US History Exam Semester 1 (final)

conscientious objector -

A person that opposes warfare on moral grounds, because the Bible says "Thou shalt not kill". Alvin York (war hero) had been one, but decided that if the cause was just it was morally acceptable to fight

Isolationism:

A policy of pulling away from involvement in world affairs. People thought America should do this after the war.

How do you think manifest destiny set the stage for American imperialism at the end of the century?

Americans had already pushed the U.S border to the Pacific Ocean.

Why did the United States begin to favor Britain and France?

Americans had stronger ties to Britain, with common ancestry, language, and democratic government. Also, British propaganda gained American sympathy by describing Germany as a bully, and Germans attacked civilians/cathedrals/libraries/ hospitals. Plus, America traded much more with Britain and France than Germany (double) before the war, and during the war America shipped millions of dollars of war supplies to the Allies (before America even entered the war)

Provide at least 3 specific actions taken by Nativists to limit immigration in the U.S.

Chinese Exclusion Act, San Francisco segregation order, formed American Protective Association which was anti-Catholic and Jew, formed Immigration Restriction League and influenced Congress in 1897 to pass a bill to require literacy for immigrants (vetoed until 1917)

Explain how big business used the Sherman Antitrust Act to break the power of unions. .

If there was a boycott, strike, or picket line all a business had to do was say that they were hurting interstate trade and the government would stop it.

What specific actions did immigrant workers and minorities do to unionize and gain rights?

Immigrant workers formed their own private unions to gain rights. They organized strikes. They formed the Sugar Beet and Farm Laborers' Union of Oxnard and the State Federation of Labor supported a union of immigrant minors for equal treatment.

horizontal integration:

It's when companies selling similar products merge. Carnegie bought out other steel producers so that he controlled the steel industry.

From which country did the smallest percentage of immigrants come?

Japan

Gentlemen's Agreement-

Japan agreed to limit the emigration of unskilled Japanese workers. In exchange, the U.S repealed the San Francisco segregation order- Japanese children were segregated and put into different schools

What kinds of job opportunities prompted more women to complete high school?

Jobs in offices, classrooms, and stores

What were the main goals of the Ku Klux Klan at the end of WWI and throughout the 1920's?

They wanted 100 percent Americanism. They kept blacks "in their place". The destroyed saloons, opposed unions, and drove Roman Catholics/Jews/ foreign born people out of the country. They harrassed anyone that wasn't like themselves, as they were mostly white American men. They used the Red Scare as an excuse for racial violence.

What natural resources were most important for industrialization?

Steel because it could be used to build structures.

Why did farmers think that an increased money supply would help solve their economic problems?

They thought the prices of their crops would go up

What contribution did muckrakers make to the reform movement?

They told the public in their magazines about the corrupt side of big business that some (like the rich) did not see.

How and why did the U.S. acquire the Philippines?

They took over the capital of the Philippines apart of the War against Spain. Dewey did so by destroying all Spanish ships, then Filipino rebels and American forces joined together. As a part of the Treaty of Paris, the U.S bought the Philippines from Spain, and McKinley annexed it

Rough Riders:

Voluntary cavalry under command of Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt that went to Cuba. Helped win the most famous land battle in Cuba, clearing the way to San Juan Hill.

According to Social Darwinists, what were a sign of God's blessing and what message did poverty indicate about a person?

Wealth/riches were a sign of God's blessing, and poverty meant that the people were lazy and not as good of people and deserved to be poor.

How did World War I change the nature of warfare?

Weapons became much better, there were new ones and old ones were made better. The machine gun was refined. The tank and airplane caused mechanized warfare(warfare that relied on machines powered by gasoline/diesel engines).

What events increased the tension between the United States and Spain?

Weyler's concentration camps (which Pulitzer and Hearst exaggerated in their newspapers to cause sympathy). Cuban rebels stole Dupuy de Lome's letter (a Spanish minister to the U.S) and leaked it to Hearst's New York Journal. The letter insulted President McKinley, saying he was weak and a bidder for the crowd for not wanting to go to war with Spain. soon after that, USS Maine exploded, killing many men, which Hearst claimed the Spanish had done.

What were the terms of the Boxer Protocol?

What impact did this have upon relations between the U.S. and people of China? Chinese government would execute some Chinese officials, punish others, and pay $332 million in damages. The U.S got $24.5 million and gave 20.5 back for education 7 years later.

Explain why it was necessary for railroads to add time zones.

When united, there was more land and a bigger space. Then, noon (the sun being the highest) was at different times for different places so people traveling coast to coast had to constantly change their watches.

Queen Liliuokalani:

had been the queen of Hawaii, which ended in 1893 when the U.S backed white foreigners who wanted to overthrow the monarchy. She had wanted to allow Hawaiians to vote, not just wealthy landowners.

Tenement:

multifamily urban dwellings (in a one-family residence) that were unsanitary and overcrowded. Many immigrants had to move into tenements

William McKinley:

the Republican candidate in the 1896 election who won against Bryan Significance: His election led to the end of the Populist party

Felony-

A crime more serious than a misdemeanor resulting in more than a year in jail.

shantytown

- little towns consisting of shacks sprang up in the cities. There were many homeless people, as they had lost their jobs and couldn't pay bills they were evicted. People lived in whatever junk they could find, making shacks out of scrap materials.

propaganda-

- Biased communication designed to influence people's thoughts and actions. The government set up the Committee on Public Information (CPI) to popularize the war (to get public opinion).

soup kitchen

- Free or low-cost food was offered here. They offered bread lines. These became common during the Great Depression.

Georges Clemenceau

- French premier that had lived through two German invasions of France and wanted to prevent future invasions. Very angry with Germany after war.

Dust Bowl

- Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado were the dust bowl. There were many dust storms due to the exhaustion of the land from overproduction of crops. They grasslands became unsuitable for farming, and with little grass and trees (do to drought) to hold the soil down, there were dust storms. People had to leave their land. Many had to migrate to California and the Pacific Coast.

protectorate-

A country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power. Cuba became this under the U.S with the treaty in 1903 (which the Platt Amendment was apart of)>

Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act:

1930. It was the highest protective tariff in U.S history. It was designed to help U.S farmers and manufacturers from foreign competition, but it ended up hurting them. It prevented other countries from earning American currency to buy American goods. It made unemployment worse in industries that could no longer export goods to Europe. Many countries retaliated, raising their own tariffs. World trade fell by about 40 percent.

By the late 1800's, how much of a percentage increase did the U.S. experience in the production of corn and wheat? In what way did this contribute to U.S. imperialism?

264 percent increase in corn and 252 percent increase in wheat. This was way more than Americans could use, so Americans wanted imperialism to have new markets to sell the extra agricultural goods.

Niagara Movement:

29 black intellectuals that met secretly in 1905 to compose a civil rights manifesto. Du Bois was part of this.

American Federation of Labor (AFL):

A craft labor union that focused on negotiation between labor representatives and management representatives to form written agreements on work conditions, hours, and pay. They used strikes to get higher pay and shorter work weeks.

What is a corollary? What relationship does this term have with our study on Imperialism?

A corollary is an additional statement that follows logically from the first one. The Roosevelt Corollary- Roosevelt added to the Monroe Doctrine that disorder in Latin America might "force the United States... to the exercise of an international police power", so the U.S would use force to protect economic interests in Latin America.

prohibition

: banning of alcoholic beverages. Prohibitionist groups thought that alcohol went against morals.

Charles Coughlin:

A Roman Catholic priest from Detroit that broadcast radio sermons and had 40-45 million followers. He initially supported FDR, but later favored a guaranteed annual income and the nationalization of banks.

no man's land-

A barren expanse of mud pockmarked with shell craters and filled with barbed wire. Between the trenches of the two sides in France. One side of trenches was German, while the other was Allied soldiers. Sometimes soldiers would storm the area, then get shot down.

What was the Interstate Commerce Act?

A five member council was created to regulate railroads

Explain (provide details) whether or not the Interstate Commerce Act was effective.

A five member council was created to regulate railroads. It was not successful because they didn't always know what was going on, plus later the Supreme Court later ruled that they could not set maximum rates for the railroads from state to state.

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW):

A group of socialists and radical unionists formed this union. It welcomed African Americans, but it only had one strike victory.

Zimmermann note-

A telegram from German foreign minister to German ambassador in Mexico. British agents intercepted it. It said that if Mexico allied with Germany and war with the U.S broke out, Germany would support Mexico in recovering the U.S land of New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona.

arbitration

A way to settle disputes between workers and management by submitting the differences to a judge that all sides approve of; some labor unions preferred to do this too strikes. Used by Knights of Labor

accommodation:

Adapting or making adjustments in order to satisfy someone else. Booker Washington did this with segregationists as his position at the head of an all black training school, which Du Bois did not like.

Roosevelt Corollary -

Added to Monroe Doctrine (which said that European countries stay out of the affairs of Latin American nations). Added that the U.S would use force to protect economic interests in Latin America (force of international police power if there's disorder in Latin America).

convoy system -

Admiral Sims convinced the British to try this because the German U-boats were sinking merchant ships. A heavy guard of destroyers escorted merchant ships back and forth across the Atlantic in groups. This cut shipping losses in half.

Alfred T. Mahan:

Admiral of U.S navy. Advised the U.S to build up its navy strength as other nations did. The U.S did, creating cruiser, making it the third largest naval power.

NACW:

African American women formed this. National Association of Colored Women. Managed nurseries, reading rooms, and kindergartens. They wanted to provide education to African Americans.

Meat Inspection Act:

After reading The Jungle, Roosevelt set up a commission to investigate the meat-packing industry, which found the book to be true. The act gave meatpackers cleanliness requirements and set up a program for federal meat inspection (which the gov paid for)

What effect(s) did the Haymarket Riot have on union membership and public perception?

