US HISTORY TEST II

Franco-American Agreement 1800

by its own terms it was to last "forever"; bound the United States to help the French defend their West Indies against future foes (British); Democratic-Republicans wanted to honor this alliance + wanted to enter conflict with British to repay debt of gratitude to French; Washington +Federalists wanted to avoid war

Thomas Jefferson

third U.S. President, was a man of great talent and convictions. He believed that all men should be free. He was shy and quiet in person, but he was a great writer. He was the primary writer of the Declaration of Independence and is often called, "The Father of the Declaration of Independence." He also penned a document calling for the separation of church and state. Thomas Jefferson served two terms as president. He was one of the original founders of the Democratic Party, which today bears little resemblance to his early ideals. He believed in limited Federal government and strong state governments; low (or no) taxes; and equality for all men.

Assumption

transfer of debt from one party to another; feder government assumed states' Revolutionary War debts in 1790 crucial for Hamilton's plan to have wealthy Americans provide support for national administration

Economic Coercion

Jefferson came up with the Embargo Act which cut off all trade with all countries. Jefferson hoped this would force the English to come to his terms and stop stealing American sailors. This, however, did not work and greatly hurt American trade.

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson's view of his election to presidency. Jefferson claimed that the election of 1800 represented a return to what he considered the original spirit of the Revolution. Jefferson's goals for his revolution were to restore the republican experiment, check the growth of government power, and to halt the decay of virtue that had set in under Federalist rule.

Land Ordinance 1785

Law passed by Congress that allowed for sales of land in the Northwest Territory and set up standards for land sale that became precedents. Among them was the idea of selling mile-square sections of land.

Northwest Ordinance 1787

Law to regulate the settlement of the Northwest Territory, which eventually was divided into several states of the Middle West. The United States was governed under the Articles of Confederation at the time. The Northwest Ordinance organized the territory into townships of thirty-six square miles each and provided for self-government and religious toleration in the territory. Slavery was prohibited.

Democratic Republican

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

Amendments 1-10

AKA THE BILL OF RIGHTS 1- Freedom of Religion, Speech, and the Press 2- The Right to Bear Arms 3- The Housing of Soldiers 4- Protection from Unreasonable Searches and Seizures 5- Protection of Rights to Life, Liberty, and Property 6- Rights of Accused Persons in Criminal Cases 7- Rights in Civil Cases 8- Excessive Bail, Fines, and Punishments Forbidden 9- Other Rights Kept by the People 10- Undelegated Powers Kept by the States and the People

Funding

"Funding at Par"- federal gov. would pay off their debts at face value plus accumulated interest (totaled > $54 million)

Cohens v Virginia

- Situation: Cohens was found guilty by the state court of VA of selling lottery tickets illegally - Constitutional Issue: Which court holds precedence? - Finding of the Court: The conviction was upheld - Impact of the Decision: Asserted that the Supreme Court is stronger than the state courts

Excise (Whiskey) Tax

After a spirited debate, the House passed, by a 35 to 21 majority, the Excise Whiskey Tax—legislation that proved wildly unpopular with farmers and eventually precipitated the "Whisky Rebellion." The measure levied a federal tax on domestic and imported alcohol, earmarked to offset a portion of the federal government's recent assumption of state debts.

New Jersey Plan

After two weeks of debating the Virginia Plan, a counterproposal was put forth by William Patterson, which has become known as the New Jersey Plan (or the Small State Plan or the Patterson Plan). Patterson's ideas amounted to no more than a simple reshaping of the Articles of Confederation. The plan once again offered the idea of a unicameral (one house) legislature in which all states would have an equal number of votes.

Napoleonic Wars

-war between napoleon's france and the other european powers, led by britain -both sides tried to prevent neutral powers, esp the US, from trading with their enemy -american ships were seized by both sides and american sailors were "impressed" or forced into the british navy -the US was angered by this violation of the "freedom of the seas" principle which holds that outside its territorial waters, a state may not claim sovereignty over the seas -these violations would escalate and lead to the war of 1812

Chesapeake Affair

1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology.

