Britain

Truman Doctrine

March,1947; promised $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey; Pledge American support of free people fighting against oppression everywhere

Horizontal Marketing

Marketing to different industries with the same product or service buying all of the materials for one type of business.i.e rockefella, bought all of oil.

what US program rebuilt Western Europe?

Marshall plan

I have a dream

Martin Luther King's "_____" speech was given during the largest civil rights demonstration in the nation's history to that point.

Aids

Mass homophobia, public outrage, deadly

Hollywood Ten

McCarthy made his first Cold War splash with his investigation of Hollywood. Despite pleading the "Fifth" the Hollywood Ten were jailed for contempt of Congress.

McCarthyism

McCarthyism is the practice of making accusations of subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence.[1] The term refers to U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy and has its origins in the period in the United States known as the Second Red Scare, lasting roughly from 1947 to 1956 and characterized by heightened political repression as well as a campaign spreading fear of influence on American institutions and of espionage by Soviet agents.

What were the elements of the national security act of 1947?

Merged the Navy and War departments into the Department of Defense, Made National Security Council an Executive branch arm, Created the Air Force, and Created the CIA

Rust belt

Midwest, college peoples

Which of the following was the major contributor to urban population growth in late nineteenth and early twentieth century America?

Migration and immigration

Mikhail Gorbachev

Mikhail Gorbachev was the 8th and last leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His policies of glasnost to give Soviets some new freedoms and perestroika to restructure the economy helped to lead to the collapse of the soviet union, with the eastern block countries become independent. He is significant because he knew the soviet union could not support such an empire...

Eisenhower's farewell address

Military Industrial Complex

Don't AK don't dell

Military police, bans openly gay men and women from serving in the miolitary

Union Pacific Railroad

Missouri based. Used Chinese workers. Sierra Nevada working conditions were brutal.

Which of the following is true of United States policy toward China during the Chinese civil war?

Most United States officials supported Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai shek) because of their belief that Mao was part of an international communist movement.

non-aggression pact

Most popular in WWII when the Germans made a pact that they would not attack Soviet Russia and then went on to violate this treaty

What is "All the President's men?"

Movie about watergate scandal 1976

Jacob Riis

Muck Breaker. Wrote a book exposing the poor & child labor. "How the Other Half Lives"

Ida Tarbell

Muck breaker. Journalist. She wrote about the corruption of Rockefella. her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

Florence Kelly

Muck-breaker. Graduate from Chicago University. Worked & tired to pass child labor laws.

Ida Tarbell

Muckrakers

Mein Kampf

My struggle

First National Union

NLU

WPA, NRA, CCC

NRA- National Recovery Administration, Congress passed this act as the closest attempt yet the systematic plan for the economic recovery, In theory each industry would be self-governed by code hammered out by representatives of business, labor, and consumers. Civilians Conservation Corps (CCC), establish in March as an unemployment relief effort , provided work for jobless young men in protecting and conserving the nation's natural resources.

NSC/CIA/DoD

NSC- The formal policy-making body for national defense and foregin relations, created in 1947 and consisting of the president, the secretary of defense, the secretary of state, and others appointed by the president.

Muckraker

Name given to US journalists and other writers who exposed corruption in politics and business in the early 20th century.

NOW

National Organization for Women (NOW) (1966) whose goal was equality for women and whose tactic was to influence the government through legislation

NOW

National Organization of Women, 1966, Betty Friedan first president, wanted Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforce its legal mandate to end sex discrimination

NSC-68

National Securtiy Council memo #68 US "strive for victory" in cold war, pressed for offensive and a gross increase ($37 bil) in defense spending, determined US foreign policy for the next 20-30 yrs

14th Amendment

National definition of citizenship, meant to include former slaves

Viet cong

National liberation front, South Vietnam, fought the US, supported by ho Chi Minh, guerilla tactics and child soldiers

Checkers speech (1952)

Nationally televised address by vice-presidential candidate Richard Nixon. Goes on t.v. informing the campaign, money and the charges against him, the vice presidential candidate saved his place on the ticket by defending himself against accusations of corruption. Important because it was one of the first times that a politician used mass media to speak directly to the voters. Nixon used it to ask people to support him and to tell his side of the story.

What was "Cash and Carry"?

Nations must pay in cash for their own goods and transport their goods on their own ships. Allowed Britain to buy non-war materials. Forbade receiving loans from any American banks. U.S. shipping interests were forbidden from entering into conflict zones and US passengers traveling on foreign ships did so at their own risk.

Dunkirk (1939-1940.)

Nazi Germany and its troops move into France. Churchill declared evacuation of Allied soldiers from the beaches and harbor into Dunkirk and the only way out was across the channel. (got soldiers, sailors, and citizens out of the war) Battle where the British had to retreat and left majority of its entire supply of tanks,vehicles, and war supplies,hence leading to shortage of war supplies for World war two. Important because Evacuation of around 350,000 British, French and Belgian troops from Dunkirk, enabled the Allies to continue the war and was a major boost to British morale.

Third Reich

Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when the country was governed by a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP). Under Hitler's rule, Germany was transformed into a fascist state in which the Nazi Party took totalitarian control over nearly all aspects of life.

Potsdam conference

Negotiate the end of WWII and what actions were going to be made

Dumbarton oaks conference

Negotiations of the league of nations

What was the state of U.S. policy when WW1 broke out in 1914?

Neutrality

New (New) Immigration

New (New) Immigration refers to the wave of immigration after the 1965 Immigration Act that repealed the National Origins Act of 1924. Immigrants started to come from all over Asia and Latin America, not just China and Mexico. It is significant because it led to a changing 21st century demographics, with the population at 330 million today, which is 4 times the size the country was a 100 years ago. Even with Americans having smaller families, immigration helps keep this nation the 3rd most populous.

WPA

New Deal agency, employing millions of unemployed people (mostly unskilled men) to carry out public works projects

New Women

New looks (20s) Hair=bobbed waist= none. war helped women realize their independence. Fashion = boyish. smoked and makeup. Women felt equal to men (drank at saloons, sports, and danced) generation gap: diff music, dating, and fashion

William Randolph Hearst

Newspaper publisher who adopted a sensationalist style. His reporting was partly responsible for igniting the Spanish-American War.

Richard Nixon

Nixon becomes President in 1968 and has plan to end war with renewed bombing, begin negotiations to end the war, gradually withdraw troops from Vietnam, US would train and equip the South Vietnamese to fight (Vietnamization)

Alger Hiss

Nixon made it his due diligence to take down Hiss. Hiss denied ever giving Chambers secret government documents, but a jury convicted him or perjury and he served 5 years in prison

Watergate

Nixon was a paranoid man and he created a group known as the Plumbers to investigate leaks and unloyal members of his administration and 1972 re-election campaign. In June 1972, 5 men burglarized the home of Lawrence O'Brien(head of the Democratic National Committee) in the Watergate apartment complex. Due to their bugging devices and larger sums of money, it was clear they were not ordinary burglars. They had been hired by the Plumbers, Nixon was summoned to turn over evidence( tape recording from the Oval Office). He denied to do so, until finally handing over edit transcripts. Congress filed 19 counts of impeachment against him and he resigned from the presidency. His Former-VP, now president, Ford pardoned him as one of his first actions in the executive office. This marked a shift to distrust of the government by the American people.

Atomic bombings (1945)

No real decision to drop the bomb Truman(president at the time) wanted to stop the droppings of any more bombs Drop on areas where it had more citizens and excuse for dropping it was that their was important stations in those areas Number of atomic bombs dropped on Japan during World War II. 80,000 - People who died instantly in Hiroshima, Japan, on August 6, 1945, when the first ever atomic bomb was used in war Occurred in Hiroshima and Nagasaki Significant because it made japan surrender and US didn't have to sacrifice any more ground troops

Congress on Racial Equality (1942)

Nonviolent civil rights organization founded in 1942 and committed to the "Double V" campaign, or victory over fascism abroad and racism at home. After World War II, CORE became a major force in the civil rights movement. Important because CORE believed that nonviolent civil disobedience could also be used by African-Americans to challenge racial segregation in the United States.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization 1948. 10 European nations, with U.S pledged mutual defense against USSR. Included military aid and deployment of U.S troops in western Europe. First long term military alliance between U.S and Europe since Revolution.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; US commits to the defense of Europe; "An attack on one shall be considered an attack against all"

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; the U.S. commits to the defense of Europe

Korean War

North Korea (communist and Soviet Union supported) invades South Korea (democratic and US supported); US helps South push back North Korea with the help of the UN; China pushes back and Eisenhower makes a truce

Isolationism

Not to get involved

Iran Hostage Crisis

November 1979; 53 Americans taken hostage in Iran; Hostages were held 444 days and released on January 20, 1981-inauguration day of Ronald Reagan (the greatest president EVER)

JFK Assassination

November 22, 1963: JFK's assassination traumatized the nation.

*Who was Ida May Fuller?

November 4, 1939

Oil embargo

OPEC, because we were friends with Israel, punishment,

O.S.H.A

Occupational Safety and Health Administration is part of the U.S. department of Labor, and was signed into law by President Nixon December 29, 1970 to protect workers against job related accidents and disease. It is significant because it put more federal oversight into work place safety no matter what industry you worked in, further supporting workers civil rights

Cuban missile Crisis

October 1962; had ships around entire Cuba and when the ships come they cannot pass; Kennedy uses the More Doctrine (U.S. has control of the Western hemisphere); 13 day standoff

What happened on Black Thursday?

October 24, 1929, 13 million stock shares sold on the NYSE in 1 day, causes loss of $3+ billion.

What happened on Black Tuesday?

October 29, 1929, the NYSE and American market is in freefall, plummeting over $14+ billion. The start of the Great Depression.

Pearl Harbor

On December 7 1941, Japanese attack planes devasted the U.S< fleet stationed at Pearl Harbor, on the Hawaiian island of Oahu. USS Shaw, a drydocked destoryer, during the second wave of Japanese attack. The sneak attack on Pearl Harbor became a symbol Japanese treachery and the necessity for U.S. revenge

Lee Harvey Oswald

On November 22, 1963, he assassinated President Kennedy who was riding downtown Dallas, Texas. Oswald was later shot in front of television cameras by Jack Ruby.

League of nations

One of Wilson's 14 points was to create an international organization to promote peace. Took it back to Senate to ratify it, but they didn't like the idea. Wanted to be isolated. Wilson went around to preach but had a stroke in Colorado

Booker T Washington

Opposition to NAACP. He said that blacks should focus on giving whites what they want as to stop lynchings.

Moral majority

Organization that supported politicians who supprted the family members agenda

Cesar Chavez

Organized the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA)

Panama Canal

Originally built by the French who were called the Father of Engineering since they built the Suez Canal. The first built the railroad then the canal to help transport materials. Many problems began to emerge such as diseases from mosquitoes, less workers, harder land, and money issues. They eventually gave up and US took over in 1904. Instead of dealing with Columbia, they helped Panama gained their independence and only pay them 10 mil and 250,000 per year. Canal opened August 15, 1914, 2 weeks before trade decline(WW1)

New expansion

Overseas territories populated by natives, became colonies

Iran Hostage Crisis

Overthrow of "Shah" of Iran by an Islamic revolutionary government led to 53 Americans taken hostage following the seizure of the American embassy in Tehran by Iranian students in November 1979; the immediate cause of this action was President Jimmy Carter's decision to allow Iran's deposed Shah to come to the United States for cancer treatment; hostages were held for 444 days and released January 20th, 1981 on the Inauguration Day of the new president, Ronald Reagan

Vertical Marketing

Owning industry beginning to end. i.e andrew carnegie steal. rail road, steal, machines that make steal etc.

Under the mandate system established at the Paris Peace Conference, Britain was given the mandate for

Palestine

Manuel

Panamanian general, drug smuggling and bribery, refused to step down and declared himself the Panama, us 'just cause' installed a new regime

What are Hoover Flags?

Pants pockets turned inside-out to show that the person had no money

Counterculture

Parent's Generation: Three piece suits; Crew cut; monogamous relationships; alcohol as drug of choice Baby Boom Generation; Jeans & tie- dyed shirts; long hair and busy beards; free love; illegal drugs were common

Counterculture

Parent's Generation: Three-piece suit, crew-cut hair, monogamous relationships, alcohol was drug of choice Baby Boom Generation: Jeans and tie-dyed shirts, long hair and bushy beards, "free love", illegal drugs were common

Democrat party image

Party of lost cause, white supremacy, party of limited government, pro states rights, economic and social laissez faire

Republican party image

Party of progress, national government, controls on immigration, government action for economic development

The 13th Amendment (what did it do?)

Passed by Congress on January 31, 1865, and ratified on December 6, 1865, the 13th amendment abolished slavery in the United States and provides that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or ...

National Security Act

Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council.

Francis Perkins

Paul Robeson was a famous African-American athlete, singer, actor, and advocate for the civil rights of people around the world. He rose to prominence in a time when segregation was legal in the United States, and Black people were being lynched by racist mobs, especially in the South.

Paul Robeson

Paul Robeson was a famous African-American athlete, singer, actor, and advocate for the civil rights of people around the world. He rose to prominence in a time when segregation was legal in the United States, and Black people were being lynched by racist mobs, especially in the South.

Pax Americana

Pax Americana is a latin term that refers to the U.S. being the arbitrator of peace in the world, post-cold war in the late 20th century to current times. It is significant because even though the U.S. may have the power to promote peace, many nations do not understand the democratic principles we promote since they have never experienced them before, which has the potential to create rifts instead of peace.

Thomas A. Scott

Pennsylvania Railroad; forged an economic empire that stretched across the continent and included coal mines and oceangoing steamships; father figure to Carnegie

Plumbers

People who broke into watergate

PAVN

People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) • the military forces of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam

CCC- Civilian Conservation Corps

Planted trees, built campgrounds, and hiking trails. Work relief to young men (18-25) gave thousands of people work and was only fro those who were extremely needy. Got paid $25- 35 a month and kept $5 and send the rest home. Got 3 meals, a roof, new clothes, and worked 6 hours

Stonewall riot

Police crackdown on gay bars, 1969 gays fought back for 3 days resulting in the gay rights movement (no force just started arresting people)

Bosses

Political leaders who got votes by doing favors for people

Modes of corporate consolidation

Pools- Agreements between corporations Trusts- Consolidation of a merged company CEOs decision power to the buyer Holding Company- Buys the shares of other companies to control them Interlocking Directorates- Corporations share same board members to coordinate projects

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Popular president from 1953-1961; highway system was created under Eisenhower (most expensive public works program); policy was "dynamic conservatism"

1869(79) The Noble Order of the Knights of Labor

Powderley learder, irish american goal was to get worker respected by the company wanted workers to work with management as a team economic independence time off, 8hour day membership was open:women, man,blks, white etc no bankers or lawyer etc. did not like strikes but supported them

Isolationism

Pre ww2, we didn't want to join in on the suffering (turn a blind eye)

Average women in 1954

Prefered marriage over careee, wanted to remove the word OBEY from marriage vows, and Buy and steadily growing range of consumer goods.

New Look

President Eisenhower's defense policy, which stressed reliance on nuclear weapons as an alternative to conventional ground forces in an effort to balance the budget while maintaining US military superiority

Great Society

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

Great Society

President Johnson's reform program..congress passed many great society measures including medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education

War on poverty

President Lyndon B. Johnson's program in the 1960's to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly

Square deal

President Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program. He explained in 1910: When I say that I am for the square deal, I mean not merely that I stand for fair play under the present rules of the game, but that I stand for having those rules changed so as to work for a more substantial equality of opportunity and of reward for equally good service

What was the teapot dome scandal and who was the president?

President Warren G. Harding allowed oil refineries to build on federally protected land showing corruption in the American government

Andrew Johnson-

President after Lincoln (democrat 1865-1869)

Harry Truman

President at the start of the Cold War; created "Truman Doctrine" to deal with spread of communism; promised $400 million in aid for Greece and Turkey (March 1947)

Mikhail Gorbachev

President of USSR in 1985, Soviet union weakened from previous power, largely from corrupt leadership and the long last war in Afghanistan.Gorbachev wanted to reform the nation including the US, to see nuclear missiles destroyed. His policies led to collapse of USSR in 1991.

U.S. pressures U.N.

Pressured the UN to authorize driving the Communist gov. from power in North Korea

Farmers and immigrants

Prices dropped, had to move to the cities, couldn't find jobs

Neville Chamberlin "Peace in our time"

Prime Minister of British Empire

Difference between American workers being 'producers' and 'employees'

Producers are paid on the basis of the quality of what they produce; employees are paid on the basis of the time they spend on the job.

What was the Manhattan Project?

Production of the 1st Atomic Bomb in 1945.

Progressivism/ Progressive era-

Progressivism began as a social movement and grew into a political movement. The early progressives rejected Social Darwinism.

What is the 18th Amendment?

Prohibition of Alcoholic beverages. Alcohol is illegal.

Manhattan project

Project to develop the atomic bomb

Proposition 209 (California)

Prop 209 in California was voted on on Nov. 5, 1996 which overturned Affirmative Action in California. It also amended the constitution to prohibit discrimination on basis of sex, race or ethnicity. It is significant because it did decrease the enrollment of people of historically disadvantage groups from higher education, which affirmative action helped to increase

14 points

Proposal for peace talk: no secret treaty, freedom on seas, self-determination (only in Europe, countries get to rule themselves) and creation of an international organization (League of Nations)

*What is a bank holiday?

Protects the banks from a run

Act up

Protesting against government inaction in the aids eoidemic (die ins, spit)

Gideon v

Provide defense attorniesto criminal defendents

Alliance for Progress

Provided for social and economic programs in Latin America

G.I. Bill

Provided full tuition and spending money to vets of WW2; Loans guaranteed up to $2,000; 52/20 club (Vets who didn't go back to school and didn't have jobs could get $20/week for 1 year)

Results for nixon

Public mistrust, impeached he resigned, Ford became Pres even though he was never elected

PWA

Public works administration, provided emergency relief, built things

Operation desert storm

Pushed Iraq forces out of kuwaitt, Hussein stay out

WPA and pwa in cali

Pwa did bridges and dams and WPA did road construction

Dolores Huerta

Quit teaching to do more to help the families of farm workers.

Television Revolution

Quiz and game shows became very popular, and talk shows such as the "Ed Sullivan Show"

Ku Klux Klan

Racist organization whose purpose was to eradicate the black people "white is right"

Transcontinental Railroads

Railroads that spanned most of the country

John F. Kennedy

Ran for president against Nixon in election of 1960; was in the first televised debate; those watching on TV said JFK won because appeared calm and prepared while Nixon appeared sweaty and ill; those listening on radio said Nixon won because of how he spoke; Kennedy, a youthful President, gives Americans hope; said he would surround himself with the "best and brightest"; appointed his brother, Robert Kennedy, as Attorney General; effectively used the media; POLICY POSITIONS: increased defense budget by 20%, created the Green Berets, sponsored the creation of the Peace Corps, expanded the space program with goal of placing a man on the moon by end of the decade; "New Frontier" was slogan used by JFK which would stimulate the economy, fight poverty, provide federal aid to education, and obtain more civil rights

Nasdaq

Rapid growth in info tech. Nasdaq was a stock index that focused on companies in technological fields.

1st song

Rappers delight

Savings and Loan Industry

Reagan signed deregulation of the Savings and Loans.

1886 Haymarket Riot

Reason for ending the Knights of Labor Not really a riot, its was meeting peaceful strike, some1 trew a bomb. ppl saw it as foreign trouble makers. Knight of Labor decided to go into politics 8 ppl charged no evidence

Propaganda Posters

Recruitment poster with Uncle Sam. 2 posters were created to persuade people to join the military. Patriotic and guilt-tripping

Helsinki courts

Reduce tension in Europe,

Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)

Reduced the federal government's power to deal with civil rights

Rosa Parks

Refused to give up her seat in the front of a bus in Montgomery, Alabama; arrested December 1st, 1955; resulted in Montgomery Bus Boycott

Evil Empire

Regan viewed the Societ Union as an "Evil Empire".

Mujahdeen

Relgious inspired, Resisted rusia/communism, got aid from the us

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Representatives as a bill raising certain tariffs on goods entering the United States. (Tariff on foreign goods)

Bretton Woods

Representatives from 44 countries met in New Hampshire to design a new international monetary system; resulted in the establishment of the IMF and the World Bank.