After someone threw a bomb during the riot and several were killed, the public had a negative view of the unions. Less would want to join/support the labor movement afterwards.

How did the government respond to the Great Strike of 1877?

After the B & O railroad was stopped for over a week, state governors asked the president to intervene so he sent federal troops to stop the strike. They said that the strikers were preventing inter state commerce.

What was significant about the way the 1902 coal strike was settled?

After the coal reserves ran low and were affecting public welfare, Roosevelt called both sides to the White House to settle the strike. Roosevelt threatened to take over the coal mines if both sides didn't agree, so they went to an arbitration commission. This demonstrated that the federal government was expected to intervene when a strike threatened public welfare, and that disputes could be settled with an arbitration commission. It boosted the government's power to regulate railroads.

What events (from the map in 10.3 on page 356) show the United States acting as a mediator in international disputes? What does this role indicate about the status of the U.S. in the world?

Algeciras Conference (settle Franco-German disputes over Morocco), Congo Conference (persuade European powers to agree to freedom of trade/abolition of slave trade in Africa), Big Stick Diplomacy (war ships sent to Morocco when authorities detain Greek citiizen with disputed U.S citizenship). this shows the U.S had a lot of influence and power.

How did this war redefine American foreign policy?

America would imperialize, both in Western and Eastern Hemispheres, not just America.

Manifest Destiny-

Americans believed that the U.S was destined to stretch from coast to coast (western settlement).

Communism:

An economic and political system based on a single-party government ruled by a dictatorship. The government would own railroads, businesses, and factories to try to equalize power and wealth. Communism was spreading during that time, which Americans saw as a threat.

How did the rise in average annual income compare with the rise in prices from 1914 to 1920?

Average annual income more than doubled, as well as the prices. More goods were sold at a higher price because they were needed in war.

What were some specific ways the Great Depression impacted ordinary workers?

Banks and businesses went bankrupt. Banks invested people's money, so the people lost their savings. Millions of workers lost their jobs, with unemployment going from 3 percent in 1929 to 25 percent in 1933. 1/4 workers was out of a job, and those who kept their jobs faced pay cuts and reduced hours.

Chinese Exclusion Act-

Banned entry to all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials. From 1902 to 1943 Chinese immigration was restricted.

Why might the Social Security Act be considered the most important achievement of the New Deal?

Because these people are people who cannot work to make a living, and would have no way to support themselves.

Why was rail construction concentrated in the East before 1870 and in the West after 1870?

Before 1870, the transcontinental railway had not yet connected the East Coast to the West Coast. There were more cities in the East so the railroads started and focused there, then once they were connected the transportation to the West was easier to focus on.

conservation:

Before Roosevelt, the government hadn't paid attention to U.S's natural resources. Roosevelt set aside 148 million acres of forest reserves, and 50 wildlife sanctuaries and many national parks. He named Gifford Pinchot as head of U.S forest service. To Roosevelt and Pinchot, conservation meant preserving some wilderness areas and developing others for the common good.

Summarize the impact of the direct election of senators following the ratification of the 17th Amendment:

Before, state legislators had chosen them, so the party bosses and corporate leaders were the ones choosing, giving them more power in the government. The ratification would give the people more voice in the government.

Alexander Graham Bell:

Bell invented the telephone, improving communications and giving women office jobs.

What were some of the projects proposed by Hoover, and how effective were they?

Boulder Dam- effective. Federal Home Loan Bank Act. Reconstruction Finance Corporation- not effective.

Boxer Rebellion-

Boxers did not like that Europeans dominated most of China's large cities, so they killed many foreigners, missionaries, and Chinese Christian converts. Britain, France, Germany, Japan, and U.S joined together to march in Chinese capital to put Boxer Rebellion down.

David Lloyd George -

British Prime Minister. Was reelected on the slogan "Make Germany Pay" after the War

How did electricity change American life?

Business could use electricity for machines so less work had to be done by people, and electricity was used in homes for appliances. Electricity also powered streetcars, improving transportation by making it much cheaper. Plus, with electricity as a convenient power source available anywhere, business that had once had to locate near a river for water power could now be anywhere they wanted.

vertical integration:

Carnegie bought out his suppliers (coal fields, iron mines, ore freighters, and railroad lines to control them

What caused the Homestead Strike? How did big business and the government respond? What was the outcome?

Cause- the president of the Carnegie Steel company announced he was going to cut workers' wages. The Steel Company hired armed guards to protect strikebreakers so that they could keep working, but the strikers fought them and took hold of the company. The Pennsylvania National guard had to be sent by the government to stop them. Outcome- 12 people died, and after the strike ended the union lost it's support

Explain the issues of the Supreme Court in the case SCHENCK v. UNITED STATES (1919). What was the Court's ruling? What impact did this have upon civil liberties in the U.S. during WWI?

Charles Schenck thought that the war draft was was unconstitutional, comparing it to slavery. He was accused of sedition (sedition act). However, he argued that he had the right of freedom of speech. The Supreme Court thought that if under any other circumstance, he would be right that he had protection of the First Amendment, but because it was during war time, what he was doing could hurt a lot of people and the government (cause panic). The court kept his conviction, deciding that his words written were not protected by the First Amendment because it would cause panic. Impact: There were disagreements about free speech after.

What effects did the migration from rural areas to the cities in the late 19th century have on urban society?

Cities became very crowded and the housing was crowded and unsanitary because there were so many people. Also, because transportation was needed for large numbers of people, streetcars and subways were introduced. Also, there had to be steps taken to give cleaner water to people. Public waterworks were built, and to help health, in filtration and chlorination was introduced. Also, sanitation had to be changed, because it was hard to keep the streets clean with so many people and so much garbage. Sewer lines and sanitation departments were added. Crime also increased. Fires also increased and spread very quickly, so fire departments, sprinklers, and non-wooden houses were created.

How did the growth of railroad lines promote the growth of cities and trade?

Cities grew along railroad lines. They linked cities that had been isolated before, allowing more trade. Also, they greatly decreased transportation time, allowing goods that hadn't been able to be traded before (ex-fresh vegetables)

Why did immigrants tend to group together in cities?

Cities were the cheapest and most convenient places to live, and they provided jobs that did not need skills in factories. They grouped together because they wanted to keep their culture and be with others who shared it, including language, customs, and religion.

In what ways did small-town life and city life differ during the 1920's? In what ways did these cultural differences lead to tensions among some Americans?

City life was more "current". It was based on competition and changed. They argued and read about current scientific and social ideas. They judged each other by accomplishment than background. They tolerated drinking, gambling, and casual dating. The city was impersonal, with strangers. Life was fast paced. Small-town life was based on morals, close relationships with friends/neighbors, and hard work. They were based on background. They had different ideals. Prohibition was one issue. People from the rural South and West agreed with Prohibition.

George Dewey:

Commodore of U.S navy, that gave the command to open fire on Spain in the capital of the Philippines. They destroyed every Spanish ship, allowing U.S to land in Philippines. Had the support of Filipinos because they wanted to be free.

How did conditions in cities affect people's health?

Conditions in cities hurt people's health and spread diseases. Garbage was not picked up frequently and it was just thrown out, attracting vermin (which carry disease). Also, there was not a lot of clean water available, so cholera and typhoid fever could be a result. Sewage, garbage, horse manure, and factory smoke added to health problems.

How did the United States raise an army for the war?

Congress passed the Selective Service Act. Men were drafted to fight. They then went on to train for 8 months in different duties before going to fight. African Americans were in the military, but only some were in combat positions. Women were allowed to be in noncombat positions as well.

price support:

Congress tried to pass the McNary-Haugen bill, which stated that the government would buy surplus crops at guaranteed prices and sell them in the world market. This price supports would be done for key products such as wheat, corn, cotton, and tobacco. Many farmers went to debt after the war, as the prices and demand for their goods went down, they had taken loans before, and they produced too much. President Coolidge vetoed this act.

Define consolidation. Explain what role it had upon competition in the late 1800's. Provide specific examples of it provided in our text.

Consolidation means to unite something. Some businesses bought out their competitors and created a monopoly, uniting the businesses. Or, they joined together in a trust agreement where their stocks were handled by a group of trustees for both the companies. Some potential negative effects are that there's no competition so the prices for consumer could be raised really high. Or, they could possibly not be able to make enough of a profit, and then both businesses would be out.

National Youth Administration:

Created to provide education, jobs, counseling, and recreation for young people. It provided student aid to high school, college, and graduate students. In exchange, students worked in part-time positions at their schools. For graduates who were unable to find jobs or youth who had dropped out of school the NYA provided part-time jobs like working on highways, parks, and grounds of public buildings.

José Martí:

Cuban poet/journalist in exile in New York. Launched Cuban revolution against Spain in 1895. Used a guerilla campaign (military force that harrasses enemy) that destroyed property, especially American sugar mills/plantations to get the U.S to intervene to help rebels and free Cuba from Spain

What were some of the causes of farmers' economic problems?

DEBT: Overpricing of the railroad transportation, railroads controlling the price of crops (and the price decreasing), the greenbacks retiring and making it harder to pay back their loans (higher interest rates)

Alfred E. Smith:

Democrat against Republican Herbert Hoover in the 1928 election. Had been governor of New York. Hoover had a lot of years of prosperity during the 20s under Republican administrations. He lost the election to Hoover by a lot, showing that the American people wanted a Republican as president.

While urging U.S. military expansion, what were the five things Alfred Mahan urged the U.S. to do?