Battle of New Orleans

1814, Britain menaces Mississippi Valley by attacking N.O., U.S. win with Andrew Jackson leading

Undeclared Naval War 1798

Aka "Quasi War" (1798)Undeclared naval war fought between the United States and the French. The French had been a major ally to the Americans during their war for independence, and when the American's remained neutral in European affairs, it upset them greatly. The French began to capture American ships and impress their soldiers. When President Adams sent a delegate to negotiate peace, the French required a bribe to be paid in order to speak to their leader. This was known as the XYZ Affair. The outrage from this act helped bring about this war.

Compromise and Delay

???

Monroe Doctrine 1823

A United States foreign policy document stating that there would be no U.S. intervention into existing European colonies and that European powers should stay away from the New World

Nationalists

A moderate group who wanted broader taxation and limits on democracy warned against: -the power of the legislatures which was increased by expanded voting rights in the states -inflated currency -and the unstable Articles which had term limits and annual elections too much democracy was a bad thing Included Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, Henry Knox, Rufus King

HMS Leopard

A naval engagement on June 22nd, 1807 between British HMS Leopard and USS Chesapeake. Raised tension between England and America and was one of the events leading up to the war of 1812

Bi-Cameral

A two-chamber legislature, made up of the House of Representatives (435 representatives) and the U.S. Senate (100 members).

Panic 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Alien and Sedition Acts- 1798, passed by Federalists a. Alien Enemies Act- deport foreigners who came from countries that were at war with the U.S b. Alien Friends Act- expel any alien suspected with subversive activities c. Naturalization Act- increased the residency requirement for citizenship to 14 years from 5 years d. Sedition Act- made it a federal crime to conspire against the government or say or print anything against the government e. Impact was that the Federalist were using these to hold onto power

Attack on the Judiciary

Although notably open-minded and tolerant, Jefferson had a few stubborn prejudices. One was against kings, another against the British system of government. A third was against judges, or rather, against entrenched judicial power. While recognizing that judges must have a degree of independence, he feared what he called their "habit of going out of the question before them, to throw an anchor ahead, and grapple further hold for future advances of power." The biased behavior of Federalist judges during the trials under the Sedition Act had enormously increased this distrust, and it burst all bounds when the Federalist majority of the dying Congress rammed through the Judiciary Act of 1801.

Federalists

Americans who initially believed in the constitutions system of government and who thought the Articles of Confederation did not support the country effectively.

Article II

Article of the Constitution that defines the Executive Branch, it's powers, duties, and means of removal.

Article I

Article of the Constitution that defines the Legislative Branch, it's powers, members, and workings.

Article VI

Article of the Constitution that regulates the states' powers, and their interaction with the National government.

Article III

Article of the Constitution that sets up the Judicial Branch and defines treason.

Loose Construction

Belief that the government can do anything that the constitution does not prohibit

Paper Blockades

British economic retaliation to the continental system brings a flurry of paper blockades that put American trade in a no win situation which disrespects the US

Necessary and Proper Clause

Clause of the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3) setting forth the implied powers of Congress. It states that Congress, in addition to its express powers, has the right to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out all powers the Constitution vests in the national government.

Three-Fifths Compromise

Determined that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation. The compromise granted disproportionate political power to Southern slave states.

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." (responsible for the Missouri Compromise). Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

Constitution of 1787

During the constitutional Convention delegates voted immediately to abandon the articles of confederation and draft a new constitution. Opponents feared that a centralized government would become too powerful. In order to prevent this a system of divided power along with a system of checks and balances was designed.

Sam Slater

Father of the factory system; stole plans from British mechanic and escaped to America; got capital from Moses Brown (quaker); first efficient American machinery for spinning cotton thread.

Patrick Henry

Fiery orator and tireless champion of American independence who is best known for his speech ending with, "Give me liberty, or give me death!" He was an outspoken critic of the Stamp Act and introduced seven resolutions against it to the Virginia House of Burgesses. He was the first governor of Virginia and led the fight for the adoption of the Bill of Rights.