Joseph McCarthy (1947)

Republican senator who accused hundreds of Democrats as being Communists His philosophy flourished in the seething Cold War atmosphere of suspicion and fear Red-hunter(hunted down communist) who was the most ruthless and did the most damage to American traditions of fair play and free speech Removed from the senate when he attacked the US Army Important because He almost single-handedly started the "Red scare" (a Communist witch hunt of the 1950's) that ruined the lives and careers of many prominent Americans of the time

Clinton's Tax Increases

Republicans criticized Clinton's tax increases as bad for the economy

Compromise of 1877

Republicans got the presidency South got the troops union remove confederate general in cabinet economic assistance, help repair roads race relations handed over to south

Cash and carry

Required other nations to pay in cash for supplies and carry them on their own vessels

Tonkin Resolution

Resolution passed by Congress that allowed the President to "take all necessary measures" to prevent Communist aggression in Vietnam (blank check)

Civil Rights Cases (1883)

Restaurants, amusement parks, private businesses are able to discriminate

Social security

Retirement money from taxes

CREEP

Richard Nixon's committee for re-electing the president. Found to have been engaged in a "dirty tricks" campaign against the democrats in 1972. They raised tens of millions of dollars in campaign funds using unethical means. They were involved in the infamous Watergate cover-up.

Reagan Administration

Rise of the Conservatives; called for smaller government; cut taxes and spending; USSR = Evil Empire; Reaganomics- 25% tax cut; cuts to social programs

The 1968 Democratic presidential candidate killed by an assassin's bullet was

Robert Kennedy.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Roe v. Wade (1973) is a Supreme Court case that ruled constitution protects the right to an abortion, which states cannot prohibit at early stages of pregnancy. It is a significant decision because it galvanized social conservatives with a political swing towards the right, and made abortion a controversial policy issues, still continuing in our time.

Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft differed in which of the following ways?

Roosevelt acted to expand presidential power; Taft believed in the strict restraint of law.

What happened at the Casablanca conference?

Roosevelt and Churchill decide on the invasion of Italy from Northern Africa—mountains would cause problems. Troops reach Rome but battling continues.

who was catalyst for Montgomery bust boycott and what did the boycott achieve?

Rosa Parks, the buss revenue went down, over a year of no public transportation, voting rights act

Rough Riders

Rosevelt created this group to go fight the war in Cuba against Spain, volunteer soldiers led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish American War

Rosie the Riveter

Rosie the Riveter is a cultural icon of the United States, representing the American women who worked in factories and shipyards during World War II, many of whom produced munitions and war supplies.

European dictatorships

Russia, Germany and italy

Who were the freedom riders?

SCLC, SNCC, CORE

Securities and Exchange Commitee

SEC monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds

Which of the following undermined the subsistence culture of Northwestern Indians?

Salmon reduction

Obergefell vs hodgens

Same sex marriage is real!

1886 American Federation of Labor

Samuel Gompers. Umbrella like organization. You had to be a skilled & white to be a member. Didnt care about women's rights. Focused on wages, 8hr days, & vacation. their set backs were; 1862 homestead Steel strike & 1894 Pullman Palace Car Strike

Sputnik

Satellite launched by the soviet union in 1957 to orbit the earth

Manhattan Project

Scientific research project during World War 2 specifically devoted to developing the atomic bomb

New negro

Second gen of African Americans who caught for their rights and refused white supremecy

Defense of marriage act

Second marriage as being between a man and a woman, no gay

Manhattan Project

Secret US project to build an atomic bomb. Cost 2 billion and president was left to decide if they should use it or not. Truman said yes and they bombed Hiroshima (millions of people died) and Nagasaki( 60 thousands died) Japan surrenders on August 14, 1945

Iran Contra Affair

Secret arrangement in the 1980s to provide funds to the Nicaraguan contra rebels from profits gained by selling arms to Iran; product of two separate initiatives during the administration of Ronald Reagan

Speakesies

Secret bars ;)

Henry Kissenger

Secretary of State under Nixon who designed plan for U.S. pullout of Vietnam

In the aftermath of WWII what did the Soviets want?

Security, wanted secure borders.

In the aftermath of WWII what did the USA want?

Self-Determination, free market capitalism.

Joseph McCarthy

Senator from Wisconsin who used his chairmanship of a Senate committee to grab headlines and smear reputations of innocent people. When caught in a lie, he told another lie. He later crashed and burned in the Army Hearings when senators finally saw the real him

Joseph McCarthy

Senator from Wisconsin; looking for re-election; got caught for McCarthyism;put on trial

Joseph McCarthy

Senator from Wisonsin looking for re-election; known for McCarthyism; put on trial, loses his seat in Senate, and dies a few years later from alcohol poisoning

Reagan violated Boland amendment

Sending weapons to the Iran contra (Boland said no)

Yellow journalism

Sensationalist journalism that focuses on imagery rather than truth. William Randolph Hearse helped furnish the war with his newspaper. Violence sells.

When was Blitzkrieg established and when?

September 1, 1939 Lightening attack....world war two has begun

Where and when was checkers speech? What is it?

September 23, 1952, New York Nixon had been accused of improprieties relating to a fund established by his backers to reimburse him for his political expenses

Kitchen Debates (Krushchev-Nixon)

Series of debates between Vice President Richard Nixon and Soviet Premier Khrushchev in 1959 that showcased the ideology of both the Americans and Soviets. Nixon argued that appliances and housewives demonstrated american freedom.

Zoot Soot Riots

Series of rights sparked by white hostility to Mexican Americans, the kids were arrested and zoot suits were banned

Securities and exchange comm

Set up in new deal to oversee stock market

Freedom to the Feminist Woman in the 1920s

Sexual freedom now meant personal rebellion. With bobbed hair, short skirts, public smoking and drinking, unapologetic use of birth control. The "flapper" epitomized the change in stands of sexual behavior. Women were doing wild dances like the Charleston, and attended sexually charged movies

What are Hoover Villes?

Shanty towns built by homeless people during the Great Depression

Hooverville

Shanty towns following the stock market crash, blamed hoover

Hooverville

Shanty towns that the unemployed built in the cities during the early years of the Depression; the name given to them shows that thte people blamed Hoover directly for the Depression.

Stocks and Shares

Shares of ownership in a corporation.

Frances Perkins

She was secretary of labor during the 1930s, Great Depression, and she received a letter from workers in the sugar cane belt of Louisiana. The workers described the conditions as similar to slavery and worse. Believed social security should be paid by workers directly and power should be kept with the state and local authority.

Ayatollah Khomeini

Shi'ite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created an Islamic Republic of Iran.

U.S.S Maine

Ship that explodes off the coast of Cuba in Havana harbor and helps contribute to the start of the Spanish-American War

Bank holiday

Shut down the banks, forced monitoring and reorganization

Homestead Act

Signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 20, 1862, the Homestead Act encouraged Western migration by providing settlers 160 acres of public land. In exchange, homesteaders paid a small filing fee and were required to complete five years of continuous residence before receiving ownership of the land.

Servicemen's Readjustment Act

Signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 22, 1944, this act, also known as the GI Bill, provided veterans of the Second World War funds for college education, unemployment insurance, and housing. Ex: gi bill, baby boom

Marriage benefit

Significance was that it was related to tax brackets and shared income

Lusitania

Since the US was neutral, many countries went to them to order materials since it was the only industrialized country not at war. When it was delivering cargo to Britain, it got hit by Germany's torpedo and Germany declares UK as a warzone. A titanic- size ship L, was traveling to the UK and got hit by one of Germany's torpedo. 1,260 dead, 1201 Americans and it ships in 18 minutes. Ship carried a lot of weapon and US threaten Germany saying that if they did that again, they'll take action.

Okinawa (1945)

Site where most of ground warfare took place for Battle of Okinawa with Marines and Army trying to gain control of the island Reason was that site can be used as major air force and troop base for planned invasion of Japan Important because The battle was started because the American wanted a base close enough to the Japanese Main Islands to allow for effective bombardment of the main islands and as a base for the eventual invasion of the Japanese Main Islands.

New Frontier

Slogan used by JFK when he said he would stimulate the economy, fight poverty, provide federal aid to education, and obtain more civil rights

Social Security Act/Wagner ACT

Social Security Act of 1935, provided for old age pensions and unemployment insurance and aid for dependent mothers and children and the blind. The law excluded more than a fourth of all workers .Funded by payroll tax The Wagner Act greatly facilitated union organizing and galvanized the moribund labor movement. In, 1932 only 2.8 million workwers were union members.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the experiences of blacks during the First World War?

Some northern whites reacted with anger and violence to the northward migration of blacks.

"glory, greed and god"

Something Americans were proud of. Led to expansion bc it would be a sin if the rest of the world didnt see how cool U.S was living.

Sunbelt

Southwest, jobs

Berlin Blockade

Soviet union blocked the western allies' railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under western control

Fallout Shelter

Space specially designed to protect occupants from radioactive debris or fallout resulting from a nuclear explosion

Francisco Franco

Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death (1892-1975).

What happened at the Yalta conference?

Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill decide that the US should make concessions to the USSR in return for the help against Japan

What happened at the Tehran conference?

Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill decide to invade France, leading to D-Day and US forces going ashore on Omaha and Utah beaches

John D. Rockefeller

Standard Oil Co.;used horizontal and vertical integration; drove out rival firms through cutthroat competition, arranging secret deals with railroad companies and fixing prices an production quotas;fought his employees efforts to organize unions

Strategic defense initiative

Star wars, fake, Reagan, we have fancy technology that'll defend us from the USSR, bankrupted the ussr

Plessey v. Ferguson (1896)

Started about train cars, created "Separate but equal"

Jim Crow Laws

State laws that made a racial caste system almost exclusively in southern states.

New Frontier

Stimulate the economy; fight poverty; provide federal aid to education; obtain more civil rights

Causes of the GD

Stock market crashed, dust bowl, banks being insecure

SALT 1

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, Limited the production of anti-ballistic missiles by US and Soviet Union, effecting slowing the arms race in the Cold War.Largely supported although some conservatives considered it too weak on communism.

SALT 1

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, a plan to limit nuclear arms and also increased trade and exchange of scientific information.

Student protests

Students and other protest the war in Vietnam; average age of draftees during Vietnam War was 19 years old; protests peaked after the successful Tet Offensive by North Vietnamese troops proved that war's end was nowhere in sight

SDS

Students for a Democratic Society

SDS

Students for a Democratic Society was a student activist movement in the United States that was one of the main representations of the New Left. The organization developed and expanded rapidly in the mid-1960s before dissolving at its last convention in 1969

SDS(Students for Democratic Society)

Students for a democratic society started at Berkeley with the Free Speech movement( began in 1964 by student Mario Savio), Worked to give students access to their freedom of speech. SDS worked on issues such as Civil Rights and protesting the Vietnam War. Led an anti-war protest in Washington DC in April 1965 with over 25,000 Americans in attendance- revealing the strength of the anti-war movement.

Omaha Platform

Sub-treasury, Free Silver, nationalizing railroads telegraphs, 8-Hour Workday, Graduated Income Tax, Secret Ballot, Popular Election of US Senators, Referenda & Recall

Saddam Hussein

Supported him because we did not support communism

Conservative goals

Supported laiisez faire, opposed social welfare, defeat communism and defending religion and family values

Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

Supported segregation and black pride, no assimilation, build their own communities

Baby Boom

Surge of babies born that started right after World War 2 and lasted for almost 20 years

All in the family

TV show, pit conservatives vs liberally,

Palmer Raids

Target communists in the 20s (gov roundup of alien radicals)

Talented Tenth

Teach others so that they can learn and pass the teachings on systematically. W.e.b. dubois

TVA

Tennessee valley authority, flood control projects and electricity

Stagflation

Term to describe the poor economy of the 1970s, the stagnant economy. The recession was due to high unemployment - reaching 10% for the first time since the Great Depression (partially due to transition to overseas manufacturing), higher inflation, and high oil costs due to Israeli-Arab conflict.

How did that Cash & Carry affect the neutrality laws that had been passed earlier?

The "cash and carry" legislation enacted in 1939 effectively ended the arms embargo that had been in place since the Neutrality Act of 1936. It paved the way for Lend-Lease.

The 14th Amendment

The 14th Amendment to the Constitution was ratified on July 9, 1868, and granted citizenship to "all persons born or naturalized in the United States," which included former slaves recently freed.

Ronald Regan

The 40th president of the US (a republican) who was in office at the time of the collapse of the USSR, bringing about the end of the cold war. While in office, he encouraged Americans to mistrust communists. He became president after Jimmy Carter and was once an actor, and also served as governor of California for a time.

Baby boomer

The 78 million people born during the baby boom, following World War II and lasting until the early 1960s

Reagan Priority on Taxes

The Admin's economic formula to restore the economy was to CUT taxes.

U.S.=Sledgehammer/Britain=Super Gymnast

The Allied strategy to win the war in 1942 was code named what?

What is the Battle of the Somme?

The British Government made a movie and showed the film in public cinema during the Battle as a way to increase public support for the war effort Images of British troops coming out of the trenches to face German machine gun fire

Camp David Accords

The Camp David Accords were held by Carter in 1979 at the presidential camp Camp David as an agreement between Egypt's Prime Minister Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin where Carter practiced Diplomatic Diplomacy for 13 days. It is significant because it led to Egypt being the first Arab nation to recognize the state of Israel, and Israel returned the Sinai peninsula back to Egypt which it seized during the 1967 Six day war. It was also a foreign policy victory for Carter as well.

The 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago was marred by which of the following?

The Chicago police attacked antiwar protesters outside the convention hall.

chinese exclusion act

The Chinese Exclusion Act was a United States federal law signed by President Chester A. Arthur on May 6, 1882. It was one of the most significant restrictions on free immigration in US history, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers.

Two main Civil Rights Acts of 1960s:

The Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act.

W.E.B. Du Bois

The Depression hit African Americans harder because they were the "last hired and first fired" already. Also, many of the social programs were discriminatory. Therefore, Du Bois believed African Americans should no longer try to integrate, but create a nation within a nation. In these communities they would have their own cooperative economy and schools.

Fair Labor Standards Act

The FLSA establishes minimum wage, overtime pay, recordkeeping, and youth employment standards affecting employees in the private sector and in Federal, State, and local governments. Covered nonexempt workers are entitled to a minimum wage of not less than $7.25 per hour effective July 24, 2009.

The government contributed to the stock market crash of 1929 and to the depression that followed in which of the following ways?

The Federal Reserve Board followed an easy credit policy in the years prior to the crash.

War Socialism

The German War Socialist economy was operated by conservative military men and industrialists who had historically been hostile to socialism. Its goal was to maximize war production and to control worker discontent that was growing amongst the organized labour movement.

Glass Steagall Act

The Glass-Steagall Act, also known as the Banking Act of 1933 (48 Stat. 162), was passed by Congress in 1933 and prohibits commercial banks from engaging in the investment business. It was enacted as an emergency response to the failure of nearly 5,000 banks during the Great Depression.

SEC/FDIC

The Glass_Stegall Act created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC, which provided protection to individual depositors in case of the bank failure , Congress also established the Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC) to regulate stock exchanges and brokers, require full financial disclosure, and curb the speculative practices that had to contribute to the 1929 crash What was the purpose of the SEC and the FDIC? The SEC and FDIC were established by the New Deal. These two agencies - the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation - had a significant, indirect effect on the nation's farmers.

the great railroad strike of 1877

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 started on July 14 in Martinsburg, West Virginia, in response to the cutting of wages for the third time in a year by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O). Striking workers would not allow any of the trains, mainly freight trains, to roll until this third wage cut was revoked.

HUAC

The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) was an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda

IWW

The Industrial Workers of the World

Internet

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that carries information and services through providing companies. Its roots are in the U.S. military and the cold war. It is significant because with the internet, mass telecommunications furthered from the inventions of the radio and TV, making it an easy place to gain information through online news and social media. It also significant because it helped to further globalize the world, since it interconnects everyone around the world with access, letting people not only hear their local news, but also world news.

Iran Hostage Crisis

The Iran Hostage crisis began 1979 when Carter agreed to let the Shah of Iran into the US for cancer treatment. Following the fundamentalist islamic revolution, on November 4th, 1979, a crowd of students broke into the US embassy and took 66 Americans hostage for 444 days. It is significant because it is a major event that tainted Carter's presidency, leading to his defeat for a second term because of a failed rescue attempt. TV showed images of the hostages paraded around, and it led to an increased support for a more militaristic policy, showing the shift towards conservatism in U.S. beliefs. It is also significant because the Iranian Revolution and the U.S. response gives light to relations today

Knights of Labor versus American Federation of Labor

The Knights of Labor was the biggest labor union. Membership was kept secret and it was more radical than the American Federation of Labor.

What was the US program for rebuilding western Europe?

The Marshall Plan—offered help and finances to European countries in order to aid in their recovery from WWII.

The Monroe Doctrine (What was this idea, and how was it "realized" by the end of the 19th century?)

The Monroe Doctrine was a U.S. foreign policy regarding domination of the American continent in 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.

NRA

The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) was a law passed by the United States Congress in 1933 to authorize the President to regulate industry in an attempt to raise prices after severe deflation and stimulate economic recovery

National Security Act

The National Security Act of 1947 was a major restructuring of the United States government's military and intelligence agencies following World War II. The majority of the provisions of the Act took effect on September 18, 1947, the day after the Senate confirmed James Forrestal as the first Secretary of Defense.

Persian Gulf War

The Persian Gulf War was from 1990 to 1991 when Saddam Hussein of Iraq invaded the small neighboring country of Kuwait during George H.W. Bush's presidency (41st president). U.S. and UN forces quickly entered to push back Iraq and had a swift victory. It is significant because this established how the U.S. would be seen on the world stage post-cold war. The U.S. would use its military might and economic power as a peace and stability aid.

Filipino-American war

The Philippines, one of Spain's last colonies was taken by the US navy under the control of Theodore Roosevelt. Upon annexing it, the Philippines became a US "protectorate" (colony).

Robert F. Kennedy

The Presidential candidate that was assasinated after he won the California Presidential Primary by Sirhan B Sirhan

"Radical Republicans" (what did they want, and why were they considered radical?)

The Radical Republicans were a wing of the Republican Party organized around an uncompromising opposition to slavery before and during the Civil War and a vigorous campaign to secure rights for freed slaves during Reconstruction.

Teddy Roosevelts cavalry unit

The Rough Riders

Scottsboro Boys

The Scottsboro Boys were nine African American teenagers accused in Alabama of raping two White American women on a train in 1931. The landmark set of legal cases from this incident dealt with racism and the right to a fair trial. The cases included a lynch mob before the suspects had been indicted, all-white juries, rushed trials, and disruptive mobs. It is commonly cited as an example of a miscarriage of justice in the United States legal system. Two young white women also got off the train and accused the black teenagers of rape. The case was first heard in Scottsboro, Alabama, in three rushed trials, in which the defendants received poor legal representation. All but 12-year-old Roy Wright were convicted of rape and sentenced to death, the common sentence in Alabama at the time for black men convicted of raping white women,[2] even though there was medical evidence to suggest that they had not committed the crime.[3] With help from the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) and the NAACP, the case was appealed. The Alabama Supreme Court affirmed seven of the eight convictions, and granted 13-year-old Eugene Williams a new trial because he was a minor. Chief Justice John C. Anderson dissented, ruling that the defendants had been denied an impartial jury, fair trial, fair sentencing, and effective counsel. While waiting for their trials, eight of the nine defendants were held in Kilby Prison. The cases were twice appealed to the United States Supreme Court, which led to landmark decisions on the conduct of trials. In Powell v. Alabama (1932), it ordered new trials.[4]

McCarthy's investigation of the Army

The Senate investigated McCarthy and voted 67 to 22 to censure. His downfall was his investigation into the Army Pentagon

Marshall Plan

The Soviet Union created its own version to incorporate Eastern European economics into the Soviet System

Cuban Missle Crisis

The Soviet Union was secretly building nuclear missile launch sites in Cuba, which could have been used for a sneak-attack on the U.S. The U.S. blockaded Cuba until the U.S.S.R. agreed to dismantle the missile silos.

Tet Offensive

The Tet Offensive was launched by the North Vietnamese and the Vietcong on January 30th, 1968 on the Vietnamese New Years, which attacked major cities, every major American base, and the U.S. Embassy in Saigon. It is a significant event because although the U.S. did defeat the offensive, it had negative ramifications around the U.S. because it challenged the American view point that we were winning the war. When Walter Cronkite on the CBS evening news announced that he was questioning America's intension, average Americans additionally start to question because of media's major influence on peoples perception.

Yalta Conference

The U.S. makes concessions to the USSR in return for help against Japan. "Iron Clad Guarantee": Soviet Union would declare war on Japan & fight war w/ U.S. on Japanese land

Robert McNamara

The US Secretary of Defense during the battles in Vietnam. He was the architech for the Vietnam war and promptly resigned after the US lost badly

Truman Doctrine

The US pledged American support of free people fighting against oppression everywhere

Kerner Commission

The Watts Riot: Kerner concluded that the 60's riots were caused primarily by white racism that led to black poverty

For feminist women in the 1920s what did freedom mean?

The ability to vote, revolutionized style.

Which of the following innovations by Henry Ford reduced the cost of his automobiles and made them more affordable?

The assembly line

By the end of the Second World War, the United States was producing 40 percent of the world's weaponry. How was this feat achieved?

The assembly line process of mass production was used in many defense-related industries.