Develop a modern fleet to protect American business/shipping. Also, to establish naval bases in Caribbean, construct a canal across Isthmus of Panama, and to acquire Hawaii/other Pacific Islands. Plus, he had them build 9 steel-hulled cruisers

William Jennings Bryan (Scopes)-

Devout fundamentalist. Lawyer. Served as special prosecutor for Scopes Trial.

Edwin L. Drake:

Drake drilled oil from beneath Earth's surface using a steam engine Significance: this created an oil boom where oil was used more often, particularly for lamps and later gasoline.

Why would labor disputes affect the U.S. war effort during WWI?

Due to the war effort, production needed to be increased for war supplies such as weapons and food. If the workers were refusing to work and going on strike, these supplies could not be made. Also, war would cost a lot, so if they needed to spend more money on wages or improving working conditions it would be a lot of money. As a result, workers who refused to obey board decisions would lose their draft exemptions.

Summarize and explain the growth and decline of unionism from the end of WWI to the late 1920's:

During the war unions couldn't strike because it would interfere with the war effort. In 1919 there were 3000 strikes. Union membership dropped from 5 million to 3.5 million. Less than one percent of African Americans had union membership.

Thomas Alva Edison:

Edison established the first research laboratory ever, and he perfected the light bulb, making it longer lasting. He also developed a way to distribute electrical power in a cheap and convenient way for businesses and homes.

Treaty of Paris:

Ended Spanish American War. Spain gave Guam and Puerto Rico to U.S, U.S bought Philippines, and Cuba was set free.

quota system:

Established a maximum amount of people who could enter the United States from each foreign country. Emergency Quota Act of 1921. Before, the immigration had increased by 600 percent from 1919 to 1921, so the amount of immigration from each country was limited in the act due to nativism. In 1824 it was amended to limit European nations to only have 2 percent of its nationals living in the U.S before 1890, targeting southern/eastern Europe (Roman Catholics and Jews) who hadn't started coming in until after 1890. The law prohibited Japanese (causing anger because they'd been following the Gentleman's agreement).

Glass-Steagall Act:

Established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which provided federal insurance for individual savings accounts in the event of a bank failure. It established confidence and stability in the banking system.

John D. Rockefeller:

Established the Standard Oil Company. He used the method of merging with other companies by entering a trust agreement with competing companies, in which both companies give their stock to one group of trustees to run the companies as one. Then, both companies made the profit. In this way he took control of America's oil industry. He also was a "Robber Baron", but then he gave $500 million to found the Chicago university and a medical institute.

yellow journalism:

Exaggerates news to lure and enrage readers. American newspaper writers Hearst and Pulitzer exaggerated the accounts of people in the concentration camps to generate American sympathy, causing more to want war (war fever).

What were some key effects resulting from the rapid growth of railroads?What were some key effects resulting from the rapid growth of railroads?

Expansion of cities and industries, corruption of the railroads, new jobs made. Also, there was the panic of 1893. They had financial issues partly from overbuilding, resulting in banks and businesses failing.

New Deal:

FDR. A program designed to alleviate the problems of the Great Depression. it focused on relief for the needy, economic recovery, and financial reform.

Eddie Rickenbacker -

Famous American fighter pilot of World War I for the Allies. "Ace of aces". Fought against Germany.

Identify the causes of the rise of the Populist Party and the effects the party had.

Farmers and laborers that were struggling that needed help with their debts joined to change it

What caused the panic of 1893?

Farmers were in debt, railroads expanded too fast and went bankrupt, government's gold supply was low, people traded paper money for gold

nativism-

Favoritism toward native-born Americans. This caused anti-immigrant groups and restrictions on immigration.

What were the aims of the Filipinos during the Philippine-American War? What were the aims of the Americans?

Filipinos wanted to become independent and free of U.S authority. Americans wanted to keep the islands and put down the rebellion, thinking that they were culturally superior and had the right to keep Philippines. Some African American soldiers sent there turned to help the Filipinos, not supporting racial injustice. After the war, they set up a government like they did in Cuba, where they would choose the governor and the chosen governor would choose the upper legislator.

What factors made the Triangle Shirtwaist fire so lethal?

Fire spread quickly through the cloth and oil-soaked machines, all but one exit door was locked, the one door that was unlocked was blocked by fire, there was no sprinkler system, the one fire escape had collapsed quickly. Many died

Andrew Carnegie:

First industrial mogul to make his fortune in the steel industry. He created a the Carnegie Steel Company and manufactured the most steel in our nation, using new business practices to do so. He used vertical and horizontal integration. He ultimately donated 90% of his wealth for public benefit.

Explain the changes that took place in Hawaii's population from 1853-1920. What effect did these changes have upon the political situation in Hawaii?

Foreigner and immigrant laborers outnumber the native born Hawaiians 3-1. Foreigners and immigrant laborers population went up while native born Hawaiians went down. American planters wanted the U.S to annex Hawaii because the Mckinley Tariff Act eliminated the duty-free import of Hawaiian sugar to U.S .

League of Nations -

Fourteenth point of Wilson's speech. An international organization to address diplomatic crisis. Provide forum for nations to discuss and settle grievances without having to go to war.

During the Scopes trial, what was the conflict between fundamentalists and those who accepted evolution?

Fundamentalists thought that evolution should not be taught, while those that accepted evolution thought that it should be.

John J. Pershing-

General ordered by Wilson to take U.S soldiers and take Villa, dead or alive, for killing Americans. It took them about a year, making Mexicans angry about the U.S invasion of their land. This resulted in Carranza's troops and U.S to clash in 1916. Carranza demanded withdrawal of U.S troops, which Wilson refused, almost resulting in war. However, in 1917, Wilson ordered troops home because there would be war in Europe. Alvaro Obregon came to power after, ending civil war in Mexico.

Lusitania -

German U- boat (counter-blockade that sank any British or Allied ship found in the waters by Britain) sank this British ship, resulting in a huge loss of lives- a little over a thousand- 128 of which were American.

Sanford B. Dole:

Head of new Hawaiian government after Ambassador John Stevens and marines overthrew Queen Liliuokalani.

Provide a list of way the Versailles Treaty affected Germany:

Germany couldn't maintain an army, they had to pay $33 billion in reparations, and they had to give the Alsace-Lorraine back to France. Also, due to the war-guilt clause, Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. Germany had no way to pay back the reparations, and Germany's colonial possessions in the Pacific were taken away (also preventing them from paying the reparations bill).

Central Powers -

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire (Turks in Middle Eastern land). Were known as Triple Alliance (and was Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy)

How did the United States expand its navy so quickly? .

Government exempted or deferred (delayed) shipyard workers from the draft. 2. U.S Chamber of Commerce distributed service flags to families of shipyard workers (like flags given to soldiers) to show importance of shipyard. They also got automobile owners to give shipyard employees rides to/from work rather than make them use crowded streetcars 3. Fabrication techniques to reduce construction time(standardized parts of ships built somewhere else then assembled in shipyard. 4. Government took control of commercial and private ships and converted them to war use.

Who were four members of the Anti-Imperialist League mentioned in the reading? What was their goal? What arguments did they raise against U.S. imperialism?

Grover Cleveland, Andrew Carnegie, Jane Addams, and Mark Twain. There goal was to speak out against American imperialism. They thought it was wrong to rule other people without their consent. One argument against is that it costs a lot to keep military and power in other countries.

What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris?

Guam (pacific), Puerto Rico (west indies) were given to U.s. Spain freed Cuba. Spain sold Philippines to U.S for 20 million.

Explain how the McKinley Tariff of 1890 contributed to the annexation of Hawaii.

Hawaiian sugar had previously been duty free in the U.S. The McKinley Tariff required a tariff on their sugar, which the planters did not like because it raised their prices and caused competition in America's market. So, American planters in Hawaii wanted America to annex Hawaii so their sugar would once again be duty-free.

What were some of Hoover's key convictions about government?

He believed in voluntary cooperation, where the government would step in to encourage cooperation between competing groups. He believed in rugged individualism, the idea that people should succeed through their own efforts. He opposed direct relief to the needy/federal welfare.

Which business practices did John D. Rockefeller employ that enabled him to gain control of his industry?

He employed trusts, He paid extremely low wages to his workers, He undersold his competitors

Eugene V. Debs:

He formed the American Railway Union (ARU) that had both skilled and unskilled laborers apart of it. His organization won a strike for higher wages. The ARU boycotted the Pullman trains, and led a strike against Pullman, resulting in his imprisonment.

Which invention and which business practices did Andrew Carnegie adopt that enabled his company to make more steel than all of Great Britain?

He had a steel company. He had new techniques/machinery , had an accounting system that helped him keep track costs, he kept finding new ways to make better products cheaply, he got talented people to work for him by offering them stocks, he encouraged competition between his assistants.

Summarize Roosevelt's approach to environmental problems.

He preserved some wilderness areas and developed others. He established the precedent that the federal government would manage the water resources of the West. He had a federal water projects to make agriculture possible in dry places. Under the Newlands Act, money from public sales of land in the West funded irrigation projects like dams.

According to Vanzetti, what were the reasons for his imprisonment?

He said it was because he was radical (an anarchist) and an Italian immigrant.

What excuse did President McKinley use to justify annexation of the Philippines?From the text, what flaws can you find with his excuse?

He said that they would teach Filipinos Christianity and educate them. However, most Filipinos had been Christian for centuries.

Why did José Martí encourage Cuban rebels to destroy sugar mills and plantations?

He wanted to force America to intervene to help Cuba become free of Spain.

Al Capone-

He was a bootlegger who smuggled alcohol from Canada to Chicago, and owned many speakeasies. He controlled it all in Chicago, killing off his competition (522 gang killings). He was arrested eventually for tax evasion.

What were the results of Roosevelt's negotiations with the Japanese and Russians?

