US to 1877 (2)

During the 1830s the social tensions that had promoted Andrew Jackson's rise also worsened race relations and established a pattern that would persist through the remaining antebellum period. Debates about slavery, including but not confined to sectional divisions, reflected wider tensions in a changing society. The ultimate question was whether American democracy had room for people of different races as well as religions and classes. Some people said yes and struggled to make American society more welcoming. But the vast majority, whether Democrats or Whigs, said no. Which of the following illustrates this general relationship between race and democracy during the antebellum era? A. Racial tensions also influenced popular culture. The white actor Thomas Dartmouth Rice appeared on stage in Blackface, singing and dancing as a clownish enslaved man named "Jim Crow." Many other white entertainers copied him in borrowing from the work of real Black performers but pandering to white audiences' prejudices to turn cruel stereotypes into one of antebellum America's favorite forms of entertainment, the minstrel show. B. The eras prevailing racial tensions prompted an ardent antislavery movement in national politics that proved overwhelmingly successful in breaking down racial barriers and promoting racial equality in politics and society during the late antebellum period. C. Racial and ethnic resentment contributed to a wave of anti-abolitionist riots in American cities during the 1830s, most conspicuously in the murder of noted abolitionist newspaper editor Elijah P. Lovejoy in southern Illinois in 1837 and subsequent destruction of an antislavery meeting house in Philadelphia several months later. D. Some whites in the 1830s, however, joined free Black activists in protesting racial inequality. They typically lived in northern cities, came from the lower middle class of skilled laborers, and espoused aspirations for upward social mobility grounded in a free labor ideology.

A, C, D

By 1860, cotton exports made up over ____ of all American exports, indicating that the heyday of American slavery had arrived. A. 60% B. 90% C. 19% D. 33%

A. 60%

The "Gag Rule" was designed to eliminate the voice of which group in Congress? A. Abolitionists B. Proslavery advocates C. The enslaved D. Suffragettes

A. Abolitionists

Which of the following goal of freedpeople was the least successful? A. Acquiring land B. Attending schools C. Reuniting families D. Establishing independent churches

A. Acquiring land

This battle was the first major battle on Union soil, remains the bloodiest single day in American military history, and provided the opportunity for U.S. President Abraham Lincoln to make his "Emancipation Proclamation" public: A. Battle of Antietam (September 17, 1862) B. Battle of Shiloh (April 6-7, 1862 C. Battles of Fort Henry (February 6, 1862) & Fort Donelson (February 16, 1862) D. Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863)

A. Battle of Antietam (September 17, 1862)

In the face of substantial external opposition from white northern anti-abolitionists and proslavery white southerners, what two issues contributed most directly to the splintering of the abolitionist movement in the late 1830s and 1840s? A. Political Abolitionism & Women's Rights B. Prison reform & Educational reform C. Temperance & Sabbatarianism D. Labor law reform; Insane asylum reform

A. Political Abolitionism & Women's Rights

What issue led to the dissolution of Andrew Jackson's cabinet? A. The Eaton Affair B. The Nullification Crisis C. The Bank War The Tariff of Abonations