Pearl Harbor-

The attack on Pearl Harbor, also known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor happened in december 7th

Open door policy

The belief that it is vital to Americas interests that the whole world have access to its citizens, products and ideas

social darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Berlin Blockade

The blockade was a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. The blockade was a high point in the Cold War, and it led to the Berlin Airlift.

New Nationalism

The central issue he argued was government protection of human welfare and property rights, but he also argued that human welfare was more important than property rights.

What was Enigma?

The cipher code machine systems that the Germans used to communicate.

Desert Storm

The code name used by the United States and its coalition partners in waging war against Iraq in early 1991 to liberate Kuwait.

crop lien

The crop-lien system was a credit system that became widely used by cotton farmers in the United States in the South from the 1860s to the 1930s. Sharecroppers and tenant farmers who did not own the land they worked obtained supplies and food on credit from local merchants.

Silicon Valley

The explosion of info tech in the 90's was only the beginning. Micropressing was the industry centered in Silicon Valley.

Which of the following conclusions may be drawn from the Sacco and Vanzetti case?

The fear of radicalism associated with immigrants had not disappeared.

Reagan Administration

"Are you better off now than you were 4 years ago?" -RR during Presidential Debate; "Rise of the Conservatives" called for smaller government, cut taxes and spending; RR called the Soviet Union the "Evil Empire"; "Reaganomics" was 25% tax cut (funded by cuts to social programs), defense spending doubles, deficit increase, poverty increased; foreign policy involved friendship with Mikhail Gorbachev; GLASNOST: opening of liberties (some free speech and free press); PERESTROIKA: opening of economics

Malcolm X

"Black power movement"; "Nation of Islam"; opposite of MLK, Jr. in that his tactic was "any means necessary" (violence if needed)

Black Power

"Instead of asking whites for their rights, black people should seize them"

Blitzkreig

"Lighting Wars" type of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

Blitzkrieg (1939-1941)

"Lightning war" used to describe Germany's novel military tactics in World War II, which involved infantry, tanks, and airpower over large areas. Much of western europe was taken by the German with the technique Important because It was easier for them to control the use of air force in the war so that they can put less people's lives at stake during the war.

Detente

"Relaxation of tensions"; US easing of relations with China and Soviet Union; mend poor relations with China and US agreed to sell 400 million tons of grain to Soviet Union at bargain prices

Suburbs

"White flight" was white people leaving the cities and moving to the suburbs; suburbs were neighborhoods with low costs, low down payment, and ideal for raising a family

W.E.B. DuBois

"agitation"; advocated for right now; formed the Niagara Movement (1905) against segregation in schools and railroads; founded NAACP in 1909; wrote Souls of Black Folk (1903)

during the 1930's, American foreign policy towards Latin America was called what?

"good neighbor"

General Westmoreland,

"light at the end of the tunnel" - the end of the war is in sight

what was blitz-creg?

"lighting war" a military tactic created to create disorganization of the enemy by mobile forces and firepower

Booker T. Washington

"self help"; accommodation: urged patience and asked black to stay in their place; stressed patience and deference to the white power structure; founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama in 1881

Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction Plan

(1865) "amnesty and pardon" to any Southerner who would swear allegiance to the Union and the Constitution, ex-Confederate leaders should not be eligible for amnesty (like in Lincoln's plan) as well as individuals (almost always plantation owners) whose property was worth over $20,000, state needed to abolish slavery before being readmitted, state required to repeal secession ordinances be readmittance, ratify 13th amendment, disowned Confederate debts

Douglas MacArthur

(1880-1964), U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51, before being forced to relinquish command by President Truman.

Benito Mussolini

(1883-1945) Italian leader. He founded the Italian Fascist Party, and sided with Hitler and Germany in World War II. In 1945 he was overthrown and assassinated by the Italian Resistance.

19th Amendment

(1920) to the Constitution of the United States provides men and women with equal voting rights. The amendment states that the right of citizens to vote "shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex."

Brown v Board Of Education

(1954) A supreme court case in which the court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for different races unconstitutional.

Freedom Rides

(1960s) Freedom Rides, both blacks and whites, rode buses into the South to challenge racial segregation.

Cuban Missile Crisis

(1962) JFK created a quarantine of Cuba (creates a blockade); uses the "Monroe Doctrine" (US controls Western Hemisphere) to justify the blockade; 13-day naval standoff; "Delicate behind-the-scenes negotiations"; US had to remove missiles in Turkey pointed at Soviets as a compromise for Soviets removing nuclear missiles from Cuba

Great Society

(1964-1967) Lyndon Johnson's plan to improve the lives of poor Americans. Included the greatest change bills/acts since the New Deal. Included econmoic opportunity act, Medicare, and food stamps. Reduced poverty in the US from 22% to 13% in American families.

Voting Rights Act

(1965) Law passed at the time of Civil Rights movement. Eliminated various ways to block African Americans from voting such as literacy tests.

My Lai

(1968) American troops led by Lt.William Calley killed more than 200 men, women and children in My Lai village. Released to American public in 1968 causing even more anti-war sentiment.

Roe v. Wade

(1972) Supreme Court case that legalized abortion(at the time, abortion was illegal in 46 states). Validated feminist's claims to have control over her own body.

Gerald Ford

(1974-1977), Solely elected by a vote from Congress. He pardoned Nixon of all crimes that he may have committed. Evacuated nearly 500,000 Americans and South Vietnamese from Vietnam, closing the war. We are heading toward rapid inflation. He runs again and debates Jimmy Carter. At the debate he is asked how he would handle the communists in eastern Europe and he said there were none and this apparently sealed his fate.

Glass-Steagall Act

(Banking Act of 1933) - Established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and included banking reforms, some designed to control speculation. Repealed in 1999, opening the door to scandals involving banks and stock investment companies.

FDIC-

(Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) restored trust in banks

Rosa Parks

(LBJ) , United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

Watergate

(RN), 1972, The events and scandal surrounding a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in 1972 and the subsequent cover-up of White House involvement, leading to the eventual resignation of President Nixon under the threat of impeachment, Ford becomes President

TVA

(Tennessee Valley Authority Act) Relief, Recover, and Reform. one of the most important acts that built a hyro-electric dam for a needed area.

Federal Trade Commission

(WW) 1914 , A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy, support antitrust suits

Potsdam Conference-

(decided to divide up germany) Allied conference of WWII held at Potsdam, a suburb of Berlin. The chief participants were U.S. President Harry S. Truman, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, who became prime minister during the conference), and soviet Premier Stalin.

My Lai Massacre

- (1968) the Vietnam War mass killing of between 347 and 504 unarmed civilians in South Vietnam on March 16, 1968 - committed by U.S. Army soldiers - Victims included men, women, children, and infants. Some of the women were gang-raped and their bodies mutilated - After public found out it increased opposition to the Vietnam War

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

- president can take all necessary measures to rebel armed attacks against US and prevent further aggression

Elements of Economic Disaster by 1929

-Extreme concentration of wealth -Wild speculation in stocks -margin buying -faltering world economy -credit/stocks

Primary Causes for Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor

-Japanese aggression in Asia is met by U.S. economic embargoes. U.S. chooses to use our economic might as a weapon. Japan is dependent upon the U.S. for many of its raw materials. FDR froze all of Japan imports and oil

Images and Innovations of the Roaring 20s

-Jazz Age -Bathtub Gin/Speakeasies -Flappers -Movies -Radio -Sports -Model T -Consumer goods of all kind -Work now came to be valued as a path to individual fulfillment through consumption and entertainment

First military containment policy test came from where?

-Korea - 1950 -Communist North Korea attacks South Korea -U.S. responds with U.N. authorized 'police action' -Inchon - And Chinese Intervention!

Major Events in 1968

-MLK Assassination on April 4,1968 -Robert F. Kennedy Assassination on June 6,1968 -Chicago Police Riot at Democratic National Convention -Nixon wins Republican Nomination by promising "Vietnamization" - More than 221 protests on college campuses resulted in police violence

National Security Act (1947)

-Merged the old Navy and war departments into the Department of Defense -Made the National Security Council an arm of the Executive Branch. -Made the Air Force a separate branch of the military services -created the C.I.A.

Turning Points of WW2

-Midway: The U.S. adopts the policy of "island hopping" -The U.S.S.R hangs on at Stalingrad

Tet Offensive

-One of the largest military campaigns of the Vietnam War. 1968. By forces of Viet Cong against South Vietnam, US and Allies - Campaign of surprise attacks against militant and civilian commands - Named because attacks started on Vietnamese New Year night

Dwight D. Eisenhower (Ike)

-master organizer of the D-day invasion in Europe..made his farewell address to warn of dangerous military-industrial complex

Reasons the U.S. entered the war in 1917

-unrestricted submarine warfare -British spies intercept a message form Germans calling on Mexico to join war against the U.S. -economic stake in allied victory -propaganda -cultural and ethnic ties to France and Britain

Civil rights act 1964

...

Globalization

...

Neoconservatives

...

NATO

..., North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Korean War

..., The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

09/11/2001

09/11/2001 refers to the 4 terrorist attacks coordinated by islamic group Al Qaeda on the U.S. Americans were stunned when terrorist hi-jacked planes and used them as missiles, flying into the World Trade Centers. The events killed about 5000 in total. It is a significant event because it was the first mass scale attack on U.S. soil, led to the War on Terror fighting in the middle east, and the Patriot Act of 2001 which created the Department of Homeland security, an extra department of government as a force to assist national security (spying on Americans)

MLK and March of Birmingham

1) Anticipated a violent white reaction 2) He hopes for federal Intervention 3) He expected to raise national awareness

Sewards plan for US expansion

1) Establish US base 2) Establish control over Latin America and western hemisphere 3) Expand economic influence into Asia

Tet Offensive

1) Weakened American support for war 2)Tet destroyed the Johnson admin's credibility 3)Gov. promised victory was right around the corner

Supply Side Economics

1)High interest rates 2) Tax cuts 3) Cut in social programs like Food Stamps

Black Panthers

1)Originated in Oakland in 1966 2)Were well armed and willing to use their weapons 3)stated that their goal was community action

what were the major events in 1968, the critical year?

1. North Vietnam launches the Tet offensive against the U.S. and south Vietnam 2.Martin Luther King assassinated 3. Robert F. Kennedy assassinated

what was decided at the Casablanca conference, Terrain conference , and yalta conference?

1. increase in American bombing on Germany and transfer of British military resources to the Far East 3. demand Germany's surrender and free elections in Eastern Europe and go join the war against Japan

what were the main elements of national security act in 1947?

1. merged old navy and war departments= department of defense 2. national security council=arm of executive branch 3. Air Force=branch of military services 4. created CIA

What were the reasons that compelled the United States to join the war in 1917?

1. unrestricted submarine welfare 2.Zimmerman telegram 3.to protect financial investments made in Europe

Homestead Act (1862)

160 acres of land for $10, had to live on the land for 5 years AND improve it to keep the land

Plessey vs Ferguson

163 US 537 (1896) was a landmark constitutional law case of the US Supreme Court. It upheld state racial segregation laws for public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal".

Monroe Doctrine

1825, the belief that the whole western hemisphere should be under the control of the US

Pacific Railway Act

1862, government gave subsidies to private railroad corporations to build railroads. Granted land to people on either side of the railroad.

1st Transcontinental Railroad

1862-1869, East coast to west coast. Democrats wouldn't support government action to build it but they succeeded their seats in house and senate during civil war.

Wade-Davis Bill

1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.

Sand Creek Massacre

1864, Colorado territory. 700 US cavalry troops marched on Cheyenne. They disregarded white treaty flags and killed 160 Indians.

Long Drive

1865-1885; drove the cattle up north to the railroads, sold cattle for $30-40 a head, railroads were built closer to cattle later and made this unnecessary

Military Reconstruction

1867; divided the South into five districts and placed them under military rule; required Southern States to ratify the 14th amendment; guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in convention to write new state constitutions

Ulysses S. Grant

1868-1876 Republican , U.S. president 1873-1877. Military hero of the Civil War, he led a corrupt administration, consisting of friends and relatives. Although Grant was personally a very honest and moral man, his administration was considered the most corrupt the U.S. had had at that time.

Promontory, Utah

1869. Where the railroads met and drove in the last spike, "the golden spike."

Colfax Massacre

1873 in Louisiana. A contested governor seat was being battled for. The Republicans, supported by black men, were attacked and killed in the state house.

Rutherford B. Hayes

1876 Republican. Union solider. honesty and boring. the voting was sketch so Compromise of 1876. Republicans got the presidency. South got troops removed. Race relations were handed over to the south.

Little Bighorn

1876 in Montana territory. Greatest battle of the Sioux. Various Indians fought together to defeat the cavalry regiment led by Custer. "Clusters last stand."

Great railroad strike

1877 in West Virginia. Railroad company cut wages for the third time in one year. Protests were put down by the militia and US troops.

Haymarket square riot

1886 in Illinois. Workers started a peaceful protest in favor of an 8 hour working day. Protestors threw dynamite at the cops and they fired back.

Dawes Act

1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners

Dawes Allotment Act

1887. This act gave Indians acreages of land to help assimilate them. Approved by the "Woman's National Indians Rights Association."

Wounded Knee Massacre

1890 in South Dakota. Native Americans left a reservation and began "ghost dancing" to bring back spirits of deceased loved ones. US troops marched on it. A Native American fired a gun and the troops responded by killing everyone.

Black Disenfranchisement laws

1890s on. These were poll taxes and impossibly hard literary tests for blacks to vote. "Grandfather clause" said if your grandfather could vote, you were exempt from this.

The Peoples' Grocery

1892 in Memphis. Thomas Moss owned a grocery store and got in a dispute with a rival white store owner. White man came back with friends and lynched him.

Homestead strike

1892 in Pennsylvania. Technological advances increased in Carnegie's steel factories. Less skilled workers could now be employed. More skilled workers got angry that they were losing their jobs.

Pullman strike

1894, a nationwide railroad workers strike. The railroad union was pitted against the government and Pullman company. US government had to protect railway cars.

Plessy vs Ferguson

1895. Supreme court decides states' segregation laws are constitutional as long as the states provide adequate facilities to segregate into.

Battle of Santiago Bay

1898 in Cuba. US and Spanish naval engagement. US sunk every one of Spain's ships again with only one casualty.

Battle of Manila Bay

1898 in the Philippines. US and Spanish naval engagement. US sunk every one of Spain's ships with no casualties.

Spanish-American war

1898-1899. Monroe doctrine and Seward's expansion plan incentivized US to take control of Spain's colonies in western hemisphere, Cuba. The USS Maine randomly blew up in Cuban harbor (1898). Spain blamed Cuban revolutionaries but US blamed Spanish.

Boxer Rebellion

1900 in China. Chinese rebel against western and Japanese influence.

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

1906 Meat Inspection Act

1906 Rosevelt created after reading "the jungle"

What is The Battle of Verdun, the point of it, and when?

1916 Ten month siege against the city of Verdun French pride, to save the city to resist the German The German and French view of this battle is to bleed to enemy dry and to cause so much death and destruction that the other side must realize the futility of the struggle and sue for peace. The French hold out and the city was destroyed.

18th amendment

1920 prohibits the manufacture, transportation, and sales of intoxicating liquors.

19th Amendment

1920, gave women the right to vote and many pro-prohibitions were women so gov needed their vote

Bonus March

1932, Veterans from ww1 were promised a bonus for their duty, but they were to collect it in 1945. They went on a march to demand their money now, but gov and Hoover said no. After saying no so many times, He called the army and made them use their tear-gas to send the people away.

Panay Incident

1937 - On the Yantze River in China, Japanese aircraft sank an American gunboat escorting tankers. The U.S. accepted Japan's apologies.

Munich Conference

1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further.

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war

Serviceman's readjustment act

1944, also known as the G.I. Bill, a law that provided a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as G.I.s).

Yalta Conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

Containment

1946 Policy from report by US diplomat George Kennan who lived in the USSR. Argued that soviets were insecure, saw capitalism as evil, and it would be impossible to reach any agreement with them. The plan for containment, therefore, would be that the U,S. applied a counterforce at every point where the Soviets showed signs of encroaching upon the interests of a peaceful and stable world.

National Security Act

1947 was a major restructuring of the United States government's military and intelligence agencies following World War II

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Malcolm X

1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulses to achieve true independence and equality

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Brown Decision

1954; Topeka, Kansas; Brown vs Board of Education; involved little Linda Brown and how she could not go to white kids school; Thurgood Marshall (lawyer representing the Brown family) worked for the NAACP (national association advancement of colored people) Earl Warren (chief justice of the supreme court) urged for unanimous opinion to overcome segregation; they ruled that segregation may "affect the hearts and minds" of school children so segregation is taken away in PUBLIC schools

Montgomery Bus Boycott

1955-1956 African American boycott of Montgomery public transportation system after Rosa Parks was arrested. The year long protest resulted in the integration of the bus system and the introduction of Martin Luther King, Jr as a civil right leader. The organization of the boycott was largely ran by women of the Montgomery Improvement Association.

Malcolm X

1960s Civil Rights Activist, Murdered in 1965

JFK

1961-1963, Democrat, both parties had the platform of civil rights planks and a national health program, used president to be elected and first Roman Catholic

Missile Crisis

1962. Despite promises to the contrary, US spies found Soviet missile sites in Cuba. Kennedy used naval blockade to prevent further delivery of military equipment to Cuba. Kennedy got USSR to dismantle the missile base in Cuba and secretly agreed to dismantle the American missile base in Turkey. Considered a great victory for Kennedy.

Women's movement

1963 JFK established the commission on the status of women; equality for women; Equal rights amendment; would have amended the constitution to out law discrimination based on gender

Freedom Summer

1964 voter registration project by civil rights groups to expand black voting in the South

Freedom Summer

1964, attempted to register black voters in the south

Voting Rights Act

1965; illegal to interfere with a person's right to vote; suspended literacy tests; significantly increased the number of blacks who were registered to vote

Richard Nixon

1968 and 1972; Republican; Vietnam: advocated "Vietnamization" (replace US troops with Vietnamese), but also bombed Cambodia/Laos, created a "credibility gap," Paris Peace Accords ended direct US involvement; economy-took US off gold standard (currency valued by strength of economy); created the Environmental Protection Agency, was president during first moon landing; SALT I and new policy of detente between US and Soviet Union; Watergate scandal: became first and only president to resign

1968

1968 was the most decisive year of the 1960s decade, with many significant events. It was a presidential election year where President Lyndon B. Johnson decided to not seek reelection, riots broke out at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago that summer, the Tet offensive was launched by North Vietnam leading to American's questioning if we were actually winning the war, and both Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert Kennedy were assassinated. It is a significant year because all forces of the decade came to a clash, and the fallout influences modern times.

Tet Offensive

1968, during Tet, the Vietnam lunar new year - Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army raiding forces attacked provincial capitals throughout Vietnam, even seizing the U.S. embassy for a time. U.S. opinion began turning against the war.

My Lai Massacre

1968, in which American troops had brutally massacred innocent women and children in the village of My Lai, also led to more opposition to the war.

Where and when did Nixon meet with Mao Zedong?

1972 Watergate Hotel

War powers act

1973 the president had to give congress 48 hours warning before taking action

Iran Hostage Crisis

1979, revolutionaries in Iran overthrew the Shah Gov., Support by the U.S. The Shah fled to the US. In response the revolutionaries stormed the US Embassy and took 53 Americans hostage. They demanded that the US return the Shah to Iran to face chargers and then they would release the hostages. Carter denied them, stating that the US does not negotiate with terrorists. Later the Shah went to Egypt where he sought medical attention and died there. The hostages were not released until January 1981, the day of Reagan's inauguration.

Iran Contra Affair

1985 Reagan's administration had backed the Nicaragua revolutionaries, Contras, against the Sandinista government by funding the CIA to weaponized the Contras. However, Congress deemed this an inappropriate uses of fund and the practice was banned. Reagan than support selling weapons to Iraq against Iranians, no longer an American ally. The weapons also went through the region and back to Contras. Reagan had given power to National Security Advisor and his team. Reagan had little knowledge of the actions happening, hidden from the American people.

First 100 days

The first hundred days of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency was a time in the history of the United States in which Roosevelt planned to put an end to the Great Depression, His main four priorities were to get Americans back to work, protect their savings and create prosperity, provide relief for the sick and elderly, and get industry and agriculture back on their feet.

Craft worker versus proletariat

The former is skilled and specialized, the latter is a less skilled permanent worker

Prohibtion

The illegal selling and consumption of alcohol

What happened to Japanese American citizens after the attack?

The internment of Japanese Americans in camps.

D-Day

The largest seaborne invasion in history, the operation began the liberation of German-occupied

Wernher von Braun

The leading figure in the development of rocket technology in Germany(V-2 ROCKET) and the father of rocket technology and space science in the United States Aerospace engineer and space architect Significance was that he was the leader in the development of the rockets(Saturn V) for the USA during the cold war

What was Wilson's great hope for the future?