Alexander Hamilton

First Secretary of Treasury, under George Washington. His ideas about government were at the heart of the republican form of government we now have, and his economic theories form the basis of our economy still. Along with James Madison and John Jay, he wrote The Federalist Papers, letters to New York newspapers designed to convince the people in that state to ratify the Constitution. He was a leader of the new Federalist Party, along with John Adams. His politics brought him into conflict with Thomas Jefferson, who was a leader of the new Democratic-Republican Party. Hamilton was killed in a duel with Aaron Burr.

James Madison

Fourth president, signer of the Constitution, writer of The Federalist Papers, leader of the Democratic-Republican Party. He is probably most famous, however, for his draft of the Virginia Plan (the basis for our republican government), his insistence on a Bill of Rights, and his notes of the Constitutional Convention. As president, he presided over the War of 1812, which the United States won.

George Washington

George Washington is called "the father of his country" for his crucial role in fighting for, creating and leading the United States of America in its earliest days. Washington was a surveyor, farmer and soldier who rose to command the Colonial forces in the Revolutionary War. He held the ragtag Continental Army together -- most famously during a frigid encampment at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania during the winter of 1777-78 -- and eventually led them to victory over the British. First President of United States

John Marshall

He served in the Continental Army during the Revolution. In the 1790s he had embraced the Federalist Party. Marshall tossed the Republicans a few crumbs by ruling that the Supreme Court could not compel Madison to deliver Marbury's commission. Then he argued that the Court could not issue a writ of mandamus in its original jurisdiction. The 1st time the court had declared an act of Congress unconstitutional.

Albert Gallatin

He was called the "Watchdog of the Treasury," and proved to be as able as Alexander Hamilton. He agreed with Jefferson that a national debt was a bane rather than a blessing. Using strict controls of the economy, he succeeded in reducing the debt, and he balanced the budget.

Judiciary Act 1789

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.

Era of Good Feelings

James Monroe's two terms in office (1817-1825) The perception is that the country was unified for the first time, Federalist Party was dying, and Republicans had support throughout the country. However, this perception was oversimplified. Times were actually hard -- Debates raged over tariffs, the national bank, internal improvements, and public land sales. Sectionalist arguments over slavery were starting, and the Republicans themselves were getting ready to break up. The actual Era of Good Feelings lasted only from 1816-1819 (Panic of 1819). Nationalism was further cemented by a goodwill tour Monroe took.

Hartford Convention

Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island met in 1814 in Hartford, Connecticut for a secret meeting to discuss their disgust of the war and to redress their grievances. The Hartford Convention's final report demanded:-Financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade from embargos; -Constitutional amendments requiring a 2/3 vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed, new states admitted, or war declared; -The abolition of slavery; -a President could only serve 1 term; -the abolition of the 3/5 clause; -the prohibition of the election of 2 successive Presidents from the same state.The Hartford resolutions marked the death of the Federalist party. The party nominated their last presidential candidate in 1816.

Shay's Rebellion

Rebellion against the seizing of property by county courts due to debt. Revolutionary veteran, Daniel Shays, organized protestors in Western Massachusetts at the end of 1786 into an armed resistance movement. They protested creditors and tax collectors and threatened violence. By December, they shut down courts in Springfield and a month later, they marched against state arsenal. It was shut down by the state militia.

Austerlitz 1805

On December 2, 1805 Napoleon defeated the combined Austrian and Russian forces at Austerlitz. The Treaty of Pressburg that followed won major concessions from Austria. The Austrians withdrew from Italy and left Napoleon control of everything north of Rome, where he was recognized as king of Italy

Virginia Plan

On May 29, 1787, Virginia delegate Edmund Randolph proposed what became known as "The Virginia Plan." Written primarily by fellow Virginian James Madison, the plan traced the broad outlines of what would become the U.S. Constitution: a national government consisting of three branches with checks and balances to prevent the abuse of power. It describes 2 houses: one with members elected by the people for 3-year terms and the other composed of older leaders elected by the state legislatures for 7-year terms. Both would use population as a basis for dividing seats among the states.

Trafalgar 1805

On October 21, 1805, the British admiral Lord Nelson destroyed the combined French and Spanish fleets at the Battle of Trafalgar off the Spanish coast. Nelson died in battle, but the British lost no ships. Trafalgar ended all French hope of invading Britain and guaranteed British control of the sea for the rest of the war

Judiciary Act 1801

One of the last important laws passed by the expiring Federalist Congress. It created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. This was Adams's last attempt to keep Federalists power in the new Republican Congress. His goal was for federalists to dominate the judicial branch of government.