A. The Eaton Affair

Increasingly, supporters of Andrew Jackson referred to themselves as Democrats. Under the strategic leadership of Jackson's successor to the Presidency, Martin Van Buren, they built a highly organized national political party, the first modern party in the United States. Much more than earlier political parties, this Democratic Party had a centralized leadership structure and a consistent ideological program for all levels of government. Meanwhile, Jackson's enemies, mocking him as "King Andrew the First," named themselves after the patriots of the American Revolution, the Whigs. Which of the following contributed to the rise of the "Second Party System" in antebellum U.S. politics? [select all that apply] A. Although "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" easily won the presidential election of 1840, this choice of ticket turned out to be disastrous for the Whigs, as Harrison became ill and died after just thirty-one days in office. John Tyler assumed the presidency and soon adopted policies that looked far more like Andrew Jackson's than like a Whig's, twice vetoing charters for another Bank of the United States, prompting nearly his entire cabinet to resign and compelling the Whigs in Congress to expel "His Accidency" from the party. B. The seeds of the Whig Party were initially sown in the political coalition of John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay and opposed Andrew Jackson and the Democratic Party. The National Republicans, a loose alliance concentrated in the Northeast, had become the core of a new anti-Jackson movement. But Jackson's enemies were a varied group; they included pro-slavery southerners angry about Jackson's behavior during the Nullification Crisis as well as antislavery Yankees. C. The crisis of Tyler's administration was just one sign of the Whig Party's difficulty uniting around issues besides opposition to Democrats. The Whig Party succeeded in electing two more presidents but remained deeply divided. Its problems grew as the issue of slavery strained the Union in the 1850s. Unable to agree on a consistent national position on slavery, and unable to find another national issue to rally around, the Whigs broke apart by 1856. D. After the Whigs failed to prevent Andrew Jackson's reelection, this fragile coalition formally organized as a new party in 1834 "to rescue the Government and public liberty." At first, the Whigs focused mainly on winning seats in Congress, opposing "King Andrew" from outside the presidency. They remained divided by regional and ideological differences. The Democratic presidential candidate, Vice President Martin Van Buren, easily won election as Jackson's successor in 1836. E. The disaster of the Panic of 1837 created an opportunity for the Whig Party. They gained significant public support after the Panic of 1837, and they became increasingly well organized. In late 1839, they held their first national convention in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The convention voted to nominate General William Henry Harrison of Ohio as the Whig candidate in the 1840 Presidential election. Whig leaders viewed him as a candidate with broad patriotic appeal due to his military record in the War of 1812 and portrayed him as the "log cabin and hard cider" candidate, a plain man of the country, in stark contrast to the easterner Martin Van Buren, the Democratic incumbent. To balance the ticket with a southerner, the Whigs nominated a slave-owning Virginia senator, John Tyler, for vice president, a former Jacksonian Democrat who had broken from the party over states' rights during the Nullification Crisis.

All (A, B, C, D, E)

What was the key issue that divided the Democratic Party in 1860? A. Western land policy B. Constitutional theory C. Slavery D. Tariffs

C. Slavery

The Civil war resulted in approximately how many deaths? A. 1.5 million B. 200,000 C. 600,000 D. 750,000

D. 750,000

All of the following defined "Radical" Reconstruction's "fleeting success" EXCEPT: A. Widespread office holding by black men B. Widespread voting by black men C. Southern state ratification of the three "Reconstruction Amendments" and readmission of these states into the American Union. D. Eradication of white supremacy and resistance to federal authority in the South and the nation at large.

D. Eradication of white supremacy and resistance to federal authority in the South and the nation at large.

What city experienced "draft riots" in the summer of 1863 that quickly escalated into race riots that symbolized the dissent and controversy surrounding the Union "War for Emancipation" officially proclaimed earlier that year by President Abraham Lincoln? A. Louisville, KY B. Chattanooga, TN C. Richmond, VA D. New York City, NY

D. New York City, NY

All of the following was one of the four pillars of the "Lost Cause" mythology perpetuated by white southerners in the wake of Confederate defeat and black emancipation EXCEPT: A. The Confederate soldier had fought valiantly for a noble cause B. The Confederacy had gone to war with the American Union to protect "States' Rights, not slavery C. Slavery in the "Old South" had been a benign, even noble, institution in which benevolent white masters lived in harmony with contented black slaves D. Confederate defeat did not condemn southern culture but rather highlighted its superiority to the North, whose success came as a result of "overwhelming manpower and industrial resources," not superior morals and/or cultural ideals E. All of the above were pillars of the "Lost Cause" mythology.