The league of nations and peace for the future

Roles of Women in 1950s after WW2

The modern woman worked part-time, to help support the family's middle-class lifestyle, not to help pull lit out of poverty or to pursue personal fulfillment or an independent career. They married younger and family life became a virtue and some women still stayed at home. There even became a baby boom

Progressivism

The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution.

Halocaust

The name given to the mass slaughter of Jews by the Nazis during World War II.

How were Native Americans subdued and sent to reservations? What was the nature of the Plains wars?

The nature of the plains wars was to send as many Native Americans to reservations as possible. To clear out the area for US expansion, manifest destiny. US committed war atrocities, mutilated corpses, disregarded surrender flags and killed off buffalo to starve Indians out. Native Americans fought with rifles, guerrilla tactics. They fought for self preservation rather than expansion.

Reagan Revolution

The policies of the first Reagan administration; based on *"supply side"* theory of growing the economy.

Globalization

The process of opening national borders to the free flow of trade, capital, ideas and information, and people.

Consumerism

The protection or promotion of the interests of consumers; creation of Tupperware, Microwave, B&W TV, etc.

Fall of the Berlin Wall

The removal of the wall that separated East and West Germany in 1989. Symbolized the end of the Cold War.

suburban development

The rise of these developments occurred due to the increase of the US economy from the purchasing of products most Americans were doing with there money

Why was adapting to Reservation life so difficult for Plains peoples and their culture?

The rules of the reservations made their culture incompatible. They couldn't hunt or move around tracking buffalo or be warriors or chiefs. They were forced to become farmers.

Black Codes (1865-1867)

The same as the Slave Codes, just took out the word slave, added vagrancy laws

Which of the following best explains Bryan's defeat in the 1896 election?

The silver issue prevented Bryan from building an urban rural coalition

What was Hitler's Final solution?

The total murder and annihilation of any Jew.

waving the bloody shirt

The use of Civil War imagery by political candidates and parties to draw votes to their side of the ticket. The Republican party particularly benefited from reminding voters of Democratic treachery during the secession crisis

Which of the following contributed to the emergence of McCarthyism?

The use of redbaiting by politicians (Red scare, communism)

Which of the following is the major reason for the internment of the Japanese Americans during the Second World War?

Their ethnic origin

AAA

They were paying farmers not to produce any more crops

Bank Holiday

They were paying farmers not to produce any more crops On this day banks were not allowed to act

Share cropping

This became the new way to enslave blacks after reconstruction. Blacks could only pay off debts by working on the land, debt peonage.

Japanese Internment

This term describes the event in which FDR ordered all Japanese Americans to be put in relocation camps, Korematsu vs. U.S. ruled that it was constitutionally permissable; did not apply to Hawaii because it would have damaged the economy.

Which of the following is true of the Social Security Act?

Through its enactment, the government acknowledged some responsibility toward the aged, the dependent, and the disabled.

Double "V" for Victory

Throughout the war, Africian Americans activists conducted Double "V" campaign mobilizing not only for Allied victory but also for their own equal rights as citizens. Blacks citizens demanded, at minimums, fair housing and equal opposites, laying the foundation for postwar civil rights movement

Election of 1876

Tilden defeats rival Hayes in popular vote, but not majority in electoral vote

What were the roles of women in society in the 1950s?

Time of homogeneity, white, middle-class, nuclear families. The Feminine Mystique is written and leads to the 2nd wave of feminism.

Which of the following was a major Russian objective in the aftermath of the Second World War?

To prevent another invasion of Poland and to confront a world threatened by capitalist acquisitiveness.

Truman Doctrice

Truman speech to congress. Declared that as a leader of the free world, the U.S had the responsibility of supporting " freedom loving peoples where ever communism threatened them", Made a commitment to the Cold War and set a precedent for U.S. assistance to anti-communist regimes, regardless of their government. Helped create set of global military alliances against the USSR.

Fair Deal

Truman's extension of the New Deal that increased min wage, expanded Social Security, and constructed low-income housing

Timothy Leary

Turn on Tune In and Drop out LSD

Four pillard

Turntable, graffiti, breakdancing, rapping

Cesar Chavez

U.S labor leader known for grape boycott against the UFW

Martin Luther King Jr

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

Corporations in the 50's

U.S. Corporations in the 50's were growing into ever larger conglomerates.

J.P. Morgan

U.S. Steel

What did the Montgomery bus boycott achieve?

U.S. Supreme Court ruling that segregation on public buses is unconstitutional.

Iran in the 50's

U.S. fear of future oil shortages promoted expansion in the Middle East.

The Good Neighbor Policy

U.S. foreign policy against Latin America in the 1930s? U.S. withdrew its troops from Haiti and Nicaragua and FDR accepted Cuba's reap of the Platt Amendment

In 1962 soviet ballistic missiles were discovered in Cuba, what happened?

U.S. made a military blockade around Cuba. Demanded U.S.S.R. remove their weapons.

Berlin Airlift

U.S. planes brought food and other supplies to people of Berlin

The Marshall Plan

U.S. program that rebuilt western Europe?

Lend-lease (1941)

US Gave weapons to its allies forces (Great Britain, France, Soviet Union, and China) to fight against Axis of Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan) Idea was to lend weaponry and materials to countries fighting in wars,but no worries if the material isn't returned at all Important because Each of those nations was assumed to be fighting not only in its own defense, but also for the US

Ping Pong Diplomacy

US and China exchange ping-pong players, 1971, US ping-pong team was invited to all expense paid exhibition trip to China to compete, normally Americans weren't allowed into China because of Communism, leads to Nixon and Mao Zedong becoming friends

in the aftermath of the war, what did the US want, how about the Soviet Union?

US demanded self determination, the USSR demanded security

Berlin Airlift

US drops food and other supplies to the people of Berlin

Marshall Plan

US plan to help Europe recover and rebuild economically; named after George Marshall (Secretary of State); $17 billion in aid to 16 countries; GOALS: Provide humanitarian aid, fight communism, restore trade

Containment

US policy using numerous strategies to prevent the spread of communism

What was the Two China Policy ?

US policy where Taiwan was the real China

Executive Order 9066

US presidential executive order signed and issued by Franklin D Roosevelt..allowing internet camps to set up to exclude current residents believed to be a threat to security

Search and destroy

US troop tactic used to seek out secret Viet Cong hiding places and destroy the villages that they stayed in.

Island hopping

US wanted to take back land Japan claimed and so they hop across the Pacific taking island from island on the way to Japan.

Vietnamization

US would train and equip the South Vietnamese to fight

What was the Ally strategy to win the war in 1942 called?

USA's plan was Sledgehammer. Britain's plan was Super Gymnast and later torch.

Cowboys

Unemployed Civil War vets and freed slaves/Mexicans -- skills; riding, roping, and shooting

Coxey's Army

Unemployed civil war veterans occupied Washington DC and demanded jobs

John Muir

United States naturalist (born in England) who advocated the creation of national parks (1838-1914) took teddy to see Yosemite and teddy fell in love with it, therefore created national parks

Elvis Presley

United States rock singer whose many hit records and flamboyant style greatly influenced American popular music (1935-1977)

La Raza Unida

United race, political party, advocates for Chicano rights

Navajo signal core

Us enlisted Navajos to transmit secret messages

Home front interned groups

Us forcibly detained Italians and Germans because they were considered dangerous but not as dangerous as the Japanese who were heavily interned and they lost their rights, internment camps

Iran hostage crisis

Us provide weapons to suppress communism,

Lend lease

Us sends aid to Britain expecting nothing in return, marks end of neutrality for the us

Baton death march

Us surrendered at the baton peninsula, forced to March 65 miles to prison camps

Billy Graham

Used TV to preach

Muckraker

Used in the progressive ear to characterize reform-minded american journalists who attacked established institutions and leaders as corrupt

Gulf of Tonkin

Vietnam ship fired at the US, unconfirmed, president ordered more military action

JFK and insurgencies

Vietnam: JFK favored American military forces specially trained to deal with insurgencies

LBJ

Vise President to JFK,1963-1969, deomcrat, passed civil rights act of 64, included a program called Great Society, presidency based on vietnam war, passed Gulf of Tonkin and said "to take any measures nessesary",decided to escalate American involvement in Vietnam, proved to be extremely unpopular

Voting Rights Act

Voting Rights Act of 1965 made it illegal to interfere with a person's right to vote; suspended literacy tests; significantly increased the number of blacks who were registered to vote

Cash and Carry (WW2) renewed 1939

WW2, enters its third year France has collapsed and Great Britain is barely holding on against Nazi Germany. In the 1930s the United States had passed the Neutrality Act which declared that they were not going to be involved in foreign wars and will not be providing foreign arms. FDR wanted to helped Great Britain but couldn't. He tried to renew an old provision in the Neutrality Congress says no. Then in 1939 cash and carry was renewed. Weapons would be sold as long as the country in war would provide the payment in cash immediately and carry the weapons in their own ships The purpose of this policy was for The United states to stay neutral during the World War while at the same time providing aid to Great Britain

What was the Bonus March?

WWI Veterans march demanding congresses promised "bonus" payment. Hoover ignores them and orders a forced eviction.

Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)

War between Loyalists (who received the support of the Soviet Union and European democracies) vs. Nationalists (who were armed and equipped by the Fascist governments of Germany and Italy.) in where two parties would fight for control The soviet union got weapons and vehicles through the lend lease act testing the capability to fight against Nazis and the usage of the equipment during the war. Important because Considered a prelude to WWII, this represented two conflicting ideologies, democratic-republicanism and fascism, and their rising tensions

Why Business Got Big

War-profiteering, abundance of natural resources, inventiveness, abundant cheap labor, re-emergence of corporation

the teapot some scandal happened when WHO was president?

Warren G. Harding

1912 Election

Was a four way race and led to the start of the (Bull-moose) party

Hull house

Was a housing system to accept immigrants

Adolf Hitler

Was a veteran in WWI and then became the fascist leader of Nazi Germany and was the chancellor until being defeated in WWII by allied forces

Jesse Owens

Was an African American athlete who was a track star in the Berlin Olympics

Eugene Debbs

Was an American union leader, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies), and five times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States

Committee of the Public

Was an organization U.S. public opinion regarding American participation in World War

Lusitania

Was basically the straw that broke the camel's back and brought the U.S in to WWI it was a passenger ship that was perceived to be blown up by German subs(it was later discovered to be a gas leak)

Oct. 29, 1929

Was known as black Tuesday, or the day that the stock market crash happened.

Contributer to Economic Growth in the 50's

Was national Security spending. it was a major federal spending program under GOP president Eisenhower.

Zimmerman Note

Was telegram intercepted from the Germans to Mexico saying that they should attack the U.S so that we would have to fight a war on two fronts.

Gary Powers

Was the U-2 Spy Plane pilot that was captured by the Soviet Union

Benito Mussolini

Was the commander in chief of Italy during WWII

What was the New Deal and its goal?

Was the successful first 100 days of FDR as president. A turning point in American history as the Federal Government transformed from small to big. Goal: Economic recovery. To restore economic confidence and put people back to work.

who and why important: booker t. Washington, Dubois, and Garvey?

Washington: believed in systematic oppression- just let it occur Dubois: the oppression is Bs- Garvey- preaches black pride, wanted their people to return to Africa

Watergate

Watergate is a Nixon-Whitehouse scandal that starts on June 17th, 1972, when five men working for Nixon's reelection campaign broke into the Democratic Party Headquarters in the Watergate complex in Washington DC and were caught, and the Nixon administration tried to cover it up. When the House of Representatives asked to have tape recordings from Nixon's meetings, Nixon refused to hand them over. In the Supreme Court case Nixon v. US (1974, the court said no one, even the president, is above the law so he had to give the tapes. Since the tapes reveled Nixon committed the crime of Obstruction of Justice, it led to President Nixon resigning from office. It is significant because the scandal showed that when the American constitution and democratic principles are followed properly by the Courts, Congress, media, and other outlets of government, they can combat corruption and make the system work properly.

Crime and coverup

Watergate, second attempt got caught, check led to nixon

*What is the new deal? What did Franklin Roosevelt say at his inaugural address?

We have nothing to fear but fear itself

Military

Well funded, rich get richer

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

Went on strike for better wages. Fire broke out on 3rd floor. Fire/stair exist were locked, so workers couldnt leave during the day. NO FIRE Exists.

Security

What did the Soviets want after WW2?

Self-Determination

What did the U.S. want after WW2?

The Banking Crisis of 1933

What was FDR's biggest problem in 1933?

Containment

What was the word that described U.S. Cold War policy for nearly 40 years?

Freedom of Speech,Worship, Want, Fear

What were FDR's four freedoms?

Korean War

Which was the first war (in U.S. history since the Revolution) to be fought by racially integrated armed forces?

Warren G. Harding

Who was President when the Teapot Dome scandal happened?

1896 presidential election

William Jennings Bryan ran as a Democrat. He accidentally took votes away from the democrats by appealing to the populists (farmers). Mckinley runs as a republican against Mark Hannah who set the record for most money spent on a campaign. Mckinley and republicans win.

Committee on Public Info

Wilson wanted everyone on his side and wanted to mobilize public opinion. Established group in 1917 led by Sam Creel who had a background in marketing and advertising. Produce poster portraying Germany as the bad guys and films produced for patriotism. Group called 4-minute men were created too. They give speech across America and in movie theaters since intermission was 4 minutes long.

What is Wilson's 14 points?

Wilson's vision of the world after the war

What is the 19th Amendment?

Woman's Suffrage— Granted women the right to vote in 1920.

For v wade

Woman's constitutional right to an abortion

Betty Friedan

Women's rights activist and feminist who wrote "The Feminine Mystique" (1963) about women feeling unfulfilled by the expected duties of a woman at that time

Who broke the story about Nixon and the coverup of the Watergate break in?

Woodward and Bernstein

Margaret Sanger

Worked in the slums. Set up clinics in the slums. Informed about family planning. It was illegal to talk about birth control. After law went away she was able to set up clinic that became Planned Parenthood.

Stokely Carmichael

Worked the hardest to define "Black Power"

Clinton's Early Foreign Policy

Worked to reduce trade barriers and enhance global economic stability. Clinton was inexperienced and generally followed the outline of G. Bush

What were the programs of the second New Deal?

Works Progress Administration, Revenue Act, Social Security Act (SSA), and National Labor Relations Act

WPA

Works project administration, employed the unemployed with little jobs

Wato

World trade organization, free and smooth trade

Sputnik

World's first satellite launched in 1957 by Soviet Union

Prop 8

Would make same sex marriage act illegal, passed

"Other America"

Written in 1962 about the 22% of American population was at or below the poverty level when society was said to be flourishing

How did Booker T. Washington help early civil rights?

Wrote "Self Help", wanted Accommodations, Stressed patience and deference to White Power Structure, and Founded Tuskegee Institute in 1881

How did W. E. B. Dubious help early civil rights?

Wrote "Souls of Black Folk", Agitation, Advocated for rights now, Formed the Niagara Movement in 1905, and Founded NAACP in 1909

Jack Kerouac-

Wrote On the Road..about a journey he took with his friends cross country

Bonus army

Ww1 veterans who marched on Washington in search of their bonuses they were promised (Hoover said no)

Yaf

Young Americans for free, conservatives, anti communism, state rights

Yuppies

Younger generation that repudiated the anti materialism of the Hippes. Became the focus of Media's in 1980s. Represented growth of middle/upper class, materialism, and technology embraced by this group.

U-Boats

a German submarine. The destruction of enemy shipping by German U-boats was a spectacular feature of both World Wars I and II.

Codetalkers

a Navajo tribe. Since their language was ancient and verbal, it was complex and hard to learn. The army took advantage of that and it was used as a code to send messages. The Japanese were never able to crack it.

Vertical Integration

a company that controlled every phase of the business from raw materials to transportation, manufacturing, and distribution

Deflation

a decrease in the general price level of goods and services or currency appreciation with respect to the same goods and services.[1] Deflation occurs when the inflation rate falls below 0%

Appeasement

a diplomatic policy of making political or material concessions to an enemy power in order to avoid conflict.

what occurred at brown vs. board?

a fight for racial integrated schools, allowed a little girl to go to an all white school

Betty Friedan

a founder of NOW; wrote "the feminine Mis-ti-quu"

Federal Deposit Insurance Corp (FDIC)

a gov't system that insured the accounts of individual depositors

McCarthyism

a guilt by association, character assassination, abuse of power

Hawkish critics debating the meaning of the Vietnam War blamed the nation's failure in Vietnam on

a loss of will within America.

IdA Tarbell

a muckraker that published the history of the oil company, The Mother Of Trusts

who were freedom writers??

a non-profit organization to try to influence the younger people to pick up pens not guns.

Internationalism

a political principal which transcends nationalism and advocates a greater political or economic cooperation among nations.

Sussex Pledge

a promise made in 1916 during World War I by Germany to the United States prior to the latter's entry into the war. Early in 1915, Germany had instituted a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare (unrestricted submarine warfare)

Civil Disobedience

a public, nonviolent, conscientious, yet political act, contrary to law, with the aim of bringing change to the law and policies of the government. Thoreau's "Civil Disobedience". Having spent one night in jail in July of 1846 for refusal to pay his poll tax in protest against slavery and the Mexican War. An important when law and justice do not coincide and to obey the law can be an abdication of ethical responsibility.

Freedom Rides

a series of political protests against segregation by Blacks and Whites who rode buses together through the American South in 1961

Edward Bellamy, in his book "Looking Backward" predicted

a society where all had a job.

Ten Percent Plan

a southern state could be readmitted into the Union once 10 percent of its voters swore an oath of allegiance to the Union (1863)

Industrial Revolution

a time when high tariffs protected American industry from foreign competition, granted land to railroad companies to encourage construction, and used the army to remove Indians from western lands desired by farmers and mining companies

who was glady theus?

a welder, a rosie the riveter

The controversy over the adaptation of the Roman Catholic Church to the culture of the United States was known as ____________________________. a. Americanism b. traditionalism c. parochialism d. orthodoxism e. reformism

a. Americanism

The Redeemers of the South were found primarily in the ____________________________ Party. a. Democratic b. Republican c. Populist d. People's e. Stalwart

a. Democratic

As the organization's president, ____________________________ broadened the perspective of the WCTU to include a variety of social issues. a. Frances Willard b. Retha Child Dorr c. Helen Potter d. Ida Wells-Barnett e. Mary Elizabeth Lease

a. Frances Willard

The notion of "honest graft" was popularized by ____________________________. a. George Washington Plunkitt b. Michael A. Corrigan c. Jon Ireland d. Charles M. Sheldon e. Ward McAllister

a. George Washington Plunkitt

The ____________________________ of the 1890s was the idealized "new woman" created by an illustrator for Life magazine. a. Gibson girl b. It girl c. juvenile girl d. gentle girl e. chaste girl

a. Gibson girl

All of the following were capitalists who helped to create America's national network of railroad lines except a. Gustavus F. Swift. b. John Murray Forbes. c. Cornelius Vanderbilt. d. Jay Gould

a. Gustavus F. Swift

The need to combine religion with social uplift was popularized by Charles Sheldon in his novel ____________________________. a. In His Steps b. The Rise of David Levinsky c. The Gilded Age d. A Modern Instance e. A Hazard of New Fortunes

a. In His Steps

What role did national advertising play in developing American industry in the 1890s? a. It molded demand for new standardized products. b. It increased business for local shop owners. c. It encouraged politicians to enact legislation that was advantageous to those companies who used it. d. It had little to no role.

a. It molded demand for new standardized products.

he "cooperative commonwealth" was the ideal of the labor organization called the ____________________________. a. Knights of Labor b. American Federation of Labor c. Industrial Workers of the World d. Socialist Labor Party e. Masons

a. Knights of Labor

"Survival of the fittest" was a key element in the philosophy of a. Social Darwinism. b. the Protestant ethic. c. racial disfranchisement. d. laissez-faire.

a. Social Darwinism.

The Socialist Labor Party based its political philosophy on Karl Marx's idea that a. a class struggle between capitalists and workers would result in a revolution that abolished private ownership of the means of production. b. a stateless society was the ideal and must be pursued by any means necessary, including violence or even revolution. c. the ideal society was run by workers through their unions. d. an egalitarian society in which all producers worked together in a cooperative commonwealth was optimal.

a. a class struggle between capitalists and workers would result in a revolution that abolished private ownership of the means of production.

The Knights of Labor believed that reform could best be achieved by creating a. a cooperative commonwealth where workers owned and ran the factories. b. a political party that was devoted to the interests of labor. c. strong craft-based unions that were able to bargain successfully with management. d. a tightly knit union that excluded nonwhites and women.

a. a cooperative commonwealth where workers owned and ran the factories.

Populists differed dramatically from the major parties in their support for a. activist government. b. racial segregation. c. free silver. d. the gold standard.

a. activist government.

Wealthy philanthropists in the nineteenth century provided money to establish all of the following except a. amusement parks. b. symphony orchestras. c. art museums. d. public libraries.

a. amusement parks.

