US History Unit 5

During the 20th century, federal prosecutions of corporations such as Standard Oil, AT&T, and Microsoft were based on alleged violations of

antitrust laws

Which factor contributed the most to urbanization in the late 1800s?

industrialization

Which economic policy argues that government should limit, as much as possible, any interference in the economy?

laissez-faire

In the late 1800s, the principles of Social Darwinism were most consistent with the ideas of

laissez-faire economics

During the late 1800s, pools and trusts were used by big business in an effort to

limit competition

The Supreme Court cases of Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific R.R. v. Illinois (1886) and United States v. E. C. Knight Co. (1895) were based on laws that were intended to

limit the power of big business

In the late 19th century, critics of big business claimed that monopolies most harmed the economy by

limiting competition

In the late 19th century, Congress tried to limit the power of monopolies by

passing the Sherman Antitrust Act

In passing the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), Congress intended to

prevent large corporations from eliminating their competition

Society advances when its fittest members are allowed to assert themselves with the least hindrance. The idea expressed in this statement is most consistent with the

principles of Social Darwinism

During the late 1800s, many United States farmers believed their economic problems would be solved if the federal government would

put more money into circulation

The Interstate Commerce Act (1887) and the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) were efforts by the federal government to

regulate some aspects of business

Which major population shift in the late 1800s occurred as a result of industrialization?

rural residents to urban areas

During the late 1800s, presidents and governors most often used military force during labor-management conflicts as a way to

support industrialists and end strikes

During the late 1800s, the principles of Social Darwinism were used to justify

the accumulation of great wealth by industrialists

In the late 1800s, the Homestead steel strike and the Pullman railcar strike were unsuccessful because

the government supported business owners

The growth of big business in the late 1800s resulted in

the widening of the economic gap between rich and poor

Which group's numbers increased the most as a result of the Industrial Revolution?

urban middle class

During the late 1800s and early 1900s, the term "robber baron" best defined a person who

used ruthless business tactics

Business leaders John D. Rockefeller, J. P. Morgan, and Cornelius Vanderbilt were referred to as robber barons primarily because they

were ruthless in dealing with competitors

Samuel Gompers, Eugene V. Debs, and John L. Lewis all influenced the American economy by

working to build unions and improve pay

The national income tax, free and unlimited coinage of silver, and the direct election of senators were proposals that were included in the

Populist Party platform

During the late 1800s, what was a major effect of industrialization on workers in the United States?

Skilled craftsmen were replaced by semi-skilled machine operators.

"The growth of a large business is merely survival of the fittest. The American beauty rose can be produced in the splendor and fragrance which bring cheer to its beholder only by sacrificing the early buds which grow up around it. This is not an evil tendency in business. It is merely the working out of a law of nature and a law of God...." ‡‡John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Which concept is described by this passage?

Social Darwinism

During the late 1800s, what was the main reason labor unions had difficulty achieving gains for workers?

The government supported business efforts to limit the powers of unions.

In the late 1800s, the creation of the Standard Oil Trust by John D. Rockefeller was intended to

control prices and practices in the oil refining business

In the late 19th century, the ideas of Social Darwinism were used primarily to

explain the differences in income between the rich and the poor

The theory of Social Darwinism was often used to justify the

formation of business monopolies

In the second half of the 1800s, the federal government encouraged the building of transcontinental railroads by

giving land to the railroad companies