Anti-Federalists

Opposed to a strong central government; saw undemocratic tendencies in the Constitution and insisted on the inclusion of the Bill of Rights. Included Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and Patrick Henry.

Non-Intercourse Act 1809

Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.

Government Under the Articles of Confederation

STRENGTHS OF AoC: -First written agreement and first constitution of USA -Congress has the power to deal with foreign affairs and authority to declare war, and make peace, allaince and sign treaties -Congress has power to manage Native Indian affairs -Supported the Congressional direction of the Continental Army -encouraged coordination and cooperation between different states and they can settle disputes between the states -Allowed formation of new states that had a population of more than 60,000 -The Department of Treasury, the Department of Postal Service and the Department of Foreign Affairs were established Postal service, admiralty court, coin money WEAKNESSES OF AoC: -There was only one vote per state, regardless of its size -No power to regulate commerce or trade between the states, each state could put taxes on trade btwn states -national gov't didn't have power to tax. Revenue comes from states -Couldn't force states to obey its laws and taxation was ignored because they could not be enforced -No national army or navy -No national courts -Each state has own paper money -No president, lacked strength and solid leader -No power to raise money to pay for action against border encroachments -Any changes to Articles required unanimous vote leading to long delays in implementation

Whiskey Rebellion

Southern and western farmers, whose grain crop was a chief ingredient in whiskey, loudly protested the tax. In 1794, farmers in western Pennsylvania attacked federal officials seeking to collect tax on the grain they had distilled into whiskey. The administration of President George Washington dispatched a force of nearly 13,000 militia to put down a feared revolt. Resistance, however, dissipated when the troops arrived.

McCulloch v Maryland

Strengthened federal authority and upheld the constitutionality of the bank of the United States by establishing that the state of Maryland did not have the power to tax the bank.

Gibbons v Ogden

Suit over whether New York could grant a monopoly to a ferry operating on interstate waters. The ruling reasserted that congress had the sole power to regulate interstate commerce.

Midnight Judges

The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

Marbury vs Madison

The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the Judiciary Act of 1789).

First Federal Government 1789

The Congress of the United States established by the new Constitution met for the first time at New York City's Federal Hall on March 4, 1789. It is arguably the most important Congress in U.S. history. To this new legislature fell the responsibility of passing all the legislation needed to implement the new system, solving the difficult political questions left by the Constitutional Convention, setting up the rules and procedures of the House and Senate, and establishing the roles of its officers such as Speaker of the House and President of the Senate. Most actions of the First Congress broke new ground. The first law passed set oaths of office not only for Congress but for state legislators, Federal executive officers, and state and Federal judges. Other early legislation raised revenues by setting duties on imported goods; established the Departments of State, War, and Treasury (and a temporary post office department); created a Federal judiciary; set compensation for government officials; provided for lighthouses; authorized expenses for negotiating with Indian tribes; and reenacted the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. At the end of the first session, an attempt to locate a capital-or seat of government-failed.

Judicial Review

The Court can review any federal, state, or local law, or action to see if it is constitutional

USS Chesapeake

The USS Ship in the Chesapeake affair

Ratification Debates

There were two sides to the Great Debate: the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists. The Federalists wanted to ratify the Constitution, the Anti-Federalists did not. One of the major issues these two parties debated concerned the inclusion of the Bill of Rights. The Federalists felt that this addition wasn't necessary, because they believed that the Constitution as it stood only limited the government not the people. The Anti- Federalists claimed the Constitution gave the central government too much power, and without a Bill of Rights the people would be at risk of oppression.

Cadore Letter

This letter was sent by Napoleon to the US and it promised to repeal France's restrictions if England repealed its Orders-in-Council. This was a gesture of France's good will (Napoleon never intended to repeal his restrictions because he knew England would not comply).

Adams- Onis Treaty 1819

This was also know as the Florida Purchase Treaty and the Transcontinental Treaty. Under its terms, the US paid Spain $5 million for Florida, Spain recognized America's claims to the Oregon Country, and the US surrendered its claim to northern Mexico (Texas).