In the 1896 election, Republicans a. attacked free silver as being dangerous to the social order. b. backed the free coinage of silver. c. supported inflationary policies to combat the depression. d. backed an activist government.

a. attacked free silver as being dangerous to the social order.

Blue laws were a. attempts by native-born Protestants to control the behavior of foreign-born Catholics. b. Protestant attempts to control immigrant drinking. c. Catholic attempts to get aid for parochial schools. d. attempts by Catholics to use the government to end religious instruction in the public schools.

a. attempts by native-born Protestants to control the behavior of foreign-born Catholics.

The social geography of the suburbs was in large part determined by a. class structures. b. ethnic makeup. c. natural boundaries. d. urban planning.

a. class structures.

Henry Clay Frick was responsible for a. crushing strikers at Homestead, Pennsylvania. b. attaching mail cars to trains during the Pullman boycott. c. prosecuting anarchists after the Haymarket Square riot. d. leading government troops during the railroad strike of 1877.

a. crushing strikers at Homestead, Pennsylvania.

After 1876, the U.S. president's most important job was a. dispensing political patronage. b. promoting legislation. c. overseeing Reconstruction policies. d. ending corruption in government.

a. dispensing political patronage.

The American middle class tended to concentrate on a. domesticity and family life. b. displays of wealth. c. community life. d. public participation.

a. domesticity and family life.

Mass marketing in late-nineteenth-century America had all of the following effects except a. encouraging regional loyalties. b. blurring some class distinctions. c. reducing prices for consumers. d. creating a demand for brand names.

a. encouraging regional loyalties.

All of the following causes were supported by women's organizations in the late nineteenth century except a. equal pay for equal work. b. temperance. c. reform of women's prisons. d. the elimination of prostitution.

a. equal pay for equal work.

Social Darwinists argued that a. government had no role in social reform. b. the races should be segregated. c. wealth was a sign of heavenly salvation. d. the poor should be uplifted by the better off.

a. government had no role in social reform.

Chicago surpassed Berlin in all of the following except a. its grand public buildings. b. its sanitation system. c. its public library. d. its water supply.

a. its grand public buildings.

All of the following contributed to the suburbanization of the middle class except a. new zoning regulations. b. the extension of mass transit lines. c. the increasing density of urban areas. d. new construction styles.

a. new zoning regulations.

The money issue dominated the 1896 election because a. of the economic depression. b. the major parties supported the gold standard. c. the Republicans needed an issue to defeat the Populists. d. the Populists supported free silver.

a. of the economic depression.

The ultimate basis for the cohesion of urban political machines was a. party loyalty. b. the support of the business community. c. the ethnicity of its constituents. d. municipal corruption.

a. party loyalty.

The pressure for racial segregation in the South primarily came from a. poor whites. b. the business class. c. middle-class whites. d. upper-class whites.

a. poor whites.

The Great Strike of 1877 involved workers in the _____________________ industry. a. railroad b. coal c. steel d. copper e. meatpacking

a. railroad

The Great Strike of 1877 involved workers in what industry? a. railroad b. steel c. coal d. copper

a. railroad

The Mugwumps primarily were concerned with a. reforming corrupt politics. b. social reform. c. ethnocultural politics. d. controlling Republican Party patronage.

a. reforming corrupt politics.

After sectional differences, the most important determinants of party loyalty in the late nineteenth century were ____________________________ and ____________________________. a. religion/ethnicity b. class/race c. ethnicity/race d. gender/class e. race/religion

a. religion/ethnicity

Frederick Law Olmsted's vision of an urban landscape was known for its a. rural ideals. b. modern, industrial outlook. c. densely constructed housing projects. d. emphasis on utilitarian structures

a. rural ideals.

Following the Civil War, political party loyalty was determined chiefly by a. sectional loyalties left over from the war. b. racial politics. c. class identification. d. issue politics.

a. sectional loyalties left over from the war.

In Plessy v. Ferguson, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a. segregation was not discriminatory if blacks received accommodations equal to those of whites. b. poll taxes and literacy tests were constitutional under certain conditions. c. blacks could testify in court cases against whites in all states. d. the Fourteenth Amendment lacked authority in southern states.

a. segregation was not discriminatory if blacks received accommodations equal to those of whites.

Government appointments were given to party loyalists in a victorious campaign under the ____________________________ system. a. spoils b. civil service c. political machine d. patronage e. Redeemer

a. spoils

The great commercial cities had attracted all the following kinds of industry except a. steel mills. b. small-scale manufacturing. c. garment making. d. labor-intensive light industry.

a. steel mills.

The U.S. Banking Act of 1863 called for a. taking control of the money supply away from state banks. b. the free coinage of silver. c. the abolition of paper money. d. putting the United States on the gold standard.

a. taking control of the money supply away from state banks

The literacy test in the South was motivated by a. the Populists' threat to one-party rule. b. black support for the Republicans. c. the desire to end electoral fraud. d. the desire to prevent poor whites from voting.

a. the Populists' threat to one-party rule

In the 1896 election, William Jennings Bryan did best in a. the South and West. b. the Northeast and West. c. the South and Northeast. d. California and the Northeast

a. the South and West.

In the last third of the nineteenth century, the growth of American industry was driven primarily by a. the production of capital goods such as machinery. b. replacing the work of artisans and individuals with manufactured consumer goods. c. the energy revolution, in which new sources of energy fueled higher production in all areas. d. cutthroat competition that drove consumer prices down.

a. the production of capital goods such as machinery.

From the 1870s to the 1890s, political parties avoided dealing with real issues because a. the two major parties were too closely balanced in electoral strength. b. they were constantly rebuffed by the Supreme Court. c. they were under the control of political machines. d. the Republicans held such a large majority over the Democrats.

a. the two major parties were too closely balanced in electoral strength

All of the following were characteristic of trade unions except a. they participated in widespread political activity. b. they maintained closed shops. c. some emphasized mutual aid. d. they expressed a craft's social identity.

a. they participated in widespread political activity.

Terms like bagged, shopped, and under teach were part of the nineteenth-century skilled workers' culture, which a. was a source of social meaning and craft identity for them. b. encouraged them to feel as though they were a part of the new industrial order. c. united all of them together as a class against factory owners and capitalists. d. encouraged proud individualism and self-sufficiency among them.

a. was a source of social meaning and craft identity for them.

13th

abolish slavery

13th Ammendment

abolished slavery

13th Amendment

abolished slavery and involuntary slavery

The House Judiciary Committee voted to impeach President Nixon on three of five counts, including

abuse of power

President Eisenhower's philosophy of "dynamic conservatism" is best illustrated by his willingness to

accept an expansion of Social Security coverage and benefits.

The Second New Deal differed from the First in that it

adopted a more aggressive, less cooperative approach toward big business.

Marcus Garvey

advocated black pride and separation of the races; black separation; organized the UNIA (universal negro improvement association) which voiced for black migration back to Africa; founded the Black Star Steam Line; was ordered to deport the U.S. b/c of tax charges and mail fraud

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)

after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal. The majority of the company's passengers were black so they lost 65% of their revenue. Important because It brought Martin Luther King to light Attracted media attention White began to sympathise with black Americans Led to the Browder vs. Gayle which was against the segregation of buses Showed people that white people were passionate about Civil Rights as well as black people

Baby Boom

after world war 2; about 1945-1965; lots of little kiddies were born

Jack Dempsey, "Babe" Ruth, and Rudolph Valentino demonstrate that the decade of the 1920s was an

age of heroes.

The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was based on the theory that

aid made available at the top of the economic ladder, banks, insurance companies, and railroads would help the American economy.

Margaret Sanger

also known as Margaret Sanger Slee) was an American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse. Sanger popularized the term "birth control"

Detente

also known as the Nixon Doctrine. Stated that US would no longer fight every battle, win every war, or draw every line for peace. Depended on US allies (ex: Japan, South Africa, Iran) to keep communism at bay in various parts of the world. Focused on containment of USSR through diplomacy and negotiation,

George Kennan

an American advisor, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War. He later wrote standard histories of the relations between Russia and the Western powers.

War Production Board

an agency of the United States government that supervised war production

Whittaker Chambers

an editor at Time Magazine who testified before the HUAC that during the 1930s, Alger Hiss had given him secret government documents to pass to agents of the Soviet Union. "Pumpkin patch"

what was the Manhattan project about?

and research project then developed the first nuclear weapons in WW2. Led by the US with help from Britain and Canada.

Social Security Act Amendments, 1954

any government system that provides monetary assistance to people with an inadequate or no income. Included farmers,farm and domestic workers, ministers, government workers,self employed professionals, elderly Important because It has radically reduced poverty in old age. And it protects the middle class against inflation and the ups and downs of the market.

Social Darwinism

applied Darwin's scientific idea of the "survival of the fittest" to society.

Among President Jimmy Carter's successes was

arranging the first treaty between Israel and an Arab state

Voting Rights Act 1965

as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it brought jobs, contracts, facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap Passed in response to Jim Crow laws and other restrictions of voting rights at the time Overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote under the 15th Amendment

Warren G. Harding

as the 29th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1921 until his death in 1923. At the time of his death, he was one of the most popular presidents, but the subsequent exposure of scandals that took place under his administration, such as Teapot Dome

In the aftermath of the Tet offensive, President Johnson

asked Hanoi to begin negotiations and dipped from office

The containment policy, expressed in the Truman Doctrine and George Kennan's "Mr. X" article, committed the United States to

assist free peoples in resisting Communist expansion

Dawes Act-

attempt to Americanize the Indians giving each tribe acres; after 25 years this property would become theirs and they would become an American citizen

Black Codes

attempted to regulate the lives of former slaves; granted blacks the right to marry, own property and limited access to courts; denied blacks the right to testify against whites and serve on juries or state militias, or the right to vote

AAA- Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933)

attempts to help the farmers. They were paid subsidies to cut back on production of certain crops. Gov bought excess products so farmers could make a profit and it tended to help large landowners

Gulf of Tonkin

authorized the President to take "all necessary measure to repel armed attack" in Vietnam

In 1900, ____________________________ percent of the U.S. population lived in cities. a. 15 b. 20 c. 25 d. 30 e. 50

b. 20

____________________________ was the American industrialist who applied the Bessemer process to the American steel industry. a. Frederick Taylor b. Andrew Carnegie c. Cornelius Vanderbilt d. Eugene Debs e. Samuel Gompers

b. Andrew Carnegie

____________________________ was a former shoe salesman who led the urban revivalism movement. a. Billy Sunday b. Dwight L. Moody c. George Washington Plunkitt d. James Gordon Bennett e. Charles A. Dana

b. Dwight L. Moody

The largest manufacturing center in the United States was ____________________________. a. Chicago b. New York City c. Philadelphia d. Pittsburgh e. Detroit

b. New York City

An attempt to link evangelism with social uplift came from the a. urban revivals of Dwight L. Moody. b. Salvation Army. c. upper-class Protestant churches. d. the "Americanism" movement.

b. Salvation Army.

Eugene V. Debs was the leader of the a. anarchists. b. Socialist Party of America. c. Knights of Labor. d. American Federation of Labor.

b. Socialist Party of America.

The white Georgian Populist ____________________________ began his career supporting a biracial party but later became a militant racist. a. Benjamin R. Tillman b. Tom Watson c. Frank Burkitt d. James B. Weaver e. Lorenzo Dow Lewelling

b. Tom Watson

In 1898, the Supreme Court case of ____________________________ upheld the disfranchisement of blacks. a. Plessy v. Ferguson b. Williams v. Mississippi c. In Re Jacobs d. Gibbons v. Ogden e. Commonwealth v. Hunt

b. Williams v. Mississippi

Charles Dana Gibson's image of women in Life magazine reflected a. the middle-class married life. b. a new public persona for women. c. the independent, unmarried college graduate. d. the role of women as mothers.

b. a new public persona for women.

The term ____________________________ came to be applied to the stage of life between childhood and adulthood. a. teenage b. adolescence c. juvenile d. youth e. school age

b. adolescence

Laws that restricted activities on Sunday were known as ____________________________ laws. a. Jim Crow b. blue c. patronage d. spoils e. police power

b. blue

Dedicated machines and the division of labor were factors in the ____________________________ process. a. urbanizing b. de-skilling c. industrializing d. unionizing e. radicalizing

b. de-skilling

The response of Americans to dispersed populations in the cities was to a. concentrate building in downtown districts. b. develop innovative transportation systems. c. strictly control new development. d. discourage immigration.

b. develop innovative transportation systems

Working "like a family" in the textile mills of the New South meant that a. one person worked for a wage that had to provide for an entire family. b. employers often hired whole families to work together. c. women were excluded from working, as it was considered appropriate to maintain a family. d. workers were united together in unions that were "like a family."

b. employers often hired whole families to work together.

In New York City, regulations on tenements a. succeeded because of the cooperation of private interests. b. failed to change older structures because reform was not profitable. c. were never passed because of opposition from landowners. d. pushed the wealthy out of the city.

b. failed to change older structures because reform was not profitable.

High culture in the late nineteenth century tended to become a. male oriented. b. feminized. c. run for profit. d. dominated by middle-class culture.

b. feminized.

Before allowing the use of strikebreakers and armed guards to end the strike at Homestead, Andrew Carnegie a. refused to allow any of the workers there to own guns. b. had written an article asserting the right of unions to organize. c. had a long history of resisting unionization. d. had run for office on a pro-union platform.

b. had written an article asserting the right of unions to organize.

Women and children of working-class families worked outside the home in the 1890s to a. supply luxuries such as vacations for the family. b. help the family survive. c. take advantage of the relatively high pay for light work that some companies offered. d. meet American industry's need for English-speaking workers.

b. help the family survive.

Free coinage of silver was intended to a. eliminate the gold standard. b. increase the money supply. c. benefit wage earners. d. benefit industrialists.

b. increase the money supply.

Responses to Frederick W. Taylor's system of scientific management included a. its adoption by most American companies to increase efficiency. b. its opposition by workers, who felt it stripped them of mastery and skill. c. its implementation by trade unions as an effective way of controlling the workplace. d. increased worker solidarity as they reveled in higher wages.

b. its opposition by workers, who felt it stripped them of mastery and skill.

To support their community life in urban areas, African Americans developed all of the following except a. newspapers. b. labor unions. c. churches. d. fraternal organizations.

b. labor unions.

On average, American cities in the 1890s were a. more densely populated than European cities. b. less densely populated than European cities. c. larger than European cities. d. more industrial than European cities.

b. less densely populated than European cities.

Ida Wells-Barnett was a black journalist best known for her crusade against a. disfranchisement. b. lynching. c. school segregation. d. alcohol.

b. lynching.

The popularity of westerns and adventure novels, a passion for keeping fit, and the expansion of professional athletic teams were evidence of the new idea of a. adolescence. b. masculinity. c. urban professionalism. d. bachelorhood.

b. masculinity.

Populists saw farmers and laborers as being a. naturally antagonistic. b. part of a single producer class. c. allied with the forces of monopoly. d. unimportant to their agrarian reforms.

b. part of a single producer class.

The Stalwarts and the Halfbreeds divided the Republican Party over a. civil service reform. b. patronage spoils. c. Reconstruction policies. d. ethnocultural issues.

b. patronage spoils.

The loss of autonomy for individual workers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century was the result of all of the following except a. mechanization. b. powerful unions. c. scientific management. d. increasingly efficient industrial processes.

b. powerful unions.

The political philosophy of the Industrial Workers of the World can be described as a. socialism. b. syndicalism. c. communism. d. anarchism.

b. syndicalism.

A major factor in reducing the police power of the states in the late nineteenth century was a. municipal government. b. the Supreme Court. c. the Democratic Party. d. the political activism of the populace.

b. the Supreme Court.

The U.S. Banking Act of 1863 called for a. taking control of the money supply away from state banks. b. the free coinage of silver. c. the abolition of paper money. d. putting the United States on the gold standard.

b. the free coinage of silver.

President Garfield's assassination was blamed on a. religious fanaticism. b. the negative impact of the spoils system. c. attempted civil service reform. d. southern Redeemers.

b. the negative impact of the spoils system

The largest expense in the federal budget in 1890 was a. the armed services. b. the post office. c. veterans' pensions. d. congressional salaries.

b. the post office.

Poor southern whites joined with black Populists because a. they objected to southern racism. b. their economic plight was ignored by the white elites who dominated the Democrats. c. they wanted to overthrow segregation laws. d. they wanted to end electoral fraud.

b. their economic plight was ignored by the white elites who dominated the Democrats.

The Women's Christian Temperance Union argued that women needed the vote a. because they were naturally equal to men. b. to fulfill their domestic responsibilities in the public sphere. c. to purify politics. d. because they had the same citizenship rights as men.

b. to fulfill their domestic responsibilities in the public sphere.

The dominance of private development in U.S. cities tended to make them a. clean, sanitary urban centers. b. ugly and utilitarian. c. highly regulated. d. heavily planned.

b. ugly and utilitarian

Civil service reform became an important issue after President Garfield a. appointed corrupt cabinet members. b. was assassinated. c. campaigned on the issue of civil service reform. d. uncovered corruption in the postal service.

b. was assassinated.

Glass Steagall Act

barred commercial banks from becoming involved in the buying and selling of stocks

Besides defining citizenship, the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution

barred states from denying any person "equal protection of the laws."

19th Amendment

barred states from using sex as a qualification for voting. U.S. became the 27th country to allow women to vote

Tenure of Office Act

barred the president from removing certain officeholder, like cabinet members without the consent of the Senate; led to impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1867)

Shah Reza Pahlavi

became leader of Iran and he helped the country get rich. Many Iranians opposed; protests eventually caused him to flee the country in 1979.

As a result of the Zimmermann telegram, Wilson

became more convinced that Germany was conspiring against the United States.

Richard Nixon

becomes president in 1968

Jimmy Carter

becomes president in 1977; governor of Georgia; pledged never to lie to the American people; brought the leaders of Egypt & Israel together for peace talks; "Camp David Accords"

cold war

between the U.S. and the soviet union

Sit- ins

black people would sit at the counter in restaurants (even though they were not allowed to)

"Other America"

book that revealed that in 1962, 22% of the population was at or below the poverty level

General Managers West

bought Pullmans car palace. Wanted to end the union.GMW called gov. But gov sympathize with workers. Went to president to convince the terrors of unions and strikes. Richard onley got an injuction.

Ray Kroc

bought out McDonalds

The Braceero Program during World War II

brought short term contract workers from Mexico to work in agricultural jobs vacated by American workers.

Horizontal Integration

buying out all competing companies

Gospel of Wealth

by Andrew Carnegie

The growth of the middle class can be seen in the fact that nearly ____________________________ Americans held white-collar jobs in 1910. a. 500,000 b. 1 million c. 9 million d. 10 million e. 20 million

c. 9 million

The ____________________________ was formed by craft workers organized along occupational lines. a. Knights of Labor b. industrial union c. American Federation of Labor d. labor boycott e. Socialist Labor Party

c. American Federation of Labor

The best example of the vertically integrated company in the United States after the Civil War was a. J. P. Morgan's banking operations in New York. b. John Wanamaker's department stores in Pennsylvania. c. Gustavus Swift's meatpacking company in Chicago. d. Henry C. Frick's railroad company in New York.

c. Gustavus Swift's meatpacking company in Chicago.

In the 1896 election, ____________________________ orchestrated McKinley's money-raising campaign. a. J. P. Morgan b. Andrew Carnegie c. Mark Hanna d. Tom Watson

c. Mark Hanna

Republicans who were for the status quo but against corruption were called ____________________________. a. Stalwarts b. Halfbreeds c. Mugwumps d. Redeemers e. Populists

c. Mugwumps

African American migration led to ____________________________ and ____________________________ becoming the major urban black centers. a. Boston/New York City b. Philadelphia/Boston c. New York City/Washington d. Washington/Philadelphia e. Chicago/Boston

c. New York City/Washington

____________________________ were unofficial organizations made up of insiders who carried on the political work of the party. a. Mugwumps b. Populists c. Political machines d. Stalwarts e. Redeemers

c. Political machines

The nation's first electric trolley-car system was built in the city of ____________________________. a. New York b. Boston c. Richmond d. Philadelphia e. Chicago

c. Richmond

The wealth-driven culture of the late nineteenth century was satirized in ____________________________, a novel by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner. a. In His Steps b. The Rise of David Levinsky c. The Gilded Age d. A Modern Instance e. A Hazard of New Fortunes

c. The Gilded Age

In 1879, ____________________________ created the first commercially practical incandescent lamp. a. Charles F. Brush b. Alexander Graham Bell c. Thomas Edison d. William Jenney e. Frank J. Sprague

c. Thomas Edison

The federal government took control of the money supply away from state banks with the ____________________________ Act. a. Pendleton b. Civil Service c. U.S. Banking d. Sherman e. Bland-Alison

c. U.S. Banking

____________________________ published the names of New York City's "Four Hundred" in his Social Register. a. Theodore Dreiser b. Edwin L. Godkin c. Ward McAllister d. Charles Dana Gibson e. Edward H. Clarke

c. Ward McAllister

The South became a fully segregated society a. following the Civil War. b. when the Redeemers took over after Reconstruction. c. after the defeat of Populism. d. when the Republicans abandoned the southern blacks.

c. after the defeat of Populism.