He was successful. The relations between Japan and U.S improved, because Japan had been winning the war but was running out of men and money, so they asked the U.S to negotiate a treaty for Russia and Japan so that they would win and not lose the war or any more money/men. U.S interests in East Asia expanded and the U.S and Japan pledged to respect each other's possessions in East Asia and Pacific. He won a Nobel Peace Prize. He got Russia and Japan agree to half the island of Sakhalin, no cash payment for Japan, and Japan got Russia's interests in Manchuria and Korea

Henry Cabot Lodge-

Head of conservative senators in the U.S government. They were suspicious of provision for joint economic and military action against aggression (even though it was voluntary) in the League of Nations. They wanted constitutional right of Congress to declare war included in treaty.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand-

Heir to the Austrian throne. He visited the Bosnian capital Sarajevo, which Austria-Hungary had been in control of (Austria Hungary accused Serbia of subverting its rule over Bosnia). Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip assassinated Ferdinand and his wife.

What were the domestic consequences of WWI?

Helped make America world's greatest industrial power, contributed to African American movement to the North, intesified anti-immigrant and anti-radical sentiments, brought over one million women into the work force

Boulder Dam:

Hoover authorized construction on this. It provided flood control, electricity, and a regular water supply.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation:

Hoover did this. Emergency financing for banks, life insurance companies, railroads, and other large businesses. Hoover thought that money would trickle down to the average citizen through job growth/higher wages.

Federal Home Loan Bank Act:

Hoover did this. Lowered mortgage rates for homeowners and allowed farmers to refinance their farm loans and avoid foreclosure.

Why do you think people blamed Hoover for the nation's difficulties?

Hoover refused direct relief or federal welfare.

Do you think work programs like the WPA were a valid use of federal money? Why or why not?

I do think that work programs were a good use of money because they supplied jobs to those who did not have them, while benefiting the public at the same time.

What do you think the Sacco and Vanzetti case shows about America in the 1920s?

I think it shows that America had strong anti-immigrant feelings, so strong that they were willing to restrict civil liberties and cause racial violence.

What difficulties did immigrants face in gaining admission to the United States?

Immigrants had to go to immigration stations in either Ellis Island or Angel Island, where they had to pass a doctor's and government test in order to come into the U.S. They could not have any spreadable diseases and they couldn't have felonies.

Foraker Act-

In 1900, Ended U.S military rule in Puerto Rico that the U.S had had after the Spanish American War. Set up civil government in which U.S president had the power to appoint governor and members of upper house of legislator in Puerto Rico.

What were some of the changes made towards immigration policies in the 1920's?

In 1924 a change was made so that the number of immigrants from each nation was cut to 2 percent of how many were living in the U.S in 1890, targeting Roman Catholics and Jews from southern/eastern Europe who hadn't started coming over until after 1890. Also, the base year was shifted to 1920 later on. In 1927, the law reduced the total number of immigrants to 150000.

Angel Island -

In San Francisco Bay. It's where Asians (Chinese) gained permission to enter the United States. Much harsher than Ellis Island. Waited in filthy buildings and endured harsh questioning.

What factor led to the rapid growth in Chicago, Minneapolis and Denver between 1870-1890?

Increased trade led to the rapid growths because each of these cities specialized in a product. This created a better economy and an increase of jobs.

What was the significance of the transcontinental railway? In what year was it finished?

It connected the East Coast to the West Coast and this greatly reduced the time to travel and ship goods and information from one coast to the other. Finished in 1869 (four years after the Civil War ended)

How did New Deal programs affect various regions of the United States?

It helped farmers with the AAA by raising their prices. It helped people in the south with the Tennessee Valley Authority (many were poor and unemployed) which built dams to create jobs, electricity, and flood control.

Whom did Social Security help?

It helped the elderly/retired, the unemployed, and families with dependent children/the disabled.

What impact did the Triangle fire have upon government response to organized labor and reforms?

It led the government to set up a force to look at factory working conditions to make reforms.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC):

It provided outdoor work for young men aged 18-25. It sent money back home to the families, provided free food and lodging. Many trees were planted by the men to prevent another Dust Bowl.

Explain how the Scopes trial reflected both changes in American culture and tensions among Americans during the 1920's.

It reflected social change and beliefs. Especially the Protestant South and West were fundamentalists, while others agreed with evolution. The Scopes trial created tensions.

Why did the Zimmermann note alarm the U.S. government?

It said that if Mexico allied with Germany and war with U.S broke out, Germany would help support Mexico in getting U.S land of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Plus, after that, four unarmed American merchant ships were sunk by Germany and 36 died.

What did the experience of farmers and consumers at this time suggest about the health of the economy?

It shows the economy was in poor health. Consumers and farmers were both in large debt. Consumers had been buying goods on credit, making their debt larger and larger. Very little people had enough money to have advanced technology like an electric fridge/lights.People did not have the money to purchase the goods that factories produced. There was a large, growing gap between the rich and the poor.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA):

It sought to raise crop prices by lowering production by paying farmers to leave a certain amount of every acre unseeded, because there had been overproduction/low prices. It was later ruled unconstitutional.

Why were so many European nations pulled into the conflict?

It was due to their alliances. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia originally after a Serbian nationalist killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Germany then had to declare war on Russia to support Austria-Hungary. Germany declared war on France Russia's ally. Britain declared war on Germany/Austria-Hungary after Germany invaded Belgium.

Why were the Chinese willing to engage in the harsh and dangerous work of being a laborer for the railroads?

It was the only job they could get in the U.S. They were often paid less than white men.

Why was the Wagner Act significant?

It was very important in helping laborers and unions. It established collective bargaining so that employees could negotiate wages. It protected workers who joined unions, saying that employers couldn't threaten workers or fire union members/interfere with union organizing

Why was Puerto Rico important to the United States?

It would allow the U.S to maintain a presence in the Caribbean. Also, it would help the U.S protect the future Panama Canal

What is vertical integration? Explain why or how it gave an advantage to businesses who adopted it. Provide an example.

It's when a business buys it's own suppliers (such as iron mines) to control the raw materials and transportation. This way, that business could control the industry they're in and make it more difficult for other businesses. Carnegie bought out iron mines, ore freighters, and railroad lines. That way, any other steel companies were limited.

What is horizontal integration? Explain why or how it gave an advantage to businesses who adopted it. Provide an example.

It's when a business buys out others with the same products by merging. Carnegie bought out other steel producers so that he controlled most of the steel industry.

In the various fights between management and union members, what did each side believe?

Labor unions thought that they deserved better wages. Management accused strikers of being Communists.

Great Migration-

Large scale movement of Southern blacks to cities in the north. This accelerated during the war.

War Industries Board -

Led by Bernard M Baruch. It set production quotas and allocated raw materials. It increased efficiency by encouraging mass production, and eliminated waste by standardizing products (ex 5 colors instead of 150 colors). The government regulated war-related industries starting in 1917. It increased production in the US by 20 percent. They controlled prices, which doubled.

American Expeditionary Force -

Led by General John J. Pershing. Included men from all over U.S. Nicknamed doughboys. Many infantrymen had never left their small village/farms and were shocked at the horrors of battlefield and the modern weapons and tactics.

General John J. Pershing -

Led the American Expeditionary Force. Got them to act as independent fighting force (not reinforcements). Thought that trench warfare was too defensive (he was aggressive). He stopped German advance and got important enemy positions. Got highest rank of officer after war.

Samuel Gompers:

Led the Cigar Makers' International Union to join with other craft unions (skilled workers only). He was the president of the AFL.

Open Door notes-

Letters addressed to leaders of imperialistic nations proposing that the nations share their trading rights with the United States, creating an open door. No single nation would have a monopoly on trade with any part of China. Other nations reluctantly agreed.

How did liberal and conservative critics differ in their opposition to the New Deal?

Liberal critics thought that the New Deal did not go far enough to help the poor and to reform the economic system. Conservatives thought that Roosevelt spent too much on direct relief.

What were the effects of the massive influx of immigrants to the U.S. in the late 1800s?

Many Americans were anti-immigration, and nativism formed

Why did Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer launch a series of raids against suspected Communists?

Many thought that Palmer was just looking for a way to gain support for a presidential campaign. He claimed that he was taking action against the Red Scare, protecting the people from Communists and their bombings. But, he just ignored civil rights and could find no evidence of bombs or revolutionary conspiracy.

U.S.S. Maine:

McKinley sent it to Cuba to get American citizens that were in danger from the fighting and to protect American property. The ship exploded in Havana's harbor, nobody knew why, but Hearst's newspaper claimed that the Spanish had done it, causing outrage.

Francisco "Pancho" Villa -

Mexican rebel leader against Carranza and his provisional government. Wanted the U.S's support, but Wilson and the U.S supported Carranza. So, when U.S engineers went down to work in Mexico's mines on Carranza's request, Villa's men shot them. And, Villa's followers raided Columbus, New Mexico and killed 17 Americans.

Emiliano Zapata -

Mexican rebel leader with Villa against Carranza and his government. He was dedicated to land reform (son of peasant)

What effect did the war have on women's lives (provide details)?

More women had to go to work. They took jobs that had previously only been held by men, like railroad workers, shipbuilders,coal miners. More also had to fill traditional jobs like teaching, nursing, and clerical jobs. They volunteered in Red Cross and sold bonds and planted victory gardens. Addams founded Womens Peace Party. She was a pacifist.

Huey Long:

Most serious challenge to the New Deal. He was an early supporter of the New Deal, but then he turned against Roosevelt. He proposed a nationwide social program called Share our Wealth or "Every man a King". he had 7.5 million followers, but at the height of his popularity he was killed.