E. All of the above were pillars of the "Lost Cause" mythology.

All of the following religious denominations split over the issue of slavery during the late antebellum period EXCEPT: A. Methodists (1844) B. Presbyterians (1837-1838) C. Congregationalists (1848) D. Baptists (1845)

C. Congregationalists (1848)

Jacksonian Democrats adopted and adapted much of the Jeffersonian Democratic-Republican vision for the United States government, society, and future progress and applied it to the new realities produced by the market revolution and growing sectionalism during the antebellum era. Which of the following were major planks in the Democratic Party's ideological platform during the antebellum era? [select all that apply] A. Believed government should adopt a hands-off attitude toward the economy B. Believed liberty was a private entitlement best secured by local governments and most endangered by powerful national authority C. Considered individual morality a private matter, not a public concern and opposed attempts to impose a unified moral vision on society D. The test of public policies from the Democratic point of view was not whether they enhanced the common good, but the extent to which they allowed scope for 'free agency'—for individuals to make decisions, pursue their interests, and cultivate their unique talents without outside interference E. Tended to view society as a hierarchy of social classes but insisted that in the United States class status was not fixed, since any individual could achieve upward mobility

A, B, C, D

Approximately how many enslaved people lived and labored in the South in 1860? A. 4 million B. 650.000 C. 2.5 million D. 1.1 million

A. 4 million

How did the Fourteenth Amendment change American governance? A. Asserted the federal government's power to enforce the Bill of Rights over the authority of the states B. Made slavery illegal in all American states C. Abolished vagrancy laws in the South D. Divided the U.S. South into five military zones to ensure the creation of fair state governments

A. Asserted the federal government's power to enforce the Bill of Rights over the authority of the states

Which of the following were major characteristics of the "Second Great Awakening" in the early Nineteenth-Century United States? [select all that apply] A. Many revivalists abandoned the comparatively formal style of worship observed in the well-established Congregationalist and Episcopalian churches and instead embraced more impassioned forms of worship that included the spontaneous jumping, shouting, and gesturing found in new and alternative denominations. B. Worshippers increasingly began to take responsibility for their own spiritual fates by embracing theologies that emphasized human action in effecting salvation, and revivalist preachers were quick to recognize the importance of these cultural shifts. Radical revivalist preachers put theological issues aside and evangelized by appealing to worshippers' hearts and emotions. The revivals contributed to the emerging consensus that all souls are equal in salvation and that all people can be saved by surrendering to God. This idea of spiritual egalitarianism was one of the most important transformations to emerge out of the Second Great Awakening. C. Spiritual egalitarianism dovetailed neatly with an increasingly democratic United States. The democratizing ethos opened the door for a more egalitarian approach to spiritual leadership. D. In addition to the divisions between evangelical (New Lights) and nonevangelical (Old Lights) denominations wrought by the Second Great Awakening, the revivals and subsequent evangelical growth also revealed strains within the Methodist and Baptist churches. Each witnessed several schisms during the 1820s and 1830s as reformers advocated for a return to the practices and policies of an earlier generation. Many others left mainstream Protestantism altogether, opting instead to form their own churches. E. For individual worshippers, spiritual egalitarianism in revivals and camp meetings could break down traditional social conventions predicated on class, gender, and racial hierarchies. Although the revivals did not always live up to such progressive ideals in practice, particularly in the more conservative regions of the slaveholding South, the concept of spiritual egalitarianism nonetheless changed how Protestant Americans thought about themselves, their God, and one another. F. As the borders of the United States expanded during the nineteenth century and as new demographic changes altered urban landscapes, revivalism also offered worshippers a source of social and religious structure to help cope with change. Revival meetings held by itinerant preachers offered community and collective spiritual purpose to migrant families and communities isolated from established social and religious institutions. In urban centers, where industrialization and European famines brought growing numbers of domestic and foreign migrants, evangelical preachers provided moral order and spiritual solace to an increasingly anonymous population. G.The Second Great Awakening armed evangelical Christians with a moral purpose to address and eradicate the many social problems they saw as arising from these dramatic demographic shifts.