In the beginning, Populism in the South was a. predominately white. b. an all-black movement. c. an interracial movement. d. within the Democratic Party.

c. an interracial movement.

The railroads were constructed in nineteenth-century America a. as examples of free enterprise, a model where individuals such as Cornelius Vanderbilt made the entire investment, and the government stepped in only when necessary to break strikes. b. as a state program in which states took the initiative for funding and constructing railroads through their territories. c. as a private enterprise heavily subsidized by federal, state, and local governments. d. as a federally funded program run by states and contracted out to corporations.

c. as a private enterprise heavily subsidized by federal, state, and local governments.

Southern Democrats adopted the name "Redeemers" in the 1870s because they a. advocated a broad alliance of all races in the South. b. worked on behalf of raising the standard of living of poor whites. c. claimed to have "redeemed" the South from northern Republican domination. d. "redeemed" the two-party system in the South.

c. claimed to have "redeemed" the South from northern Republican domination.

The building of skyscrapers was made possible by the development of all of the following except a. durable plate glass. b. passenger elevators. c. durable brick building material. d. structural steel.

c. durable brick building material.

The Colored Farmers' Alliance ____________________________. a. worked closely with the southern Democratic Party. b. was a strong and outspoken political structure in the South. c. forged strong political ties with southern Populists. d. lobbied for higher tariffs on farm products. e. worked closely with white farmers.

c. forged strong political ties with southern Populists.

The Populists joined with the Democratic Party in nominating Bryan for the presidency in 1896 because of the candidate's position on the ____________________________ issue. a. patronage b. civil service c. free-silver d. gold standard e. woman suffrage

c. free-silver

The expansion of the railroads was aided greatly by the adoption of a standard ____________________________ for all railroad tracks. a. inch b. metal c. gauge d. measurement e. language

c. gauge

Capital goods are defined as a. cheap manufactured items that replaced those previously made at home or by artisans. b. goods marketed on a mass scale. c. goods that add to the productive capacity of the economy. d. goods that require much investment capital to produce.

c. goods that add to the productive capacity of the economy.

City politics tended to a. isolate new ethnic communities from mainstream culture. b. leave immigrants powerless. c. integrate immigrants into urban society. d. isolate immigrants in ethnic communities.

c. integrate immigrants into urban society.

New York high society differed from that in many American cities because a. it was dominated by old money. b. it was controlled by a tribe of Brahmin families. c. it was relatively open to the newly rich. d. there were few millionaires.

c. it was relatively open to the newly rich.

New Catholic immigrants in the late nineteenth century conflicted with older Irish Catholics over a. the role of the Church in social reform. b. the extent to which the Church should adapt to American society. c. local control over Church hierarchy. d. the Church's attitude toward capitalism.

c. local control over Church hierarchy.

The new stage of life known as adolescence came from a. a new youth culture. b. longer life spans in the suburbs. c. longer periods of children's dependency on family. d. the economic importance of children.

c. longer periods of children's dependency on family.

Perhaps the most important development in the modern city was a. the introduction of industrial factories. b. modern transportation. c. modern communications. d. the widespread use of electricity.

c. modern communications.

A continuing rural ideal pushed middle-class Americans to a. build more parks in city centers. b. plant trees along the city streets. c. move to the suburbs. d. move to rural areas away from the city.

c. move to the suburbs.

The typical middle-class family of 1900, consisting of a husband, wife, and their three children, is referred to as a(n) ____________________________ family. a. industrial b. suburban c. nuclear d. affectionate e. preindustrial

c. nuclear

At the local level in the North, Democrats and Republicans were deeply divided over a. tariff issues. b. money policy. c. social issues. d. racial issues.

c. social issues.

Most of the immigrants without industrial skills who flooded into American factories came from a. northern Europe. b. Ireland. c. southern and eastern Europe. d. Latin America.

c. southern and eastern Europe.

The middle-class emphasis on female virtue a. gave women equality with men. b. made women less reliant on their husbands. c. still emphasized women's subservience to men. d. gave women more independence.

c. still emphasized women's subservience to men

A(n) ____________________________ is a tax on imports. a. blue law b. specie c. tariff d. patronage e. initiative

c. tariff

The poor in New York City generally lived in five- or six-story ____________________________. a. skyscrapers b. subdivided homes c. tenements d. single-family houses e. "els"

c. tenements

The Supreme Court based its rejection of attempts to regulate business on a. culturally popular beliefs in individualism. b. Darwinian explanations of evolution. c. the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. d. civil rights guarantees in the Fifteenth Amendment.

c. the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

The emergence of modern labor management was characterized by a. a proliferation of job openings for highly skilled craftspeople. b. increasing worker autonomy in the workplace. c. the elimination of brain work from manual labor. d. decreasing efficiency in industry.

c. the elimination of brain work from manual labor.

All of the following were aspects of the Populist reform agenda except a. nationalization of the railroads. b. a graduated income tax. c. the free coinage of gold. d. the subtreasury plan.

c. the free coinage of gold.

Trade unions were different from industrial unions in that a. trade unions organized artisans who worked by hand, and industrial unions organized factory workers. b. trade unions looked backward and resisted new technological innovations, while industrial unions tried to get the most that they could from the new systems of production. c. trade unions organized skilled workers on the basis of craft, such as carpentry, while industrial unions organized workers in a single industry, such as railroads, regardless of skill. d. trade unions were inclusive of anyone who had skills, while industrial unions only admitted white men, regardless of skills that women or blacks may have had.

c. trade unions organized skilled workers on the basis of craft, such as carpentry, while industrial unions organized workers in a single industry, such as railroads, regardless of skill.

Once railroad corporations were given the opportunity to sell interest-bearing bonds, limited liability was important because investors a. were guaranteed a fair return on their investment. b. could not lose the original amount that they had invested. c. were not responsible for the debts incurred by the corporations. d. could only be sued for railroad accidents if the corporation was willfully negligent.

c. were not responsible for the debts incurred by the corporations.

All of the following statements accurately describe working women in the American labor force in the late nineteenth century except a. about one-third of working women were maids or domestic servants, one-third held white-collar jobs, and one-third worked in factories. b. among African American married women, 30 percent worked for wages. c. women were not encouraged to enter the workforce until after they married. d. less than 5 percent of married white women worked for wages outside the home.

c. women were not encouraged to enter the workforce until after they married.

March on Washington (1963)

called for the passage of a civil rights bill pending before Congress that would make segregation prohibited in all public places

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

called separate education facilities are inherently unequal; school boards given a "reasonable time" to implement the decision

Hoover responded to the Bonus March by

calling out troops to disperse the marchers

Theodore Roosevelt

came in after William McKinley. 1901-1909. Rosevelt decide to destroy spain from philipiness Center of Social Re-Form Movement Upton Sinclair "the jungle" Frank Noriss "The octupus" Morally Right National Parks, Meat Inspection Act, Sherman Anti Trust Act

Rosa Parks

catalyst for the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

Upton Sinclair

classic muckraking novel, The Jungle

W.E.B. DuBois

co-founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909.

Truman Doctrine (1947)

committed the U.S. to become the protector of the "Free" World

Crop-lien System

contract for debt, pay crazy interest

Ethel & Julius Rosenberg

convicted by a jury for conspiracy to pass secrets concerning the atomic bomb to Soviet agents during WWII. They were sentenced to death in 1953

Governor Robert M. La Follette believed that

corporations should be driven out of politics.

Corporations received broad judicial protection in the 1880s and 1890s when the Supreme Court ruled that

corporations were covered as individuals under the Fourteenth Amendment

TVA- Tennessee Valley Authority

country goes into debt to help give people jobs to increase economy. Construction of dams along Tennessee Valley. It employed thousands, produced hydro-electricity, controlled flooding and soil erosion, and out gov in the role of electric company

Richard Nixon's involvment in the Watergate scandal was

covering up the connection between the Committee to Re-elect the President and the men who broke into Democratic headquarters at the Watergate complex.

Cesar Chavez

created United Farm workers union; said "do not buy grapes until working conditions for hispanics in the feilds improve!"

Federal reserve act

created and established the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States, and which created the authority to issue Federal Reserve Notes (now commonly known as the U.S. Dollar)

Which one of the following statements most accurately characterizes the recruitment of factory labor by American industry in the late nineteenth century? a. Because of gains in industrial efficiency, American industry did not require significantly more workers in 1900 than it had in 1870, resulting in widespread unemployment and low wages. b. White Americans migrating from rural areas avidly sought factory work and kept blacks out of the plants. c. Most blacks who migrated to cities subsequently were employed in factory work. d. Closed to blacks and unappealing to native-born whites, American industry came to rely increasingly on the labor of European immigrants in the late nineteenth century.

d. Closed to blacks and unappealing to native-born whites, American industry came to rely increasingly on the labor of European immigrants in the late nineteenth century.

Laws requiring the segregation of the races in the South were known as ____________________________ laws. a. blue b. separate but equal c. disfranchising d. Jim Crow e. grandfather clause

d. Jim crow

In rousing support for the Populist cause, ____________________________ called for farmers "to raise less corn and more hell." a. Tom Watson b. James B. Weaver c. Lorenzo Dow Lewelling d. Mary Elizabeth Lease e. William Jennings Bryan

d. Mary Elizabeth Lease

____________________________ was the leading exponent of Social Darwinism in the United States. a. Herbert Spencer b. Charles Darwin c. Horatio Alger d. William Graham Sumner e. Andrew Carnegie

d. William Graham Sumner

In the 1890s, Dr. Edward Foote recommended that ____________________________. a. women do no heavy work after bearing children. b. women wear only tightly laced and modest clothing in public. c. women avoid shopping in department stores, due to exposure to diseases. d. a healthy sexuality was important for women as well as men.

d. a healthy sexuality was important for women as well as men

Andrew Carnegie's adoption of the Bessemer process spurred what changes in American industry? a. intensive exploitation of the country's rich mineral resources b. the development of continuous-operation steel mills c. the growth of the rail industry d. all of the above

d. all of the above

In the 1890s, resistance to white rule and segregation in southern states a. met with violence and terror in the service of white supremacy. b. led to streetcar boycotts and antilynching crusades by southern blacks. c. resulted in a Back-to-Africa movement on the part of some southern blacks. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

Participants in which of the following movements were arrested in the aftermath of the Haymarket Square bombing? a. the American Federation of Labor b. socialists c. the Knights of Labor d. anarchists

d. anarchists

In campaigns against the Democrats, Republicans waved the ____________________________. a. Jim Crow laws b. police powers c. blue laws d. bloody shirt e. Mugwumps

d. bloody shirt

By the 1890s, the position of the Republican Party on racial issues was to a. call for the use of force to protect blacks. b. pass legislation guaranteeing blacks the right to vote. c. offer legislation to support racial segregation. d. build white support and leave blacks to their fate.

d. build white support and leave blacks to their fate.

By the 1870s, political parties were a. highly democratic organizations. b. unorganized collections of competing special-interest groups. c. controlled by the voters. d. controlled by party insiders.

d. controlled by party insiders.

Railroad corporations, which were protected by limited liability while being able to issue bonds, often owned the construction companies hired to build the railroads. This combination often resulted in corruption because a. stock speculators were able to buy up all of the bonds. b. railroad corporations kept control of all of their bonds. c. the construction companies would only build tracks that would transport the railroads' own cars. d. corporate speculators could sell bonds without worrying about completing the project as they were not personally liable.

d. corporate speculators could sell bonds without worrying about completing the project as they were not personally liable.

In the North, Democrats tended to be a. native-born Protestants. b. native-born Catholics. c. foreign-born Protestants. d. foreign-born Catholics.

d. foreign-born Catholics.

When all of the workers in a single industry, regardless of skill, form a labor organization, it is called a(n) ____________________________ union. a. craft b. workers' c. socialist d. industrial e. syndicalist

d. industrial

Immigrants to the United States from southern and eastern Europe tended to a. disperse to the newly opened farm lands of the Midwest. b. blend rapidly into the general population. c. disperse into the cities and towns in the interior. d. live near their jobs in inexpensive housing

d. live near their jobs in inexpensive housing

Populists lost their independence by a. allying with blacks in the South. b. supporting the subtreasury system. c. backing William Jennings Bryan. d. making free silver their defining issue.

d. making free silver their defining issue.

All of the following issues were fiercely contested in late-nineteenth-century politics except a. Sunday closing laws. b. public education. c. the liquor question. d. poor relief.

d. poor relief.

In the late nineteenth century, American cities primarily were developed by a. public finances. b. municipal government. c. state government. d. private enterprise.

d. private enterprise.

For the middle class, the family was a a. source of income. b. center of production. c. source of employment. d. refuge from the public world.

d. refuge from the public world.

In the 1890s, few women in the United States worked as a. salespeople. b. telephone operators. c. packers and assemblers. d. skilled tradespeople.

d. skilled tradespeople

At Homestead, Pennsylvania, industrialist Henry Clay Frick worked with the governor to send in the ____________________________ to crush the resistance of striking workers. a. Pinkertons b. federal troops c. Red Cross d. state militia e. buffalo soldiers

d. state militia

The ____________________________ was the amount of work that autonomous craft workers decided should be performed in a day. a. load b. cable c. unit d. stint e. grind

d. stint

President Cleveland became isolated within his own party because of his handling of all of the following except a. Coxey's army. b. the Pullman strike. c. the McKinley Tariff. d. the Homestead strike.

d. the Homestead strike.

Poor whites went along with disfranchisement efforts such as poll taxes and literacy tests because a. the laws did not apply to them. b. they were literate and had enough money to pay the tax. c. they were not politically active anyway. d. they were given a voice in the Democratic Party.

d. they were given a voice in the Democratic Party.

A common antiunion measure taken by employers was the ____________________________, in which employees had to agree not to join a union as a condition of employment. a. no-strike pledge b. blacklist c. Pinkerton Detective Agency d. yellow-dog contract e. boycott

d. yellow-dog contract

what were the images and Inovations of the roaring twenties?

dancing, fashion, flappers, jazz music

Great Depression 1929

decline (econ, business, fam), high unemployment. Reason: factories produced more than they can sell. (no people buying = factories close down) unstable economic conditions in Europe. Agricultural decline Effects: poverty, unemployment, hobos, and lines

14th Amendment

defined citizenship and extended it to AA; equal protection and due processes of the laws guaranteed; any state to deny voting to any citizens would risk the reduction of representatives

Senator Fulbright's public hearings on the Vietnam War

demonstrated that public officials were deeply divided over America's role in the Vietnam War.

Executive Order 9066

deportation of Japanese Americans and Italian-Americans to internment camps.

Conservative critics charged that the New Deal

destroyed individual initiative.

Student Protests

drafted at 18 1/2 - 26 years old; students would protest the war in Vietnam

Hiroshima

dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese city

Frederick Law Olmsted's design of the Chicago Columbian Exposition of 1893 gave rise to the ____________________________ movement. a. "urban revivalist" b. "Chicago School" c. "skyscraper" d. "suburban" e. "City Beautiful"

e. "City Beautiful"

In striking down laws passed by states seeking to regulate business activities, the Supreme Court relied on the ____________________________. a. Fifteenth Amendment b. blue laws c. police powers d. Pendleton Act e. Fourteenth Amendment

e. Fourteenth Amendment

____________________________wrote a popular series of rags-to-riches stories celebrating individualism. a. Andrew Carnegie b. William Graham Sumner c. Herbert Spencer d. Russell H. Conwell e. Horatio Alger

e. Horatio Alger

____________________________ became a magnet for American millionaires in the late nineteenth century. a. Boston b. Chicago c. Baltimore d. Philadelphia e. New York City

e. New York City

At the turn of the century, most women who worked were employed as factory workers, white-collar workers, and ____________________________. a. skilled artisans b. telephone operators c. field hands d. prostitutes e. domestic servants

e. domestic servants

Laws requiring the segregation of the races in the South were known as ____________________________ laws. a. blue b. separate but equal c. disfranchising d. Jim Crow e. grandfather clause

e. grandfather clause

In the South, blacks and whites worked in equal numbers only in the ____________________________ industry. a. textile b. railroad c. agriculture d. steel e. lumber

e. lumber

The need for fuel in the steel industry led to an expansion of ____________________________ mining. a. uranium b. oil c. gold d. coal e. natural gas

e. natural gas

The field of ____________________________ was developed by Frederick W. Taylor. a. labor studies b. mass production c. railroad engineering d. refrigeration technology e. scientific management

e. scientific management

In order to fill its need for unskilled labor, American industry depended on immigrants from ____________________________. a. Asia b. the American South c. western Europe d. Ireland e. southern and eastern Europe

e. southern and eastern Europe

The actual gold and silver on which the money supply was based was called ____________________________. a. legal tender b. hard money c. soft money d. sound money e. specie

e. specie

A. Philip Randolph

eader in the Civil Rights Movement and led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, the first predominantly African-American labor union Significance of Randolph was that he got president Franklin D. Roosevelt to sign Executive Order 8802 in 1941, banning discrimination in the defense industries during World War II. then successfully pressured President Harry S. Truman to issue Executive Order 9981 in 1948, ending segregation in the armed services.(know presidents did this so they can get the support of black men which will help to stay in office)

Urban blacks were drawn to Marcus Garvey because he

emphasized racial pride

The body of ideas known as Wilsonianism and summarized in the Fourteen Points included the belief that

empires should be dismantled so that nations could be free to determine and control their own destiny.

In order to achieve its objective, the Committee on Public Information

encouraged Americans to spy on each other and report evidence of suspicious behavior.

Reconstruction governments in the South

encouraged investment in industry.

Brown II decision (1955)

enforced integration of schools with "deliberate speed" which made racial segregation illegal Important because Brown II was intended to work out the mechanics of desegregation. Due to the vagueness of the term "all deliberate speed," many states were able to stall the Court's order to desegregate their schools.

Love Canal, Three Mile Island, and the Cuyahoga River are all sites of

environmental disasters.

Bretton Woods system

establish a postwar international monetary system of convertible currencies, fixed exchange rates and free trade. To facilitate these objectives, the agreement created two international institutions: the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank). The intention was to provide economic aid for reconstruction of postwar Europe. -Major significance was to prevent "Beggar thy neighbor" through which one country attempts to remedy its economic problems by means that tend to worsen the economic problems of other countries.

D.W. Griffth's early motion picture Birth of a Nation

establish efficient refuse removal and disposal systems while maintaining a pure, clean, and safe water supply for urban residents.

In the final analysis, the progressives were able to

establish the principle that government should intervene in social and political affairs to ensure fairness, health, and safety.

In mobilizing the economy for the war effort, the government

established a partnership between government and business.

Office of Price Administration

established price controls (wanted to keep price regular), Slogan: Use it up, make it do, or do without Speed limit reduced to 35 and was in charge of rationing

Political machines spread and thrived in urban areas during the late nineteenth century because

existing city governments were disorganized in solving the urgent needs of growing urban areas.

Writers of the 1920s such as Ernest Hemingway and T. S. Eliot and F. Scott Fitzgerald

exposed the hypocracy of the age and rejected its materiallsm and conformity.

Martin Luther King, Jr.

famous for "Letter from Birmingham jail"; used peaceful tactic

Social isolation was a characteristic of life on the Plains because

farmhouses on the 160 acre tracts received by settlers under the Homestead Act were widely separated

Xenophobia

fear of that which is perceived to be foreign or strange.[1][2] Xenophobia can manifest itself in many ways involving the relations and perceptions of an ingroup towards an outgroup,

The Fair Deal proposed by Truman pushed legislation for (3)

federal aid for education. African American civil rights. national health insurance.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

fire in Manhattan, New York City on March 25, 1911 was the deadliest industrial disaster in the history of the city, and one of the deadliest in US history.

First New Deal

focused on economic recovery and putting people back to work; restore confidence

Second New Deal

focused on economic security; protecting Americans against unemployment and poverty; forge a lasting Democratic Coalition

Civil Rights Bill

followed right after the 13th Amendment; made by Senator Trumbull; "fundamental rights belonging to every man as a free man"; didn't mention the right to vote for blacks

Anti-War Movement

forced Americans to protest in the streets

George Kennan

foreign officer who formulated the containment doctrine

containment

foreign policy to stop spread communism

Fireside Chant

form of communication on the radio from the president to the people. He is informing the people of what programs/action he is going to take and what's happening.

Abraham Lincoln

formulated the 10% plan and Emancipation Proclamation, assassinated in 1865, wanted to unify the country and secure political rights for AA

Ku Klux Klan

founded in the 1860s in the south; meant to control newly freed slaves through threats and violence; other targets: Catholics, Jews, immigrants and others thought to be un-American

Samuel Gompers

founder of the American Federation of Labor

Terence Powderly

founder of the Knights of Labor

what was the goal of the march on Washington in 1963?

freedom and jobs in the nations capital. ended up getting JFK to initiate a strong federal civil rights bill in congress.

what were FDR's 4 freedoms?

freedom of speech and expression, the freedom to worship God in his one way, freedom from want and freedom from fear

In the case of Schenck v. U.S., the Supreme Court ruled that

freedom of speech could be restricted in time of war.