NAWSA"

National American Woman Suffrage Association. Anthony was one leader of this.

NAACP:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. African Americans and prominent white reformers joined to form to go against racial injustice. Wanted full equality between the races, but this had little support in the Progressive Movement (because that focused on middle class whites)

Wagner Act:

National Labor Relations Act. It was passed after NIRA was found unconstitutional. It protected the right of workers to join unions and engage in collective bargaining. It prohibited threatening workers, firing union members, or interfering with union organization. It set up the National Labor Relations Board to hear about unfair practices and hold elections to find out if workers wanted union representation.

How did nationalism and imperialism lead to conflict in Europe?

Nationalism and imperialism led to competition between European nations. Germany was feared by nations because it's power was growing. Also, for imperialism imperialism, European countries wanted colonies for raw materials and markets, so they competed with each other to get control. Germany competed with France and Britain for control of colonies. Ethnic groups also wanted to be independent. Russia and Austria Hungary were rivals because Russia considered itself to be a protector of Slavic people (Serbs), and Austria-Hungary had control of Serbia.

Where did the greatest number of Italian immigrants settle?

New York

Ellis Island-

New York Harbor. Chief immigration station where immigrants had to pass an inspection to stay in the U.S (most made it through). The exam took about 5 hours, and apart of it was a doctor's physical exam (no diseases), and government inspection (no felonies, need to be able to work, and have some money)

John L. Lewis:

New leader of the United Mine Workers of America, in 1919. Protested low wages/long workdays in a strike. Palmer had a court order to stop the strike, but Lewis quietly refused it, causing the mines to stay closed for a month. Wilson hired an arbitrator and the coal miners got a 27 percent pay raise.

In your opinion, did Sanford B. Dole and other American planters have the right to stage a revolt in Hawaii in 1893? Explain.

No, they did not. The native Hawaiians had no say in the revolution. American planters were only favoring themselves because they wanted the power.

Social Security Act:

Old age and retired people (65 + and spouses)- retirement plan where half the funds came from the worker and half from the employer. It helped make retirement comfortable., Unemployed compensation system- funded by federal tax on employers. Aid to families with dependent children/the disabled- paid for by federal funds

speakeasy-

People went to these to drink alcohol illegally. They had to speak quietly or "easy" here to not get caught drinking.

Black Tuesday:

On October 29, the bottom fell out of the stock market and the nations confidence. Shareholders frantically tried to sell their stocks before prices fell even lower (a record of 16.4 million, while millions could not find buyers).People who had bought stocks on credit were stuck in huge debts, many losing their savings.

Works Progress Administration (WPA):

One of the largest programs in the Second New Deal to create new jobs as quickly as possible. Harry Hopkins headed it, former chief of Federal Emergency Relief Administration. It spent 11 billion dollars to give jobs to more than 8 million workers (most unskilled). They built airports, repaired roads, and put up public buildings.

Farmers' Alliances:

Organized farmers that pushed for the government to control railroads/banks

Mary Harris Jones:

Organizer of the women's labor movement. She organized for the United Mine Worker of America. She helped influence the passing of child labor laws by leading a march.

The Palmer Raids:

Palmer and Hoover hunted down socialists, anarchists, and Communists. They ignored civil rights, invading private homes/offices, and jailing suspects without legal counsel. Hundreds of foreign born radicals were deported without trials. They did not find any evidence of revolutionary conspiracy.

war-guilt clause -

Part of Treaty of Versailles. Forced Germany to admit full responsibility for World War I, even though other European countries were to blame as well, humiliating Germany.

bootlegger -

People bought alcohol from them. Named after smugglers who kept alcohol in the leg of boots. They smuggled alcohol from Canada, Cuba, and the West Indies.

Speculation:

People bought stocks and bonds on the chance of a quick profit, while ignoring the risks.

buying on margin:

People were paying a small percentage of a stock's price as a down payment and borrowing the rest. The unrestrained buying and selling made prices go up, but did not reflect on the worth of the company. And if the values of the stocks declined, people had no way to pay off their loans.

Anarchists:

People who opposed any form of government. Palmer and Hoover hunted them down. Along with Communists and socialists, they were thrown into prison.

In what ways did prohibition lead to tensions and conflict among Americans?

People, especially in cities, did not agree with Prohibition. They continued to drink anyways by smuggling. Most immigrants disagreed with it as it was apart of their culture, not liking that the government was restricting it. Plus, people disrespected the law, finding ways to go around it.

What were the positive and negative aspects of railroad expansion?

Positive-united the nation; expanded industries (iron, steel, coal, and glass); towns grew; new markets created; new jobs; new cities; increased trade; new time zones Negative- the workers who built the railroad worked under dangerous conditions; there was corruption within the businesses as they grew

Nativism:

Prejudice against foreign born people that increased after World War 1. After the war, the nation was divided and things were changing. They were divided over the League of Nations, returning soldiers faced unemployment or took jobs from women/minorities, cost of living doubled.

Herbert Hoover:

President during the stock market crash.

Theodore Roosevelt:

President. Read the Jungle, and said he'd try to stop the evils that Sinclair had pointed out. He was vice president for William McKinley, because political bosses decided he was too hard to control in state legislator. He became president when McKinley was assassinated. He thought that the government should get control whenever the states couldn't handle problems (strong federal gov). Saw his presidency as a "bully pulpit", where he could influence media and shape legislation.

What is price fixing?

Price fixing is when businesses agree to charge the same price so that there's no competition to have the lowest price. That way, businesses could charge more and not worry about people not buying their good/service

Examine the pros and cons of each position in relation to prohibition. Which do you agree with? What other factors, if any, do you think would influence your position?

Pro prohibition- reduce drunks/drunken accidents. Con- part of people's cultures, can't completely monitor anyways, increase crime and smuggling, wasted money on something that cannot be controlled. I don't agree with Prohibition. I don't think it's possible to completely control alcohol, and it doesn't hurt anyone as long as it's limited.

fundamentalism -

Protestant movement. Very literal (nonsymbolic). They were skeptical of some scientific theories/discoveries, saying all information that we needed to know is in the Bible. They thought the Bible was inspired by God, so all the stories were true.

Explain the significance of the Supreme Court Case Munn v. Illinois (i.e. what was its purpose, what changes did it make, who benefitted most from the court decision).

Purpose- The railroads did not want their prices regulated by the government. Changes- the states could now regulate businesses to help out consumers. The farmers/Grangers benefited most, because now the prices would be regulated and fair for them.

What industrial weakness signaled a declining economy in the 1920s?

Railroads, textiles, and steel didn't make a profit. Mining and lumbering and coal-mining were hit (new forms of energy were being used). Automobiles, construction, and housing starts all weakened as well. the housing starts had a large impact because other industries (lumber, furniture, etc) were needed, so many lost jobs. Agriculture especially suffered.

Emilio Aguinaldo-

Rebel leader in the Philippines against U.S annexation. He believed that the U.S promised independence before Treaty, and vowed to fight it to gain independence. Led revolt against U.S , turning to guerilla tactics. As a result, the U.S did much of what Spain did, forcing Filipinos to live in designated zones, where sanitation, starvation, and disease killed many.

What were the causes that led to prohibition?

Reformers in the rural South and West thought that alcohol was the source of social issues, such as accidents on the job, crimes, and child/wife abuse. The Anti-Saloon League and the Women's Christian Temperance Union both pushed for prohibition.

Robert M. La Follette:

Republican governor of Wisconsin (then U.S Senator). Regulated railroads: taxed railroad property the same as any business property, set up a commission to regulate rates, made it illegal to give free passes to state officials.

Explain the details surrounding the Credit Mobilier scandal (i.e. who was involved, what did they do that was scandalous? How did their actions hurt others?

Republican officers were involved (Congressman/President James Garfield). The stockholders charged much more money than it took to pay for new tracks, then took the money and gave it to Congressmen as a bribe. They took money from the company and used it to help themselves politically.

Federal Securities Act:

Required corporations to provide complete information on all stock offerings, with the greater goal of restoring public confidence in the stock market. Created the Security and Exchange Commission to regulate the stock market. It limited borrowing from the bank and investigated wrongdoing in the stock market. It prevented people with inside information about companies from rigging the stock market.

Panama Canal -

Roosevelt and many Americans felt that they needed a canal cutting across Central America to reduce travel time for commercial and military ships, providing a shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. A French company first tried to build the canal in Panama, but failed after 10 years, so the U.S bought the French's company route for 40 million. Then, they had to get permission from Colombia (which ruled Panama). When negations were not going through, Bunau Varilla (French company) helped organize rebellion in Panama, and with the U.S help Panama became independent and they got the land for 10 million plus annual fee.

trustbusting:

Roosevelt broke up trusts (monopolies). ⅘ of U.S industry had trusts. He filed suits under the Sherman Antitrust Act, and he was known as a trustbuster for ordering the Justice Department to sue Northern Securities Company (had a monopoly over Northwestern Railroads), protecting public interest.

How did American forces help the Allies win the war?

Russia had pulled out of the war, and so Germany had gone to the western front in France. So, America helped stop the German advance at Cantigny in France, Chateau-Theierry, and Belleau Wood. After fighting off the Central Powers, U.S soldiers began to be offensive against Germans at Saint- Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne.

Explain the circumstances and events that led to the U.S. acquisition of Hawaii.

Sanford B Dole had controlled the government of Hawaii after overthrowing the queen. President Cleveland recognized the Republic of Hawaii but refused to annex it, unless a majority of Hawaiians favored it. President McKinley did favor annexation, so without the vote of the Hawaiians, the U.S government annexed Hawaii as a territory in 1898. Hawaii became a state in 1959.

What was the final result of the Scopes trial?