A, B, C, E, F, G

Black delegates actively participated in revising the state constitutions of southern states. In addition to election reform, what other major accomplishment did these delegates achieve? A. Established public school systems B. Forming racially integrated mental asylums C. Reinstated an important tariff on Egyptian cotton D. Created hundreds of new racially integrated churches

A. Established public school systems

Which of the following was NOT one of the three Union military victories that contributed most directly to President Abraham Lincoln's decision to appoint Ulysses S. Grant "General-in-Chief" of all Union armies in 1864? A. Gettysburg (July 1863) B. Vicksburg (July 1863 C. Chattanooga (November 1863) D. Forts Henry & Donelson (Feb. 1862)

A. Gettysburg (July 1863)

What was the primary goal of John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry? A. Inspire a slave revolt B. Assassinate proslavery politicians C. Rescue escaped slaves who had been recaptured D. Encourage southern states to secede from the Union

A. Inspire a slave revolt

Why did women's rights leaders oppose the Fourteenth Amendment? A. It introduced the word "male" into the Constitution for the first time B. Had no mention of gender C. Women's rights leaders tended to oppose anything that enhanced the power of the federal government over the power of the states D. Most women's right leaders opposed granting equal rights to African Americans, and the Fourteenth Amendment promised to do that

A. It introduced the word "male" into the Constitution for the first time

Who comprised the southern middle class in the antebellum South, and where did this southern middle class become strongest? A. Skilled craftsmen, merchants, traders, speculators, and store owners in urban centers B. Planters, yeoman farmers, and landless field laborers in urban centers C. Skilled craftsmen, merchants, traders, speculators, and store owners in the rural hinterlands D. Planters, yeoman farmers, and landless field laborers in the rural hinterlands

A. Skilled craftsmen, merchants, traders, speculators, and store owners in urban centers

Where did the most radical "Rehearsal for Reconstruction" during the final stages of the American Civil War occur? A. The "Port Royal Experiment" at Mitchellville on Hilton Head Island, South Carolina B. The "Fort Pillow Massacre" at the Battle of Fort Pillow, Tennessee C. The "Battle of Olustee" in Olustee, Florida D. The "Battle of Fort Wagner" in Charleston, South Carolina

A. The "Port Royal Experiment" at Mitchellville on Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

What two issues confronting the antebellum nation at the outbreak of the Civil War did that conflict definitively resolve, despite a number of lingering questions and contests regarding race and race relations, sectionalism, the rights of citizenship, and political status? A. The American Civil War declared political secession illegal and permanently ended slavery in the U.S. B. The American Civil War destroyed white supremacy and guaranteed the rights of citizenship for all African Americans in perpetuity throughout the U.S. C. The American Civil War resulted confirmed the legality of secession and permanence of slavery, as two separate nations occupied the former U.S., the newly independent and slaveowning republic known as the Confederate States of the America in the South and the loyal free and slave states outside the "Slave South" that remained in the United States of America. D. None of the above

A. The American Civil War declared political secession illegal and permanently ended slavery in the U.S.

Which of the following is NOT an example of how enslaved women were particularly vulnerable to the shifts of fate attached to slavery and how their experiences were different than their male counterparts, husbands, and neighbors? A. Threats to family networks, marriages, and household stability did not stop with the death of an enslaver. An enslaved couple could live their entire lives together, even having been born, raised, and married on the slave plantation, and, following the death of their enslaver, find themselves at opposite sides of the known world. It only took a single relative, executor, creditor, or friend of the deceased to make a claim against the estate to cause the sale and dispersal of an entire enslaved community. B. In many cases, enslaved women did the same work as men, spending the day—from sun up to sun down—in the fields picking and bundling cotton. C. Whether working in the fields or in a domestic capacity, sexual violence, unwanted pregnancies, and constant childrearing while continuing to work the fields all made life as an enslaved woman more prone to disruption and uncertainty. D. In some rare cases, especially among the larger plantations, planters tended to use women as house servants more than men, but this was not universal. E. Many enslaved women had no choice concerning love, sex, and motherhood. On plantations, small farms, and even in cities, rape was ever-present. Like the splitting of families, enslavers used sexual violence as a form of terrorism, a way to promote increased production, obedience, and power relations.

A. Threats to family networks, marriages, and household stability did not stop with the death of an enslaver. An enslaved couple could live their entire lives together, even having been born, raised, and married on the slave plantation, and, following the death of their enslaver, find themselves at opposite sides of the known world. It only took a single relative, executor, creditor, or friend of the deceased to make a claim against the estate to cause the sale and dispersal of an entire enslaved community.