During the early 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan

gained power nationally as an antiblack, anti immigrant, anti Catholic movement.

Passed by Congress over President Johnson's veto, the Civil Rights Bill of 1866

gave federal judges the power to ensure equality by the southern courts.

Douglas MacArthur

general who commanded a broad offensive against the japanese that would move north from australia...through new guinea and eventually to the philippines

Settlement workers such as Jane Addams

genuinely wanted to improve the lives of slum dwellers and made valuable contributions to inner-city life.

Social Security

government involvement in people's lives. Established unemployment insurance, aid to dependents (disabled child), and Old-Age Pension (money set aside from employers and employees tax). Paid with tax given to employers. First check sent on 1945.

Civil Rights Act (1866)

granted citizenship and the same rights enjoyed by white citizens to all male persons in the United States "without distinction of race or color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude."

Neutrality Act (1935)

growth in isolationism

1866 National Labor Union

guilds use skill for controlling labor groups had different focus Needed a central focus, didnt get much done 1873 depression broke them down

the allied strategy to win the war in 1942 was called what code name?

gymnast and the sledgehammer

To end the depression, Jacob Coxey advocated

he infusion of money into the economy through a federal jobs program

Charles Coughlin

he was one of the first political leaders to use radio to reach a mass audience. (Religious leader)

Munich Conference

held in Munich on September 28--29, 1938, during which the leaders of Great Britain, France, and Italy agreed to allow Germany to annex certain areas of Czechoslovakia.

Blitzkrieg

highly mobile form of infantry and armor

Highway Act

highway system created under Eisenhower; improved national defense and transportation

The treatment of the Chinese, the native people and Hispanics in the West

illustrates unresovled race issues during Reconstruction.

1973 Oil Embargo

imposed by OPEC and caused long lines at gas stations After the U.S. backed Israel in its war against Syria and Egypt, which had been trying to regain territory lost in the Six-Day War, the Arab nations imposed an oil embargo, which strictly limited oil in the U.S. and caused a crisis.

Tehran Conference

in 1943, the Big Three decide on the invasion of France; D-Day becomes June 6, 1944

Casablanca Conference

in January, 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill decide on an invasion of Italy

Fireside Chats

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

A beneficial effect of the Cuban missile crisis was

installation of a Washington-Moscow hot line.

After the Civil War, the main purpose of the Ku Klux Klan in the South was to

intimidate Republicans.

what was the word to describe US Cold War policy for nearly 40 years?

iron curtain

Securities & Exchange Act

is a law governing the secondary trading of securities (stocks, bonds, and debentures) in the United States of America

Welfare Capitalism

is also the practice of businesses providing welfare services to their employees

Model T

is an automobile that was produced by Ford Motor Company

Federal trade commission

is an independent agency of the United States government, Its principal mission is the promotion of consumer protection and the elimination and prevention of monopolies

during the 1930's American foreign policy towards Europe was called what?

isolation over collective security

Little Rock Central High (1957)

it was a test case for desegregated schools; Gov. Orval Faubus made decision he didn't want integration so he ordered the National Guard to block the students. Eisenhower tells Faubus that he can't use state troops for things like that. A mob of whites then fight the Central Police and attack African Americans. Eisenhower then sends in the Paratroopers into Little Rock to protect the African American students. Faubus the next year closed all schools to prevent integration

how did the second new deal differ from the first new deal?

it was more liberal 1rst new deal FDR was trying to please the people and it was very moderate 2nd new deal FDR he got the government more involved with the economy by things such as the wager act

American foreign policy towards Asia?

keeping the doors open

Dust Bowls

lack of rainfall and soil erosion (drought and not replenishing soil) -no income so people will leave their farm and moved to California in search of work. Drought refugees: jobs in California but filled up quickly. Refugees were discriminated and taken advantage of.

Freedom Riders

launched by the Congress of Racial Equality(CORE);Integrated groups traveled by bus into the Deep South to test compliance with court orders banning segregation on interstate buses and trains and in terminal facilities. Violent mobs assaulted them. Many were arrested, but their action led to the ICC to order buses and terminal to be desegregated

Neutrality Act

law making sure the US stays out of the war by banning all sales of arms and loans (1936-1937)

Tom Hayden

leader of Students for a Democratic Society

Dwight D. Eisenhower

leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2--leader of troops in Africa and commander in DDay invasion-elected president-president during integration of Little Rock Central High School

Sharecropping

lease section of farm out to African American families, they pay a share of the crop to land owner/leaser

Womens Suffrage Movement

led by Stanton and Susan B. Anthony; disliked how there were no voting rights given to women;felt white women deserved the right to vote more than minorities

African American leaders in the South during Reconstruction

led efforts to establish public schools in the region.

Trusts

legal devices whereby the affairs of several rival companies were managed by a single director

The policy of détente called for

limited cooperation with the Soviet Union through negotiations within a general environment of rivalry.

Espionage Act

limits free speech and banned criticism of war. Could get arrested or 100 thousand fine. Eugene Debs spoke out against war and got sent to jail for 10 years

Teapot Dome

locations in California to private oil companies at low rates without competitive bidding

New Freedom

lowered tariffs for the first time since 1857

Sedition Act (1918)

made it a crime to speak or print statements that intended to cast "contempt, scorn, or disrepute" on the "form of gov't" or advocate interference with the war effort

Fallout Shelter

made to protect people from radioactive debris

Consumer economy

makes things easier for the average person. Ford made many cheap cars, credit system was created, chain stores were also created, and radio shows became popular.(NBC,CBS)

As a result of the Haymarket bombing,

many people associated labor unions with foreign-born radicals.

Corporate capitalism

many people spreading over large areas for producing goods

Barbed Wire (1874)

marked borders, kept livestock in place or out of one

Fort Laramie Conference

marks the beginning of the reservation era (1851-1854)

Dumbarton Oaks Conference

meeting between US, Great Britain, USSR, and China to draft the constitution of the united nations

Dumbarton Oaks

meeting where Great Britain, USSR and China met to draft the constitution of the United Nations

Horizontal Integration

mergers and buyouts, build monopolies, allows you to set prices

Blitzkrieg

military tactic... renamed the lightning war. They used fire power-germans

The popularity of bicycling in the late 1800s led to

more practical and comfortable clothing styles for women.

In his book Baby and Child Care, Dr. Benjamin Spock asserted that

mothers should devote their full-time attention to the well-being of their children

KKK

movement to limit immigration and was created during restoration. They didn't want African-Americans to have any rights. It became with intimidation from west and became a national organization with, at its peak, 5 million members. They were not just anti-black but also anti-immigrants.

Rape of Nanjing

nanking documented by Western Christian missionaries.

in 1962? so jet middles were discovered in Cuba. what was the outcome?

nation wide fear and anxiety. we withdrew our blockade, Nikita withdrew his missiles in Cuba and it resulted in the nuclear test ban policy which was considered Kennedy's greatest achievement

NOW

national organization for women; 1966; goal: equality for women

Prohibition

nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation and sale of alcoholic

what was the state US policy when WW1 broke out?

neutrality

John F. Kennedy

nixon vs. Kennedy- 1st tv debate; young; good looking; gave America hope; increased defense budget by 20%; created the green berets; sponsored the creation of the peace corps

Sit ins

non-violent protest in which blacks sat in segregated places until they were served or arrested

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., urged his followers to adhere to the philosophy of

nonviolence

what was gulf of toncon? what was the resolution?

north Vietnamese torpedo boats attaxked the USS Maddox in the gulf of Tonkin, American forces commuted in war against Vietnam.

USS Maddox

north boat fired torpedo at american destroyer

Korean War

north korea invades south korea

The "New Look" military of the Eisenhower-Dulles years emphasized

nuclear weapons rather than conventional military forces

• MLK Martin Luther King Jr.

o An American Baptist minister, activist, humanitarian, and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs o Led Montgomery bus boycott o helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

• RFK Robert Francis Kennedy

o Commonly known by his initials RFK, was an American politician from Massachusetts o Senator for New York from 1965 until his assassination in 1968 o His tenure is best known for its advocacy for the African-American Civil Rights Movement, against organized crime, and the mafia, and involvement in us foreign policy o Kennedy played a large role in the Freedom Riders protest o Ran against Kennedy but was assassinated

•Rosa Parks

o an African-American Civil Rights activist o On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Parks refused to obey bus driver order to give up her seat in the colored section to a white passenger, after the white section was filled. Parks was not the first person to resist bus segregation. Others had taken similar step

• Richard Nixon

o e 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974 when he became the only U.S. president to resign the office, as a result of the Watergate scandal o Nixon ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1973 and brought the American POWs home. At the same time, he ended military draft.

Henry Kissinger

o later concurrently as Secretary of State in the administrations of Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. For his actions negotiating the ceasefire in Vietnam (though never realised), Kissinger received the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize under controversial circumstances

John PoinDexter

o the Iran-Contra affair resulted from the discovery of the United States' involvement in sending money and weapons to Iran for the release of American hostages from Lebanon, and sending aid to the Contras. o Evidence revealed that Poindexter was a leader in the organization of the transfer of the weapons to Iran and oversaw other people involved in the affair o He was convicted in April 1990 of multiple felonies as a result of his actions in the Iran-Contra affair, but his convictions were reversed on appeal in 1991

• LBJ Lyndon B. Johnson

o was the 36th President of the United States from 1963 to 1969 o Johnson was strongly supported by the Democratic Party, and as President designed the "Great Society" legislation upholding civil rights, public broadcasting, Medicare, Medicaid, aid to education, the arts, urban and rural development, public services, and his "War on Poverty

William Casey

o was the Director of Central Intelligence from 1981 to 1987. In this capacity he oversaw the entire United States Intelligence Community and personally directed the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). o Scheduled t testify before Congress about his knowledge of Iran Contra Affair but was reported incapable of speech during operation to remove brain tumor o Reporter snuck in to ask if he knew about it and he nodded yes but nothing came of it

War Industries Board

of human welfare and property rights, to coordinate the purchase of war supplies. The organization

Trusts and Holding Companies

often put small companies out of business.

Unlike middle class progressives, working class progressives

often thought they could work with urban political bosses for humanitarian reform efforts.

Cash and Carry

one of the Neutrality Acts of 1935; required all nations at war to pay _____ for anything _____ their stuff on their own ships back home

Emergency Bank Act

opened up the vaults in the Federal Reserve Bank and took America off the gold system.

During the 1930s the growth of organized labor was illustrated by the

organization of industrial wokers in the CIO

Social Security Act

original purpose was to provide federal assistance to those unable to work

Civil Rights Act

outlawed discrimination in all public places; outlawed job discrimination based on race and gender; fair employment practices commission

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination in employment on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

Enforcement Acts

outlawed terrorist societies and allowed president to use the army against them; defined crimes that aimed to deprive citizens of their civil and political rights as federal offenses rather than violations of state law

War production board

oversee production of economy from civilians to military supplies. Headed by Don Nelson and shifted from consumer goods to war supplies. Cars= jeeps, tanks, and planes. Created Rations and plant gardens

Vertical Integration

own each step of the process for your business's product, economies of scale, greater control and efficiency

Civil Right 1964

passed after the 1963 "March on Washington"<-- where "I have a dream" took place. Banned Discrimination in any area open to the public. Empowered justice dept. to file suit against offenders. Important because ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin, is considered one of the crowning legislative achievements of the civil rights movement.

what effect did the Geneva accordas have on Vietnam?

peace conference, cut Vietnam in half on the 17th parallel, caused civil war

how effected was anti-war movement in 1960's and 1970's?

peaceful demonstrations turned violent, activists felt their demands were being ignored, roads were blocked, college classes cancelled, by 1969 American effort was failing, 1970 Nixon announced temporary invasion of Cambodia

The Intercollegiate Athletic Association was founded to

police college sports.

Chicago Democratic Convention

police riots in the street

Populism

political movement for the common people. The government should own the railroads. Bimetallism, workers should have an 8 hour workday and better benefits. William Jennings Bryan - Cross of Gold Speech

Harry Truman

president 1945-1953; created the Truman Doctrine to deal with the spread of communism

Dwight D. Eisenhower

president 1951-1963; he adopted a hard line toward communism in both his domestic and foreign policy

Executive order 9066

presidential executive order signed and issued during World War II by the United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, authorizing the Secretary of War to prescribe certain areas as military zones.

Andrew Johnson

pro-Union & white supremicist; swears revenge until Congress recognizes the new southern states;impeached by Senate

Collective Bargaining

process of negotiation between employers and a group of employees aimed at agreements to regulate working salaries, working conditions, benefits, and other aspects of workers compensation and rights

Joseph McCarthy

proclaims he has a list of communist, but he just wanted popularity and had no list.

Great Society

programs with the goal to eliminate poverty and racial injustice

Most progressives did not ally with the socialists because

progressives favored the capitalist system and did not want to overthrow it.

The Neutrality Acts of 1935 and 1936

prohibited arms shipments and loans to nations declared by the president to be in a state of war

Issued by President Roosevelt in 1941, Executive Order No. 8802

prohibited discrimination in employment of workers in war industries and in government because of race.

Espionage Act (1917)

prohibited spying and interfering with the draft and "false statement" that might impede military success. The victims ranged from virtually the entire socialist press and many foreign language publication; violated states' rights

15th Amendment

prohibited the federal and state govts from denying any citizen the right to vote because of race but did not include women; opened the gate to literacy tests and poll taxes

18th Amendment

prohibited the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor

what was the 18th amendment and what was accomplished by the 19th amendment?

prohibited the manufacture, transportation, or sale of alcohol/ intoxicating liquors. lead to hard work on woman groups leading to the 19th amendment which was woman's right to vote.

Geneva Accords (1954)

promised elections to reunify Vietnam at the end of 1956. Instead this divided Vietnam even more leading to further U.S. involvement in South Vietnam

Through the Share Our Wealth program, Huey Long advocated that the government should

provide a guaranteed annual income to all American families.

John Dewey believed that

public school curricula should be relevant to the lives of students.

Northern(Radical) Rep agenda

pushed political and economic freedom. believed the people should run business and the government shoulldnt get involved... laissez faire

Military Reconstruction Act

put the troops in the South to enforce the will of Congress; divided the South into 5 military districts (1867)

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

raised farm prices and incomes; sharecropping replaced slavery; took land out of production & subsidies

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

re-stimulated industry, gov't control of American industry labor and costs, businesses could create codes to fix prices and share profits.

As a result of the Teheran Conference, the Allies

reached agreement on launching Operation Overlord (Battle of Normandy).

Betty Friedan's book The Feminine Mystique was significant primarily for

reawakening the women's movement

Freedmans Bureau

redistributed food,supplies and land to former slaves and poor whites, established schools and health care; anyone who pledged loyalty to the Union could lease 40 acres of land from bureau and purchase it years later; vetoed by Johnson

Enigma

refers to how the U.S. broke the German code

Harlem Renaissance

refining and improving African-Americans' culture. Created Jazz and had many leaders that led the renaissance. Marcus Garvey: formed United Negro Improvement Association which formed passenger ships (black star line) to sent people back to Africa

Many writers of the Harlem Renaissance

rejected white culture.

Détente

relaxation of tensions between U.S/ Soviet Union and U.S./ China

The Kellogg Briand Pact

renounced war as an instrument of national policy.

Joesph McCarthy

republican senator, accused many prominent figures of being communists "Mccarthyism"

Among the victories that can be attributed to the National Congress of American Indians, the Native American Rights fund, and other moderates among the Native American activists of the 1970s was the

return of millions of acres of land to tribal ownership.

Elvis Presley

rock and roll; blamed by parents because their kids rebelled;

Against Nixon

secret plan to end the war - just win

In the Brown decision, the Supreme Court held that

segregation in public educational facilities was unconstitutional

Limited Liability

separates personal assets from business assets; reduces risk of starting a company

Watergate

series of buildings; CREEP (committee to re- elect the president); "plumbers" were a group created by the White House to prevent leaks; dirty tricks- nickname for actions taken by the plumbers to discredit opponents; Watergate break in- summer of 1972; "plumbers" bore into Democratic Headquarters and got caught; Nixon resigned August 9, 1974 before congress could get started on impeachment hearings

New Deal

series of social liberal programs enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1938, and a few that came later. Produced by president Roosevelt

During the Second World War, African Americans

served in a segregated military.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

set unemployed young men to work on projects like forest preservation, flood control, and the improvement of national parks and wildlife preserves

22nd

sets a term limit to serve as president

Munich Conference

settlement permitting Nazi Germany's annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia

Great Depression

severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s.

Stock Market Crash

short-term investment, buying on margin ( borrow money to buy stocks) crash hits everyone, not just banks. People can't pay back loans. People take all their money out of bank and bank closes down.

New Deal

similar to poker. willing to try new things and experiment. Doesn't know what action to take , but people should move forward and be persistent. Three stages: recovery, relief

Guild

skilled labors

freedmens agenda

slaves were free and pushing to be treated equally. (jobs, pay, rights, etc.)

As a result of concern about urban housing conditions in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries,

some states, such as New York, enacted legislation that imposed light, ventilation, and safety codes on new tenement buildings

The Good Neighbor Policy

sought to establish better relations with Latin America

By advocating passage of the Clayton Anti Trust Act and the creation of the Federal Trade Commission, President Wilson

sought to prevent corporate abuses by expanding government regulatory powers.

The black codes enacted in the South after the Civil War showed that southerners

sought to return African Americans to a position of servility.

stagflation

stagflation refers to high inflation combined with high unemployment and stagnant demand in a countries economy. This occurred from around 1970 to 1979 in the US. It is significant because it was the first major economic downturn since the great depression, and helped tilt the country more to the right politically that furthered during the 1980's to the present.

WW1

starts in 1914, still ongoing before US joined, Alliance system formed. Allies: Great Britain, French, Russia. Central Power: Germany, Austria-Hungary, ottoman Empire. Economy of US skyrocketed with wages and manufacturing increasing, farmers feeding both Britain and US soldiers. Ended on NOv 11, 1918 at 11:11 am

The Fifteenth Amendment

stipulated that states could not deny the right to vote on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

what happened on Black Tuesday?

stock market crash lost billions of dollars and investors, occurred October 29 1929 on wall street beginning of the Great Depression

what were the elements of economic disaster by 1929?

stock market crash (Wall Street crash) Great Depression

Radical Reconstuction

strict. radical republicans won support to begin a radical reconstruction, military style

President Wilson sent thousands of troops to Russia in 1918 to

subvert the new Russian Bolshevik government.

If the United States was to become the "great arsenal of democracy," it had to

successfully convert major industries from the production of consumer goods to the production of war materials.

Plessey vs Ferguson

supreme court decision that basically advocated segregation under the term "separate but equal"

Lyndon Johnson

sworn in after Kennedy dies; successfully passed many of Kennedy's proposals; used the "Johnson Treatment" to get people to vote the way he wanted

Rosie the Riveter

symbol of American Women working in the arms industry - welding -

Blue Eagle

symbol used in the United States by companies to show compliance with the National Industrial Recovery Act, a part of President Franklin Roosevelt's "New Deal" program

Television Revolution

talk shows, game shows became a "big thing"...Ed Sullivan Show, Ozzie and Harriet, Leave it to Beaver; Donna Reed Show!

Consumerism

television; Tupperware; microwave...

Affluent Society

term used by economist John Kenneth Galbraith to describe the American economy in the 1950s, during which time many Americans became enraptured with appliances and homes in the suburbs

Fire side chats

term used to describe a series of 30 evening radio conversations (chats) given by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt over the radio

Fordism

term widely used to describe (1) the system of mass production that was pioneered in the early 20th century by the Ford Motor Company or

In his final radio and television address, President Eisenhower warned the nation about

the "military-industrial complex."

What was the First world satellite broadcast?

the Beatles - all you need is love

The way in which the Supreme Court retreats from Reconstruction is illustrated by

the Bradwell v Illinois case in which women's rights are limited. the Slaughter House cases that limit federal regulatory power. ruling that the right to protect the equal rights of citizens "rests in alone with the states."

Lusitania

the British liner that was sunk by a German submarine off the coast of Ireland killing 124 Americans; made it seem certain the the U.S. would have to enter the war

Great Britain entered the First World War in response to

the German invasion of Belgium.

which was the first war in Korean US history to be caught by a racially integrated armed force?

the Korean War

As a result of the Suez Crisis, Eisenhower proclaimed that the US would intervene in what area of the world if any government, threatened by a communsit takeover, asked for help.

the Middle East

S.D.I.

the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) also known as "star wars" was a project launched by President Reagan to deploy lasers in space that would destroy enemy missiles before they could reach their targets. the USSR protested Reagan's project, believing it violated the 1972 Antiballistic Missile Treaty. It is significant because although the project was not feasible, Soviets did not know that at the time, which led to them building up more military arsenal on money they did not have, helping lead to the collapse of the soviet union.