Scopes was found guilty. He was fined $100

Scopes trial-

Scopes, a young biology teacher, read about evolution in his biology test in Tennessee, where there was a law making it a crime to teach evolution. Clarence Darrow was hired by the ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union against the law prohibiting the teaching of evolution) to defend Scopes. The trial was a fight about evolution and the role of science and religion in public schools and in American society. Scopes was found guilty, and fined $100.

In what way did Queen Liliuokalani threaten the interests of wealthy American landowners in Hawaii?

She supported the Hawaiian people. She proposed removing the amendment of the constitution that stated only wealthy landowners could vote, so that others could as well.

Christopher Sholes:

Sholes invented the typewriter, giving women office jobs.

Summarize the beliefs of fundamentalism:

Skeptics of scientific theories. God inspired the Bible, so every story in it is true and that is all the important information that we need. They did not agree with Charles Darwin (who said that plant and animal species had developed and changed over millions of years), and especially disagreed that humans evolved from apes, saying that God created humans (what it says in the Bible). They wanted laws prohibiting the teaching of evolution.

What was Social Darwinism? What effect did it have on government policy? Who tended to favor it?

Social Darwinism said people succeed and fail depending on their natural capabilities, so only the naturally best succeed. It affected government policy because it stated that the marketplace should be free, not regulated by the government, because businesses will naturally succeed and fail. Protestants favored it, because they believed that you take responsibility and blame for your own success/failures in life.

Which economic reforms or movements gained popularity following the Panic of 1893?

Socialism gained popularity because they could see that big business and government had an unfair advantage over ordinary people.

Compare and contrast the opposing views of key African-American leaders during WWI.

Some, like WEB Du Bois, believed in supporting the war. He thought that by supporting the war the calls for racial justice would strengthen. However, some like William Trotter thought that they shouldn't back a racist government, opting for protests instead.

Valeriano Weyler:

Spanish general sent to restore order in Cuba. Sent Cubans from central and western rural areas to concentration camps to try to stop rebellion. Thousands of Cubans died from hunger and disease in them.

J. Edgar Hoover:

Special assistant to Palmer. Helped in the Palmer Raids.

Fourteen Points -

Speech that Wilson gave in 1918 to Congress about his plan for world peace. First five points about ways to prevent another war( No secret treaties, freedom of seas, tariffs lowered for free trade, military/arms reduced, colonial policies should consider interests of colonial peoples and imperialistic powers). next 8 points about boundary changes. Ethnic groups were to create own nation-states or decide which nations they would belong to. The League of Nations was the fourteenth point

deficit spending:

Spending more money than the government receives in revenue. Roosevelt did this for his New Deal programs.

Great Depression:

Stock market crash signaled the beginning of this. It was the period from 1929 to 1940 in which the economy plummeted and unemployment skyrocketed.

Pure Food and Drug Act:

Stopped the sale of contaminated food/drugs and required manufacturers to put a true label on. Before, companies had put false claims as to what the medicine did (like cure cancer) and put things like cocaine, opium, or alcohol in medicine.

San Juan Hill:

Strategically important. Rough Riders helped pave way for an attack on the hill, naming Theodore Roosevelt the hero.

William Seward:

Supporter of American expansion. Secretary of state under LIncoln and Andrew Johnson. Arranged for U.S to buy Alaska from Russia (people at first were against this)(became state in 1959).

In what ways did WWI represent a frightening new kind of warfare?

Tanks were used to clear the way for infantry. Airplanes could be used to scout and fight enemy planes. Airplanes could also drop bombs. The weapons led to more injuries. There was filth, lice, rats, dysentery (polluted water), decaying bodies, poisonous gas.

What were some specific examples of the rising tensions between unions, government and big business during the 1920's?

The Boston police striked for higher wages. MA governor said that it was against public safety for them to strike, so they were fired and new men hired.Coolidge (the governor) was considered to save Boston/the nation from "communism and anarchy". He was a vice-presidential running mate in the 1920 election. When steel mill works striked to get shorter hours/living wage, they were beaten and the companies accused them of being Communists. There was a stalemate.Three years after the strike, harsh working conditions were revealed and the companies agreed to an 8 hr day.

Which specific New Deal programs were established to help the poor and unemployed?

The CCC gave jobs to young men. The Public Works Administration created jobs in the construction of schools and other public buildings and highways. Also, the Federal Emergency Relief Administration established emergency assistance payments (a dole), set up soup kitchens, food warehouses, and housing camps for job seekers.

Which group of immigrants do you think faced the greatest challenges in the United States? Why?

The Chinese faced the greatest challenges. It was harder for them to get in at Angel Island than for others to get in at Ellis Island, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed against them

How did the Granger laws help farmers (provide specifics)?

The Granger laws made it so that the railroads could no longer overprice them for the storage and shipping. They had a set rate, and this rate could no longer fluctuate trip to trip.

How did the Grangers (mostly poor farmers) do battle with the giant railroad companies?

The Grangers battled the giant railroad companies politically. They sponsored their own candidates that supported them.

How did the Great Depression affect the world economy?

The Hawley-Smoot Tariff prevented other countries from earning American currency to buy American goods. It made unemployment worse in industries that could no longer export goods to Europe. Many countries retaliated, raising their own tariffs. World trade fell by about 40 percent.

How did the New Deal support labor organizations?

The NIRA gave workers the right to unionize and bargain collectively.

Why was the metal that backed paper currency such an important issue in the 1896 presidential campaign?

The Populists wanted bimetallism, because there would be inflation which would get them more money. The Republicans wanted a gold standard, because there would be less money in circulation, and loans would be repaid in stable money.

Why do you think the Eighteenth Amendment failed to eliminate alcohol consumption?

The Prohibition Bureau did not have enough budget to keep track of alcohol. There were many ways to get around the amendment, like secretly buying and drinking it. You could get a prescription, make your own, buy from bootleggers, go to speakeasies, etc. There would be no way to monitor every single place and person.

What caused the Pullman strike? How did big business and government respond?

The Pullman company fired many and cut the wages of everyone else but not the cost of rent, so workers were pocketing very little money. Then, Pullman refused arbitration and hired strikebreakers when the ARU boycotted his lines and the workers had a strike. Federal troops were sent in and Pullman fired most of the strikers and railroads blacklisted them.

How did this war expand America's global influence?

The U.S had Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.

Selective Service Act -

The U.S needed to build up their army. To get more men, Congress passed this act in 1917 (May). It required men to register with the government to be randomly selected for military service. 3 million were called up (24 million registered)

The Jungle:

The book by Upton Sinclair that revealed the horrible working conditions of a meatpacking factory, where there were rats and germs. Theodore Roosevelt read and responded to this.

What were key events, factors and issues that led the U.S. to go to war with Spain?

The concentration camps and yellow journalism, Dupuy de Lome's letter, and the exploding of the USS Maine cause Americans to want to go to war.

militarism-

The development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy. Imperialism and nationalism led to militarism because nations wanted to build stronger army than potential enemies. Germany built up a strong military- and navy. Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, and U.S all built up their navies.

Why did Roosevelt launch the Second Hundred Days?

The first New Deal had been effective, but not all problems were solved. Unemployment was still high, and production was still decreased. The second New Deal was to provide more extensive relief for both farmers and workers.

How did the government facilitate the expansion of the railroads?

The government gave the railroads land grants and loans to help.

What factors limited the success of unions?

The government supported business, not laborers (Sherman Antitrust Act, federal troops sent into stop strikes/boycotts, finding the Triangle Shirtwaist business owners not guilty). Employers also fired union members, forbade unions to meet, and made people sign a yellow dog contract to say they wouldn't join a union.

In 1977 (50 years after the event) what did the Massachusetts governor declare about the Sacco and Vanzetti case?

The governor declared that they had been given an unfair trial.

Why did suffragist leaders employ a three part strategy for gaining the right to vote?

The leaders had to because they were continuously shot down. They tried tried different methods, with state government, Supreme Court, then national constitution. Women first tried to get state legislators to grant women the right to vote, but it only succeeded in 4 states. Then, they had court cases testing the fourteenth amendment, saying that if men were citizens and got to vote then women should too. While the Supreme court ruled them citizens, they ruled that that doesn't mean they get the right to vote. Finally, women wanted a national constitutional amendment, but that too failed

How did wartime conditions help spread the flu?

The living conditions in the army made the disease spread rapidly, so a lot of soldiers got the disease. The soldiers then spread the disease around the world.

Prohibition -

The manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages were legally prohibited. This was the Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution. Reformers (from the rural South and West) thought that alcohol led to crime, wife/child abuse, accidents on the job, etc.

Dow Jones Industrial Average:

The most widely used used barometer of the stock market's health. The Dow is a measure based on the stock prices of 30 representative large firms trading on the New York Stock Exchange. The Dow had reached 381 points in the 20s, 300 points than it had been five years earlier, showing that stock prices rose.

What were some specific Granger laws?

The railroads had to establish their highest rates.

For what reasons were farmers angry at railroad companies?

The railroads sold their land grants to businesses, not settlers; the railroads set market prices for their own benefit not farmers'; the prices differed-they were higher for short trips than long trips because there was no competition

Which solution (or attempted solution) to an urban problem discussed in this section do you think had the most impact? Why?

The settlement houses had the most impact. They tried to help those living in slums by giving them an education and providing nurses for the sick.

In the U.S., both supporters and opponents of the League of Nations hoped to preserve peace. How did each group propose to secure peace for the United States?

The supporters thought that the League of Nations would create a place where nations could talk out conflicts so they wouldn't resort to war, and be able to protect each other. the other side thought that the treaty would force the U.S into foreign wars and European affairs rather than keep up isolationism. Also, they thought that it went against the Monroe Doctrine.