When did Reconstruction begin? A. After the war ended in April 1865, with the immediate pursuit of "Radical Reconstruction" policies by Radical Republicans in Congress who intended to promote and protect freedmen's rights in the South through extensive and sustained Federal government intervention. B. Before the war ended, with Abraham Lincoln's "Proclamation of Amnesty & Reconstruction in December 1863 and with radical, though limited, policies such as that enacted in the "Port Royal Experiment" at Mitchellville on Hilton Head Island, SC. C. After the war ended, with the "Compromise of 1877" that resolved the disputed electoral results of the Presidential Election of 1876 by awarding the contested votes and the Office of the President to Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes in return for the end of Federal oversight and U.S. military enforcement of Radical Reconstruction in the South. D. Before the war ended as conservatives in both the Republican and Democratic parties of the Union colluded with dissenters in the Confederate States of America to secretly negotiate a peace agreement that would enable Confederate independence and the persistence of slavery in both the C.S.A. and U.S.A.

B. Before the war ended, with Abraham Lincoln's "Proclamation of Amnesty & Reconstruction in December 1863 and with radical, though limited, policies such as that enacted in the "Port Royal Experiment" at Mitchellville on Hilton Head Island, SC.

Which of the three phases of postwar Reconstruction were characterized by its more expansive and aggressive scope focused on protecting freedmen and restructuring political relations in the South through legislation that included the Civil Rights Acts of 1866 and the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution? A. Presidential Reconstruction as directed by President Andrew Johnson (1865-1866) B. Congressional Reconstruction as directed by Radical Republicans in the U.S. Congress (1866-1867) C. Radical Reconstruction as directed by Radical Republican in the U.S. Congress (1867-1877) D. "Redemption" and the reassertion of "Home Rule" by white southerners in southern state governments and over southern race relations.

B. Congressional Reconstruction as directed by Radical Republicans in the U.S. Congress (1866-1867)

What was the most common labor pattern in postbellum cotton agriculture? A. Apprenticeships B. Sharecropping C. Chattel slavery D. Wage labor

B. Sharecropping

Aside from emancipation, what was the most significant change in the American economy as a result of the Civil War? A. Immediate and massive boosts in agricultural production B. Sustained increase in federal government intervention into the economy C. Increasingly persistent reduction of tariffs and a rise in free trade D. Permanent abolition of the income tax

B. Sustained increase in federal government intervention into the economy

What military battles factored most significantly into U.S. President Abraham Lincoln's shift in thinking about the Union's war goals and prompted him to first draft an "Emancipation Proclamation" to broaden those war aims during the summer of 1862, then issue that proclamation publicly in the fall of that year? A. Battle of Shiloh, TN (April 6-7, 1862) B. Battle of Antietam, MD (September 17, 1862) C. Both the Battles of Shiloh, TN and Antietam, MD most prominently influenced U.S President Abraham Lincoln's shifting views on Union war goals in the summer and fall of 1862. D. Neither the Battles of Shiloh, TN or Antietam, MD prominently influenced U.S. President Abraham Lincoln's shifting views on Union war goals in the summer and fall of 1862.

C. Both the Battles of Shiloh, TN and Antietam, MD most prominently influenced U.S President Abraham Lincoln's shifting views on Union war goals in the summer and fall of 1862.

The Depression of 1873 either exacerbated existing or led to subsequent divisions in all of the following ways EXCEPT: A. Exposed the tensions stemming from the new economic dynamics produced by the war, tensions which had created a political backlash (especially in the West and South) against Washington's perceived eastern and industrial bias, and caused conflicts over emancipation and civil rights to quickly give way to long political conflict over the direction of American economic development. B. Enabled Democrats to expand upon earlier re-assertions of white political power and the end of Reconstruction in Tennessee, Virginia, and Georgia by "New Departure" Democrats (called Redeemers in the South)--who focused on business, economics, political corruption, and trade and distanced themselves from pro-slavery Democrats and Copperheads--while so-called Stalwart Republicans--war-weary after a decade of military and political strife--simultaneously turned from the idealism of civil rights to the practicality of economics and party politics and assumed control of the Republican Party. C. Empowered Radical Republicans to sustain the Federal government's commitment to promoting and protecting black rights through the continued enforcement of "Radical" Reconstruction policies in the South. D. Crushed the nation's already suffering laboring class and destroyed whatever remaining idealism white northerners had about Reconstruction in the South while simultaneously empowering white southerners to more successful resistance to Reconstruction and more conspicuous reassertion of white supremacy in southern race relations.