Vietnamization

the U.S. would train and equip the South Vietnamese to fight

The United States intervened in Guatemala in 1954 because

the United States feared that the government of Guatemala, led by Jacobo Arbenz, was communist

In response to the Japanese declaration of a "New World Order" in Asia, the United States

the United States gave loans and military equipment to China.

American neutrality in response to the First World War was never a real possibility because

the United States had stronger economic ties to the Allies than to the Central Powers.

One of the results of American urban growth and industrial development was that

the United States was freed from dependence on European capital and manufactured goods.

1906 Pure Food and Drug Act

the act that prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure of falsely labeled food and drugs

hitlers final solution meant what?

the annihilation and mass destruction of the Jewish population.

what was FDR's biggest problem in 1933?

the banking crisis, 11,000 banks closed. many people lost their life savings. 25% of Americans lost their jobs.

Miltary Industrial Complex

the combination of the military and the economy. Ended up creating an economy driven by war

As a result of the Dawes Severalty Act,

the community owned tribal lands of the western Indians were dissolved.

The most decisive factor in the decision to extend the right to vote to women was

the contributions made by women on the home front during the First World War

Black Tuesday

the day the stock market crashed on Oct.29,1929. More than $10 billion in market value vanished in 5 hours. This led the entire U.S. into a Great Depression.

Economic imperatives in the 1930s led to

the extension of diplomatic relations to the Soviet Union.

Ray Kroc

the father of McDonalds. He purchased the rights from the McDonald brothers and spread the restaurant world wide.

As a result of the Korean War,

the foreign policy of the United States became increasingly militarized.

The Stonewall Inn riot marked the beginning of

the gay rights movement.

President Truman fired General Douglas MacArthur because

the general denounced the concept of limited war supported by President Truman and the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

what were the important new deal programs in 1953?

the goal was to restore confidence and put people back to work permanently- CCC, FDDC, AAA, TVA, NIRA, emergency bombing act

Blitzkrieg

the lightning war by Nazi Germany that overrun Poland, Scandinavia, Belgium, and the Netherlands/ France and Western/Northern Europe falls to Hitler's Panzer division in 7 weeks

One of the features of the classic movie Rebel Without a Cause that ties it to the 1950s is its reflection of

the masculinity-crisis theories popular in the '50s

purchasing power

the number and quality or value of goods and services that can be purchased with a unit of currency Important because after the war people had extra money after due to the wealthy economy, thus being able to spend more Could be affected by inflation and deflation

As a result of the War on Poverty,

the number of elderly Americans living in poverty declined dramatically.

As a result of the Great Depression,

the number of marriages declined and the birthrate fell.

As a result of the Voting Rights Act of 1965,

the number of registered African American voters in the South dramatically increased

Truman doctrine (1947)

the principle that the US should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or communist insurrection providing economic and military aid to countries—initially Greece and Turkey—that were attempting to resist communism Helping Europe recover basically (some Asia too) Important because It was created to fight the spread of Communism, as the government was afraid that if a few small, weak countries became Communist, then it would lead to a Domino effect that would lead other countries to fall to Communism, and would hurt the US's idea of free trade and capitalism.

what happened at little rock central in 1947??

the racial integration. 9 students from an all black school were sent to an all white school.

for the feminist woman in the 1920's, what did freedom mean?

the right to be including in politics, being allowed to wear what one wants

As a consequence of child labor laws and compulsory school attendance laws,

the role of the family in socializing children declined while that of the peer group increased.

Afghan/Mujahideen

the term for one engaged in Jihad. In English usage, it mostly referred to the guerrilla type military outfits led by the Muslim Afghan warriors in the Soviet war in Afghanistan, but now it often refers to other jihadist outfits in various countries.

What is the domino theory?

the theory that a political event in one country will cause similar events in neighboring countries

As a result of racial tensions between Mexican Americans and white sailors and soldiers in 1943, the city of Los Angles outlawed

the wearing of zoot suits.

As a result of Silent Spring,

the widespread use of DDT in the United States ended. (agriculture)

after WW2 ended, what were the roles of woman in society as we get into the 1950's?

the woman wanted to keep the jobs that they had taken over during WW2 but that wasn't possible with all the men returning. little job freedom for woman still existed and the gender roles were still heavily in place.

what became the status of Japanese- American citizens after the attack on Pearl Harbor?

they were placed in interior camps. were excluded from all of the west coast.

As a result of President Roosevelt's "quarantine" speech in response to Japan's attack on China in 1937,

those who believed the United States had been too soft on Japan in the past were pleased by Roosevelt's denunciation of Japan.

One of the effects of the work of Frederick W. Taylor was that

time, as much as quality, became the measure of acceptable work.

Preparedness

to expand American army and Navy in WW1

Marshall Plan

to help Europe recover economically; named for secretary of state George Marshall

Neutrality

to limit U.S. involvement in future wars.

Freedom Summer

to persuade blacks to register to vote

what were the primary causes for the Japanese's attack on Pearl Harbor?

to put a hold on interference of Franklin Roosevelt in the internal affairs of Japan. Roosevelt banned trade functions for Japan. wanted to be strongest naval power, america was in their way.

Sudetenland

to refer to those northern, southwest, and western areas of Czechoslovakia which were inhabited primarily by ethnic German speakers, specifically the border districts of Bohemia, Moravia, and those parts of Czech Silesia located within Czechoslovakia, since they were part of Austria until the end of World War I.

Dunkirk

took place in Dunkirk, France, during the Second World War between the Allies and Nazi Germany. As part of the Battle of France on the Western Front, the Battle of Dunkirk was the defense and evacuation of British and Allied forces in Europe from 26 May - 4 June 1940.

1961 Inaugural speech

torch has been passed to a new generation

In Muller v. Oregon the Supreme Court

upheld a law limiting working hours for women.

McCarthyism

used aggressive tactics and wild claims to attempt to weed out alleged communists

Sioux

used horses to dominate rivals

No Vagrancy Laws

used to deal with the unemployed and homeless freed slaves. rationale was that would suck up taxes to care for homeless. could arrest any jobless black male, fine for vagrancy, and landowners would pay it off, then forcing the black man to work off his debt. legal way to force black labor.

Andrew Carnegie

used vertical integration; American steel; mother taught him that life was a ceaseless struggle in which one must strive to get ahead or sink beneath the waves; believed that the rich had a moral obligation to promote the advancement of society;fought employees efforts to organize unions

In the frontier communities, ethnic minorities

usually occupied the bottom of a two tiered labor system and experienced prejudice.

Emancipation Proclamation

victory by Union was a social revolution and resulted in the freeing of the slaves

Volunteerism

voluntary relief (soup kitchens) Hoover promoted it and called private charities and churches to help people in need. Was hard and noneffective since they dont have any funding or donations

15th

voting rights

15th ammendment

voting rights; all citizens have the right to vote no matter what, color, race, previous condition of servitude. women could still not vote

Southern Agenda

wanted to maintain white supremacy (KKK, Black Codes,)

Radical Republicans

wanted to punish the South for what they had done and wanted voting rights to be extended to slaves; wanted equal rights for all regardless of race

What is a Great Society?

war on poverty

Mitchell Palmer

was Attorney General of the United States from 1919 to 1921. He is best known for overseeing the Palmer Raids during the Red Scare of 1919-20

Panay Incident

was a Japanese attack on the American gunboat

John Muir

was a Scottish-American naturalist, author, environmental philosopher and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the United States

Albert Fall

was a United States Senator from New Mexico and the Secretary of the Interior under President Warren G. Harding, infamous for his involvement in the Teapot Dome scandal.

Bill Haywood

was a founding member and leader of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

The Bonus Army

was a group of WWI vets who gathered in Washington, D.C. in the summer of 1932 to demand cash-payment redemption of their service certificates.

Public Utility Holding

was a law that was passed by the United States Congress to facilitate regulation of electric utilities,

Richard Sears

was a manager, businessman, and the founder of Sears, Roebuck and Company/ which was one of the first department stores it started as a catalog store

Warsaw Pact

was a political and military alliance established on May 14, 1955 between the Soviet Union and several Eastern European countries.

In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, the Soviet Union

was a regional power, not a global menace

December 7, 1941

was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Territory, on the morning of December 7, 1941. The attack led to the United States' entry into World War II.

Sedition Act

was an Act of the United States Congress that extended the Espionage Act of 1917 to cover a broader range of offenses, notably speech and the expression of opinion that cast the government or the war effort in a negative light or interfered (illegal to talk negatively about the war)

Leon Czolgosz

was an American anarchist and former steel worker responsible for assassinating William McKinley, President of the United States

McClure's Magazine

was an American illustrated monthly periodical popular at the turn of the 20th century.[1] The magazine is credited with having started the tradition of muckraking journalism(muckraking journalism)

Marshall Plan

was an American initiative to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $12 billion

The Scopes Trial

was an American legal case in 1925 in which a substitute high school teacher, John Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which had made it unlawful to teach human evolution in any state-funded school

Joseph McCarthy-

was an American politician who was a U.S. Senator from the state of Wisconsin from 1947 until his death in 1957.

IQ test

was bias, racial, & prejudice, not everyone had the same opportunities

During the 1920s, organized labor

was hurt by the policy of welfare capitalism, adopted by some large corporations, that offered pensions and profit sharing.

Because of extensive investments abroad and its reliance on foreign trade, the United States

was intolerant of the destabilizing influence of revolutionary nationalism in the Third World

Treaty of Versailles

was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers

George H W Bush

was the 42st president of the United States, previously being Ronald Reagan's vice-president. His policies and ideals derived heavily from his predecessor and were built on them. He was a well-to-do oil tycoon before devoting himself to the public. He served as a congressman, emissary to China, ambassador to the UN, director of the CIA, and vice president before becoming president.

Anscchluss

was the Nazi propaganda term for the annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany in March 1938. German spelling, until the German orthography reform of 1996, was Anschluß

Presidential Reconstruction

was the President's idea of reconstruction : all states had to end slavery, states had to declare that their secession was illegal, and men had to pledge their loyalty to the U.S.

Stock Market Crash

was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States

The bureau of corporations

was to study and report on industry, looking especially for monopolistic practices

The Interstate Commerce Act

was weakly enforced.

Which assumption was generally made by whites settling the Great Plains?

white settlers, seldom accepting treaties as guarantees of Indians' land rights, assumed that they could settle wherever they wished.

Trenches

with new weapon, fighting turned extremely deadly and bloody. Allies built theirs in a rush and so it was built out of dirt, easily flooded, diseases, rats.

Under the Nixon Kissinger policy of "Vietnamization,"

withdrawal of American troops was accompanied by increased bombing of the North and the invasion of Cambodia.

U.S. Grant

won the election of 1868, Union's military hero,

As a result of Section 7(a) of the National Industrial Recovery Act,

workers were guaranteed the right to unionize and bargain collectively.

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

works with groups of business leaders to establish industry codes that set standards for output, prices, and working conditions

In the late 1960s the Haight-Ashbury section of San Francisco became a haven for

young people associated with the counterculture

Iran-Contra Affair

• A diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States. Fifty-two American diplomats and citizens were held hostage for 444 days (November 4, 1979, to January 20, 1981), after a group of Iranian students, belonging to the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line, who were supporting the Iranian Revolution, took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran. • Senior administration officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran, which was the subject of an arms embargo.They hoped thereby to secure the release of several US hostages, and to fund the Contras in Nicaragua. Under the Boland Amendment, further funding of the Contras by the government had been prohibited by Congress.

Betty Friedan Daniel Ellsberg

• American writer, activist, and feminist. A leading figure in the women's movement in the United States, her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique is often credited with sparking the second wave of American feminism in the 20th century • In 1968, Friedan signed the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War

ARVN

• Army of the Republic of Vietnam - Ground forces of Republic of V - Existed 1955 to 1975 the fall of Saigon

Geraldine Ferraro

• As an American attorney, a Democratic Party politician, and a member of the United States House of Representatives. She was the first female vice presidential candidate representing a major American political party.

Waco/Oklahoma City Bombing

• Domestic terrorist bomb attack on the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in downtown Oklahoma City on April 19, 1995

HIV/AIDS

• Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome • AIDS was first clinically observed in 1981 in the United States. The initial cases were a cluster of injecting drug users and homosexual men • People strongly against

Iraq War

• Iraq War o The Iraq War was a protracted armed conflict that began with the 2003 invasion of Iraq led by the United States. The invasion regime toppled the government of Saddam Hussein

Watergate(1972)

• Major political scandal in US as a result of break in at the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters at Watergate office in Washington DC • Pres. Richard Nixon administration attempted to cover up involvement • Conspiracy discovered and investigated by Congress. Revealed tape recordings of many conversations • Led to resignation of Richard Nixon

NAACP

• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is an African-American civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 by Moorfield Storey, Mary White Ovington and W. E. B. Du Bois. Its mission is "to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination

Panama Invasion/ Gulf War I (1989-1990)

• Operation Just Cause • Under President George HW Bush

"Plumbers"

• Plumbers were set up to stop security "leaks" and to investigate other sensitive security matters

Nuclear Freeze

• Reducing or eliminating nuclear weapons and to the end state of a nuclear-weapon-free world, in which nuclear weapons are completely eliminated.

SCLC

• Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is an African-American civil rights organization. SCLC, which is closely associated with its first president, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., had a large role in the American Civil Rights Movement

SNCC

• Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) o When Stokely Carmichael was elected Chair of SNCC, he reoriented the path of the organization towards Black Powerd

BPP

• The Black Panther Party revolutionary black nationalist and socialist organization active in the United States from 1966 until 1982

CORE

• The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) is a U.S. civil rights organization that played a pivotal role for African Americans in the Civil Rights Movement. Founded in 1942, CORE was one of the "Big Four" civil rights organizations, along with the SCLC, the SNCC, and the NAACP

,The Holocaust

• The German "final solution" • Exterminate "racial enemies" • Eugenics - "science of human breeding" • At least 6 million Jews murdered - 3-5 million others

Tonkin Gulf Incident/Resolution

• Tonkin Gulf Incident o known as the USS Maddox incident, is the name given to what were originally claimed to be two separate confrontations involving North Vietnam and the United States in the waters of the Gulf of Tonkin. o The original American report blamed North Vietnam for both incidents, but eventually became very controversial with widespread claims that either one or both incidents were false, and possibly purposefully so • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution o enacted August 10, 1964, was a joint resolution that the United States Congress passed on August 7, 1964, in response to the Gulf of Tonkin incident

General Curtis LeMay

• Under lemay's direction did berlin airlift • Vietnam War o LeMay advocated a sustained strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnamese cities, harbors, ports, shipping, and other strategic targets o But opposed by LBJ

UN

• United Nations - An intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations - The U.N. had prohibited Iraq from developing or possessing such weapons after the Persian Gulf War

NLF

• Viet Cong (National Liberation Front) (NLF) o political organization with its own army in South Viet and Cambodia

WMD

• Weapons of Mass Destruction (WoMD) o Iraq had a stockpile of nuclear WoMD

Iranian Hostage Crisis

• a diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States. Fifty-two American diplomats and citizens were held hostage for 444 days (November 4, 1979, to January 20, 1981), after a group of Iranian students, belonging to the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line, who were supporting the Iranian Revolution, took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran. • President Jimmy Carter • Released as Ronald Reagan was sworn in as they were released • Brought down Carters presidency

Lt. Wlliam Calley

• a former United States Army officer found guilty of murdering 22 unarmed South Vietnamese civilians in the My Lai Massacre on March 16, 1968, during the Vietnam War. After several reductions, Calley's original sentence of life in prison was turned into an order of house arrest, but after three years, President Richard Nixon reduced his sentence with a presidential pardon.

Jesse Jackson

• an American civil rights activist, Baptist minister, and politician. He was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1984 and 1988 and served as a shadow U.S. Senator for the District of Columbia from 1991 to 1997. • Jackson has been known for commanding public attention since he first started working for Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.[11] In 1965, Jackson participated in the Selma to Montgomery marches organized by James Bevel, King and other civil rights leaders in Alabama. • Operation Breadbasket had been started by the Atlanta leadership of the SCLC as a job placement agency for blacks.

Gloria Steinem

• an American feminist, journalist, and social and political activist who became nationally recognized as a leader and spokeswoman for the feminist movement in the late 1960s and early 70s

Lee Atwater

• an American political consultant and strategist to the Republican Party. He was an adviser to U.S. Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush and chairman of the Republican National Committee.

Eugene "Bull" Connor

• an American politician who served as a Commissioner of Public Safety for the city of Birmingham, Alabama, during the American Civil Rights Movement • Connor's actions to enforce racial segregation and deny civil rights to black citizens, especially during the Southern Christian Leadership Conference's Birmingham campaign of 1963, made him an international symbol of racism. Bull Connor directed the use of fire hoses and police attack dogs against civil rights activists; that included the children of many protestors.[1][2] These tactics exposed the extent of racism when shown on national television. They served as one of the catalysts for major social and legal change in the Southern United States and contributed to passage by the United States Congress of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Michael Dukakis

• an American politician who served as the 65th and 67th Governor of Massachusetts, from 1975 to 1979 and 1983 to 1991 • In 1988, he was the Democratic nominee for President, but lost to the Republican candidate, Vice President George H. W. Bush.

Shah Reza Pahlavi

• as the king of Iran (Shah of Iran) from 16 September 1941 until his overthrow by the Islamic Revolution on 11 February 1979 • during Mohammad Reza's reign, the Iranian oil industry was briefly nationalized, under the democratically elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh, until a US and UK-backed coup d'état deposed Mosaddegh and brought back foreign oil firms • as the king of Iran (Shah of Iran) from 16 September 1941 until his overthrow by the Islamic Revolution on 11 February 1979 • during Mohammad Reza's reign, the Iranian oil industry was briefly nationalized, under the democratically elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh, until a US and UK-backed coup d'état deposed Mosaddegh and brought back foreign oil firms • as the king of Iran (Shah of Iran) from 16 September 1941 until his overthrow by the Islamic Revolution on 11 February 1979 • during Mohammad Reza's reign, the Iranian oil industry was briefly nationalized, under the democratically elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh, until a US and UK-backed coup d'état deposed Mosaddegh and brought back foreign oil firms

Mohammad Mosaddegh

• democratically elected Prime Minister of Iran from 1951 until 1953, when his government was overthrown in a coup d'état orchestrated by the American Central Intelligence Agency and the British Secret Intelligence Service. • Based on Iranian oil industry • Dwight D.Eisenhower

Willie Horton

• is an American convicted felon who, while serving a life sentence for murder (without the possibility of parole),[1] was the beneficiary of a Massachusetts weekend furlough program. He did not return from his furlough, and ultimately he committed assault, armed robbery and rape

Lt. Col. Oliver North

• is primarily remembered for his term as a National Security Council staff member during the Iran-Contra affair, a political scandal of the late 1980s. The scandal involved the clandestine sale of weapons to Iran, supposedly to encourage the release of U.S. hostages then held in Lebanon. North formulated the second part of the plan, which was to divert proceeds from the arms sales to support the Contra rebel groups in Nicaragua, which had been specifically prohibited under the Boland Amendment

Roe v. Wade (1973)

• landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court on the issue of abortion

Civil/Voting Rights Act (1965)

• landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting • signed into law by Lyndon B. Johnson during the height of the Civil Rights Movement • B/c there were literary tests and other ways to stop minorities from voting

Phyllis Schlafly

• retired American constitutional lawyer, conservative activist, author, and speaker and founder of the Eagle Forum. She is known for her staunch social and political conservatism, her opposition to modern feminism, and her successful campaign against the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

Stagflation

• stagnation and inflation, is a situation in which the inflation rate is high, the economic growth rate slows, and unemployment remains steadily high • high unemployment and high inflation o two major oil shocks o OPEC raised oil, Americans had to wait in line to get gas o Unemployment up bc many big business laid of factories workers and started putting factories overseas

Sandra Day O'Connor

• the first woman to be appointed to the Supreme Court

Globalization/WTO/Battle in Seattle

• the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture • World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization which regulates international trade • Battle in Seattle o 1999 Seattle WTO protests o Protest activity surrounding the WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999, which was to be the launch of a new millennial round of trade negotiations o Riots o Anti globalization

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

• was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional • overturned 1896 Plessy vs. Ferguson decision "separate but equal facilities

Timothy McVeigh

• was an American terrorist who detonated a truck bomb in front of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City on April 19, 1995. Commonly referred to as the Oklahoma City bombing, the attack killed 168 people and injured over 600. According to the United States Government, it was the deadliest act of terrorism within the United States prior to the September 11 attacks, and remains the most significant act of domestic terrorism in United States history.

Jean Michael Basquiat

• was one of the most important American artists of the 20th centurys • SAMO graffito artist • art focused on "suggestive dichotomies", such as wealth versus poverty, integration versus segregation, and inner versus outer experience