Why didn't the Treaty of Versailles lay the foundations for a lasting peace?

The treaty didn't solve any problems. Germany was left humiliated and wanting vengeance for the war-guilt clause, needing to pay reparations, having their army reduced, and having colonies taken away. Plus, Russia was excluded from the peace conference (even though it had fought for the Allies for three years) and had more territory taken than Germany. Plus, the treaty didn't acknowledge claims that colonized people made for self determination. As a result, tensions were high in Europe. Many wanted vengeance.

What were the main issues behind the Scopes trial?

The trial was a fight about evolution and the role of science and religion in public schools and in American society.

What negative impacts did the development of the assembly line have upon workers?

The workers had to work much faster, like machines, and fatigue themselves, leading to injury.

What were the physical and psychological effects of this new kind of warfare?

There exposed to filth, rats, lice, polluted water. They didn't get enough sleep. They got shell shock (emotional collapse). They got trench foot, a disease where the toes/feet rot and need to be amputated. Trench mouth was an infection of the gums and throat that they got.

What factors caused Russia to seek and secure peace with Germany during WWI?

There was a revolution in Russia. The Russian monarchy was replaced with a provisional government. Bolsheviks overthrew this government and set up a Communist state. Before, Russia and Germany had been fighting, with the Russians being defeated multiple times. After, revolutionists ousted the czar and set up a provisional government, but Bolsheviks overthrew this government and made Russia Communist.

What effect did the war have on the lives of recent immigrants?

There were attacks on the CIvil liberties of immigrants, particularly those of German descent. People with German names lost their jobs, towns with German names changed them, the German language stopped being taught in school, etc. Some were even flogged or covered in tar and feathers or lynched.

How did the WWI open opportunities for African Americans?

There were more job opportunities in the North. World War I caused an increase in production ( steel mills, munitions plants, stockyards)and less European immigrants to take the jobs

What housing problems did urban working class families face?

There were more people and more housing was needed to support the growing population. If they lived on the outskirts of the city, it would be hard for them to have a form of transportation to their jobs. But, in city, the housing was very cramped. So, row houses and other housing had to be created.

What was the major cause behind the wave of immigration from Europe from 1815 to 1848?

There were reforms in Europe for constitutional governments, which the immigrants were looking for in America.

How did the Spanish try to avoid war with the United States?

They agreed to almost everything the U.S demanded including a six month cease fire.

Briefly explain each of the three factors that fueled American imperialism.

They believed in cultural superiority (responsibility to spread Christianity and their civilization), they wanted new markets (they needed raw materials and markets for their manufactured goods. They thought that foreign trade would solve their over production problem and unemployment/economic depression), and desired military strength (other nations were building their global military, so American leaders like Mahan believed that the U.S should too, so they built up the navy to become the third largest in the world ).

In what way did social Darwinism contribute to U.S. imperialism?

They believed that the U.S was superior (survival of the fittest). Because of the belief that they were better, they thought it was their duty to spread Christianity and their culture.

What similarities did the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act share?

They both put regulations on food that was processed in factories, trying to stop the contaminated food/ meat.

What problems did canal workers encounter in constructing the Panama Canal?

They had disease like yellow fever and malaria. The volcanic soil was soft and difficult to remove. They had to clear brush and swamps. Many died from accidents and disease.

How did speculation and margin buying cause stock prices to rise?

They increased the demand of stocks. Many were buying, so stock prices when up, due to the large demand. However, the prices did not reflect on the worth of the company.

How did the German U-boat campaign affect U.S. public opinion?

They killed American passengers on the Lusitania, Arabic, and Sussex, creating American outrage against Germany. Americans threatened to stop diplomatic relations with Germany, and after the Arabic sank Germany said they would not attack any more passenger ships but they broke the promise and sank the Sussex. The U.S again threatened to stop diplomatic relations and in response Germany said they'd consider ending the counter blockade if the U.S ended the British blockade against food and fertilizer.

What impact did the Espionage and Sedition Acts have on free speech?

They limited free speech. Anyone that interfered with war effort or said anything disloyal about the gov would be fined and jailed. Newspapers magazines that opposed war couldn't mail. It targeted socialists and labor leaders like Debs and the IWW. The IWW was accused of sabotaging war effort for striking.

Espionage and Sedition Acts -

They limited free speech/First Amendment. Anyone that interfered with war effort or said anything disloyal/abusive/profane about the gov or Allies would be fined and jailed.

Why did Congress make changes in immigration laws during the 1920s?

They made changes because between 1919 and 1921 the number of immigrants had increased by 600 percent, while nativist feelings increased.

How did the Grange and the Farmers' Alliances pave the way for the Populist Party?

They organized farmers and gave them a voice

What did the U.S. government (i.e. fiscal policy decision) do to try and keep dollars here in the U.S.?

They passed the Hawley-Smoot Tariff.

How did the government raise money for the war effort during WWI?

They raised taxes, especially through a progressive income tax (higher incomes taxed higher), war profits tax, and higher taxes on tobacco/liquor/ luxury goods. They also sold "Liberty Loan" and "Victory Loan" bonds.

How did city government change during the Progressive Era?

They stopped using patronage. Some cities created a five member commission of experts to take over, with each a head of one department. A council-manager form of government was also used where the people elected a council to make laws and the council elected an experienced manager to run the departments. Some reforms were also made, like making utilities run by the public, lower tax and public transportation, and work relief for the unemployed.

Provide at least 3 reasons why Nativists opposed immigration.

They thought it threatened the American way of life/culture, they feared that their jobs would be taken because the Chinese accepted lower wages, natives who were Protestants thought that Roman Catholics and Jews would undermine the government that had been created by Protestants

Why were some people afraid of the treaty's influence over American foreign policy?

They thought that the U.S would be forced into European affairs and foreign wars, preventing Congress from making decisions about war.

What reasons did people from other parts of the world have for immigrating to the United States?

They wanted a better life and independence. They heard that the U.S had an industrial boom that created a lot of jobs, usually with better pay. Famine, land shortages (due to a rise in population), job shortages, or religious/political persecution could have been happening where they came from. Others were "birds of passage" meaning they came temporarily to earn money. Chinese came after the gold rush hoping for wealth. After Hawaii was annexed, Japanese came to work on for planters

What caused the Filipino people to rise up against the U.S.?

They wanted independence.

What was the Populist Party platform?

They wanted teh government to regulate railroads, and they wanted bimetallism

Why did native born Americans start the Americanization movement?

They wanted to keep their American culture with so many immigrants and new cultures coming. Also, it would make things easier (with jobs) if the immigrants spoke English. Plus, the immigrants would need to learn to speak English and know about the American government to become citizens.

Why did the Allies reject Wilson's peace plan?

They were angry at Germany after the war, blaming Germany for it. They wanted to make Germany pay, not wanting to

Predict and explain how you think the people of Germany would react to the terms of the peace treaty:

They would be angry. They were forced to admit repsonsibility to a war the multiple nations caused. They'd also be angry about the large debt, because it would be difficult for them.

Sherman Antitrust Act:

This said it was illegal for businesses to form a trust that would interfere with free trade both between states and countries, because the government was afraid that free competition would stop. It was not effective because trust was not clearly defined and businesses accused just split into smaller organizations, and it eventually stopped being enforced. This was eventually turned against labor strikes/boycotts, if a company said they the labor movement was hurting interstate trade the government would stop it.

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA):

This set fair prices on many products, established fair labor standards, pursued goal of ensuring fair business practices and promoting industrial growth, and called for minimum wage. It was later ruled unconstitutional.

Social Darwinism:

This stated that success and failure in business is all dependent on the natural abilities an individual has. Because of this, it stated that the marketplace should not be regulated because business success and failure was a result of the natural capabilities of people.

Bessemer process:

This was important because it was a cheap way to produce a lot of steel by putting air into molten iron.

What impact did Spain's employment of concentration camps have upon the Cuban people? What impact did this have upon relations with the U.S.?

Thousands of people died from hunger and disease, and the civilians could not help the rebels in the concentration camps. It gained American sympathy for Cubans from yellow journalism.

By how much did total U.S. exports to Europe rise or fall between 1914 and 1917?

To Britain and France exports about doubled, while U.S exports to Germany stopped in 1915. Britain increased by 1400 and France by about 600.

Allies -

Triple Entente. France, Britain, and Russia.

Sacco and Vanzetti:

Two anarchists who were immigrants from Italy. They were arrested and charged with robbery and murder. The evidence was circumstantial, not concrete, and they had alibis. The jury found them guilty and sentenced them to death. People protested. Many thought that they were mistreated because of their radical beliefs and others thought it was because they were immigrants.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt:

Two term-governor of New York and a distant cousin of former president Theodore Roosevelt. He was the Democratic candidate in the election against Republican Hoover during the Great Depression. He proposed the New Deal.

Mitchell Palmer:

U.S Attorney General. Took action against "Red Scare" (Communist supporters in U.S). He and Hoover hunted down Communists, socialists, and anarchists.

What were the consequences of the Spanish-American War?

U.S bought Philippines, Cuba was set free, and Spain gave the U.S Puerto Rico and Guam.

Pearl Harbor:

U.S military got Pearl Harbor in Hawaii to become a U.S naval base in 1887. It was a refueling station for American ships.

Great White Fleet

U.S navy's fleet (nicknamed because the ships were white). Sign of growing U.S military power. Mahan had advised the government to build up their navy because other nations were.

John Hay-

U.S secretary that issued the Open Door notes for U.S to be able to trade in China. Issued second series after the Boxer Rebellion, saying that the U.S would make sure that they all kept equal trading rights in China, because they were afraid Europeans would use the victory to gain more control.