Treaty of Ghent 1814

Tsar Alexander I of Russia called the Americans and British to come to peace because he didn't want his British ally to lose strength in the Americas and let Napoleon take over Europe. The Treaty of Ghent, signed on December 24, 1814 in Ghent, Belgium, was an armistice. John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay went to Ghent for the signing. Both sides stopped fighting and conquered territory was restored.

John C. Calhoun

Vice president to Andrew Jackson who began to champion a controversial constitutional theory: nullification. He argued that since the federal govt. was a creation of the states, that the states were the final arbiters of the constitutionality of federal laws. If a state concluded that Congress had passed and unconstitutional law, then it could hold a special convention and declare the federal law null and void within the state. This was the Nullification Doctrine, and it contained the idea of using it to nulify the 1828 tariff, and it quickly attracted board support in South Carolina. But this did nothing to help his standing within the new administration, mostley because he has a powerful rivalry with Martin Van Buren.

Declaration of Neutrality 1793

Washington's declaration that the U.S. would not take sides after the French Revolution touched off a war between France and a coalition consisting primarily of England, Austria and Prussia. Washington's Proclamation was technically a violation of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778.

Strict Construction

Way of interpreting the Constitution that allows the federal government to take only those actions the Constitution specifically says it can take

Sectionalism

a devotion to the interests of one geographic region over the interests of the country as a whole, ultimately led to the Union's worst crisis: civil war between the North and the South in the early 1860s

Embargo Act 1807

a law passed by Congress forbidding all exportation of goods from the United States. Britian and France had been continuously harassing the U.S. and siezing U.S. ship's and men. The U.S. was not prepared to fight in a war, so Pres. Jefferson hoped to weaken Brittian and France by stopping trade. The Embargo Act ended up hurting our economy more than theirs. It was repealed in 1809. The Embargo Act helped to revive the Federalists. It caused New England's industry to grow. It eventually led to the War of 1812.

Jay's Treaty

a treaty which offered little concessions from Britain to the U.S. and greatly disturbed the Jeffersonians.was able to get Britain to say they would evacuate the chain of posts on U.S. soil and pay damages for recent seizures of American ships. The British, however, would not promise to leave American ships alone in the future, and they decided that the Americans still owed British merchants for pre-Revolutionary war debts.

Pinckney's Treaty 1795

agreement between the United States and Spain that changed Florida's border and made it easier for American ships to use the port of New Orleans

National Bank

another document issued by Alexander Hamilton. In this document, Hamilton asked Congress to charter the bank of the United States. He wanted this to be jointly owned by private stockholders and the national government. Hamilton argued that the bank would provide financial stability by making loans to merchants, by handling government funds, and by issuing bills of credit.

Continental System

issued by the french government, blockade of british ports, forbade all nations from trade with britain

Ely Whitney

invented the cotton gin in 1793. simplified the process of separating fiber from seeds, helped make cotton profitable staple of southern agriculture. and gave new life to slavery in the south.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799, in which the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional. The Resolutions argued that the states had the right and the duty to declare unconstitutional any acts of Congress that were not authorized by the Constitution.

Judicial Nationalism

prohibited Maryland from imposing a tax on federal bank notes

Hamilton's Financial Plan

proposed that the government assume the entire debt of the federal government and the states. His plan was to retire the old depreciated obligations by borrowing new money at a lower interest rate. see http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=2973 for full description

Macon's Bill No. 2

reopened American trade with all the world, if either Britain and France repealed its commercial restrictions, America would restore its embargo against the nonrepealing nation

Protective Tariff

tax on imports designed to protect less efficient domestic industries

Peace of Amiens

temporary peace between France and Britain which resulted in the only respite from over 20 years of war

Article I Section 8

the enumerated powers of congress: power to tax and spend power to borrow money power to regulate commerce power for naturalization and to regulate bankruptcy power to coin money and set it's value and also weights and measures power to punish counterfeiters power to establish post office and post roads power to control copyrights and patents power to create courts inferior to supreme courts

Status Quo Antebellum

the way things were before the war