Explain the circumstances and events that led to the U.S. acquisition of Alaska.

William Seward, who was the secretary of state, arranged for the U.S to buy Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million in 1867. The House of Representatives had been hesitant to provide the funding, and some thought it was silly to buy Alaska.

dollar diplomacy-

William Taft did (came after Roosevelt). followed policy of using U.S government to guarantee loans made to foreign countries by American businesspeople. This policy was used to justify keeping European powers out of Caribbean. Taft arranged for American bankers to loan Nicaragua money when they were near bankrupt, and in return they got their customs duties, gained control of state owned railroads and national banks. Citizens of Nicaragua were not happy about the deal, and they revolted, so the U.S sent marines down to stop it.

Why did President Wilson refuse to recognize Huerta's government?

Wilson did a missionary diplomacy in which he did not recognize any gov that was oppressive hostile, or undemocratic (which added a moral aspect to Monroe Doctrine). He claimed that the new gov was a "government of butchers", saying it was hostile to the U.S and others because right after Huerta took over Madero (who had previously controlled gov after taking it from the dictator Diaz) was murdered.

What social and economic effects did higher education have on women?

Women that had higher education led reforms for housing, educational improvement, and food/drug laws. They also pushed for women's suffrage. Not as many got married.

Why did the prohibition movement appeal to so many women?

Women wanted the right to vote, and they justified getting the right by taking part in reform movements and becoming public figures.

Why did workers form unions in the late 19th century?

Workers formed unions because of exploitation and dangerous working conditions. Workers had to work long hours, they had no vacation, no unemployment compensation, sick leave, or reimbursement for injuries on the job. The wages were super low, and many people died on the job.

If the government had supported unions instead of management in the late 19th century, how might the lives of workers have been different?

Workers would have been able to get more laws passed to improve their working conditions, hours, and pay. They wouldn't have had to form as many labor unions, or strikes. And if they did do strikes, they would have been more successful rather than the government stopping the ones that lasted too long. There would have been safer working conditions, higher wages, no child labor, and shorter work days. Businesses could have also failed and prices would go up.

Bonus Army:

World War 1 veterans and their families went to DC from various parts of the country because they wanted the bonus that they were supposed to get in 1945 (it was 1932) at that time. Hoover thought that the Bonus Army was communists and people with criminal records. But, he respected their right to peacefully march and he supplied them with food and supplies. However, when they did not leave after the bill was turned down, they refused to leave. So, soldiers were sent to make them leave with tear bombs. Some died and many were injured.

Communist Manifesto:

Written by Marx and Engels.Published 1848. Russia's communist government based off of. Said that whoever had more economic power had more social and political power.Said that struggle was between those that owned capital and workers.They urged workers to seize power.

initiative:

a bill originated by the people, not the lawmakers

nationalism-

a devotion to interests and culture of a person's nation. This led to competition between nations. Many feared Germany's growing power at this time. Many ethnic groups wanted to become independent, looking to larger nations for help. Russia and Austria-Hungary were rivals over influence of Serbia (Austria-Hungary controlled it, but Russia saw itself as a protector of Serbs).

melting pot-

a mixture of people of different cultures and races who blended together by abandoning their native language and customs. Many Native-born Americans that of the U.S as this when immigrants came in, but when the immigrants did not want to give up their culture, Americans had anti-immigrant feelings.

referendum:

a vote on the initiative

Florence Kelley:

advocate for improving women's and children's lives. Helped win the Illinois Factory Act prohibiting child labor and putting a limit on women's working hours, and became the chief inspector of Illinois factories.

credit:

an arrangement in which consumers agreed to buy now and pay later for purchases. Many Americans were doing this in the 20s, living beyond their means. This was done with installment plans (in monthly payments) with interest.

trench warfare -

armies fought for mere yards of ground. This continued for over three years during WWI, and many (about 1.2 million) died.

gold standard:

backing dollars with gold only. Republicans wanted this

direct relief-

cash payments or food provided by the government to the poor. There was no system of direct relief during the early years of the Great Depression.

settlement house:

community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in the area (particularly immigrants), that were established by the Social Gospel movement. Settlement workers sometimes lived in the houses to find out the problems these people were having because of urbanization. They had classes and college extension courses for people (like English, health and painting). They sent nurses to sick people's homes.

Progressive-

developing gradually/step by step; favoring social reform/new liberal ideas

Seventeenth Amendment:

direct election of senators.

Americanization movement:

done to assimilate (liken) people of wide ranging cultures in the dominant culture. Schools/organizations would teach immigrants things they needed to know, like English literacy and American government.

Treaty of Versailles -

established 9 new nations (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia). It shifted boundaries of other nations. Ottoman Empire was carved into five areas given to France and Britain as mandates (temporary colonies until they could rule themselves. Germany couldn't maintain an army, they had to pay $33 billion in reparations, and they had to give the Alsace-Lorraine back to France.

Grange:

gathering of farmers who wanted the government to regulate railroads. Significance: led to the Farmer's Alliance and the Populist Party.

bimetallism:

government would give people silver/gold for paper money. Significance: Farmers/Laborers/Populist party wanted this so that there would be more money in circulation so that they would get more money for their products.

George Creel -

head of the Committee on Public Information. Former muckraking journalist. Got nation's advertising agencies to make posters, paintings, cartoons, sculptures to promote the war. Got "Four Minute Men" to speak out about the war (including bonds, draft, rationing, victory gardens, why they are in the war, etc). Printed pamphlets and books about How War Came to America (with Wilson's war message). His campaign promoted patriotism but inflamed hatred and violations of civil liberty of certain ethnic groups.

Persecution-

hostility and ill-treatment toward a specific race

Membership dropped because:

immigrant were willing to work in the poor conditions, unions had difficulty organizing immigrants because they spoke so many different languages., farmers who migrated to cities were used to relying on themselves, most unions excluded African Americans.

Jane Addams:

influential member of the Social Gospel movement. Founded Chicago's Hull House. She won a Nobel Peace Prize. She spoke out for racial justice and quality of life issues.

muckraker:

journalists who wrote in magazines about the corrupt side of business and public life in early 1900s

craft union :

labor unions only skilled laborers were apart of, but they could be from different trades (AFL)

Upton Sinclair:

muckraking journalist who wrote novels revealing poor labor conditions that people faced so that the business would get a large profit. The Jungle was about the poor conditions of a meatpacking industry. President Theodore Roosevelt read his book, and said that he'd try to fix the problems detailed in it.

Square Deal:

progressive reforms sponsored by the Roosevelt administration. If big businesses victimized workers then he gave the common people a square deal. One was that he attacked trusts with the Sherman Antitrust Act(sued and broke up railroads). He also passed the Hepburn Act saying that railroads couldn't give out free passes and the ICC could set maximum railroad rates.

Social Gospel movement:

reform program. Preached salvation through service to the poor. This made reformers want to help out, so they established settlement houses.

Segregated-

set apart/isolated among race

William Jennings Bryan:

silverite, Populist, gave the "cross of gold" speech, lost the 1896 election to McKinley Significance: His losing in the election led to the end of the Populist Party

Imperialism:

stronger countries extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories. Many American leaders thought that the U.S should become imperialistic in the 1880s and control colonies overseas.

scientific management:

studies that showed how quickly each manufacturing task could be performed. Frederick Winslow Taylor used time and motion studies to see.

Susan B. Anthony:

supporter of women's suffrage. The fourteenth and fifteenth amendment gave the right to vote to African American men, but not women. She was against this. She had helped form the NWSA, which joined with another group to form the NAWSA.

Platt Amendment (specifics)-

the U.S insisted Cuba add this to their constitution (that Cuba had made after the War). The U.S forced Cuba, saying they would keep their army in Cuba until they agreed. They were reluctant, some protesting Governor-General Leonard Wood. It became apart of a treaty between U.S and Cuba. This amendment said: Cuba could not make treaties that would limit its independence or permit a foreign power to control any of its territory, The U.S had the right to intervene in Cuba, Cuba couldn't go into debt that the gov couldn't repay, The U.S could buy/lease land on island for naval stations and refueling stations.

Populism:

the movement of the people Significance: The farmers created the Populist Party to give them more power in the government as well as to help them pay off their debts.

Suffrage:

the right to vote

Why did Secretary of State John Hay issue the policy statements known as the Open Door notes?

they feared that China would be carved in colonies because 5 countries had already established settlements, so they didn't want to lose their chance. The countries were Russia, Japan, France, Germany, Britain

collude:

to act together secretly to achieve an illegal or deceitful purpose. Railroads owners did this with each other to set high rates for the railroads.

mass transit:

transportation systems designed to move large numbers of people along fixed routes, such as the subway and streetcars. These helped workers go to and from work much easier

progressive movement:

tried to restore economic opportunities and correct injustices in American life. They wanted to protect social welfare, promote moral improvement, create economic reform, and foster efficiency

armistice-

truce that ended World War 1. Austria-Hungary surrendered first, then German sailors then soldiers mutinied against the government and socialist leaders set up a new German republic. The kaiser gave up the throne. German was too exhausted to keep fighting, resulting in the armistice.

Menial-

unskilled, inferior

recall:

voters could remove public officials from elected positions by forcing them to face another election before the end of their term.

W.E.B. Du Bois:

wanted social and economic equality for African Americans. Helped establish the NAACP

reparations -

war damages. Germany was required to pay reparations as a part of the Treaty of Versailles. They had to pay $33 billion.

sweatshops:

workshops in tenements that require little skill to work for (so usually children and women worked here) that had very low wages and long hours and poor conditions. As they were not in factories, the law did not regulate them. (Triangle Shirtwaist Factory)