C. Empowered Radical Republicans to sustain the Federal government's commitment to promoting and protecting black rights through the continued enforcement of "Radical" Reconstruction policies in the South.

Which of the following had the greatest influence on William Lloyd Garrison's move fromgradualism to immediatism? A. His first meeting with Frederick Douglass B. A religious conversion at a revival led by Charles Graddison Finney C. Reading fiery tracts penned by black northerners David Walker and James Forten D. His marriage to a radical abolitionist

C. Reading fiery tracts penned by black northerners David Walker and James Forten

The Compromise of 1877 resulted which of the following? A. Effectively eliminated white supremacy and racial violence in the South while also eradicating sectional tensions between the North and South. B. Republicans conceded the presidency to Democratic candidate Samuel J. Tilden, who vowed to end the Federal government's commitment to Radical Reconstruction in the South. C. Republicans promised to remove Federal troops from the South and end the Federal government's commitment to "Radical" Reconstruction in exchange for Democratic candidate Samuel J. Tilden's concession of the presidency to Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes. D. Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes conceded the presidency to Democatic candidate Samuel J. Tilden in exchange for the continuation of Radical Reconstruction in the South.

C. Republicans promised to remove Federal troops from the South and end the Federal government's commitment to "Radical" Reconstruction in exchange for Democratic candidate Samuel J. Tilden's concession of the presidency to Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes.

What general led the "March to the Sea" through Georgia (a.k.a. the Savannah Campaign), as well as the subsequent Carolina Campaign that eventually ended with the surrender of the last remaining major Confederate army under the command of General Joseph E. Johnston at Durham Station on April 26, 1865? A. Union General Ulysses S. Grant B. Union General Joseph Hooker C. Union General William Tecumseh Sherman D. Union General Robert E. Lee

C. Union General William Tecumseh Sherman

Sectional and racial identity influenced women's views on women's rights, including suffrage, in all of the following ways EXCEPT: A. Since the entire South suffered from economic devastation, many families faced impoverishment and mounting debt. All southern women faced economic devastation, lasting wartime trauma, and enduring racial tensions. B. White southern women decided whether and how to return to their antebellum status as defined before the disruptions, dislocations, and defeat wrought by the Civil War. C. Advocates for women's suffrage were largely confined to the North, but all women North and South, white and black, celebrated the return of their brothers, husbands, and sons, but couples separated for many years struggled to adjust, especially as many of these military veterans returned with physical and/or mental wounds. For white families, suicide and divorce became more acceptable, while the opposite occurred for black families. D. African American women universally rejected new freedoms and passively accepted prevailing patriarchal definitions of womanhood that confined them to the domestic sphere.

D. African American women universally rejected new freedoms and passively accepted prevailing patriarchal definitions of womanhood that confined them to the domestic sphere.

Black codes, including vagrancy laws had which of the following effects? A. Criminalized black leisure B. Limited black mobility C. Locked many into exploitative farming contracts D. All of the above

D. All of the above

What terrorist tactics did white southerners use to enforce racial hierarchies during and after Reconstruction? A. Attacking black candidates and office holders and frightening voters with threats of violence B. Targeting freedpeople who tried to purchase land or otherwise become too independent from the white masters whose authority they had previously been dependent upon and subservient to. C. White men beat or shot black men with relative impunity, and did so over minor squabbles, labor disputes, longstanding grudges, and crimes of passion D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following was one of the three major forms of racial violence that prevailed in the postbellum South during Reconstruction? A. Riots against black political authority, most conspicuously in southern cities, which became centers of Republican control and black migration, and where white conservatives chafed most violently at both the influx of black residents and the establishment of biracial politics. B. Interpersonal fights and everyday violence between individuals in which typically white perpetrators disproportionally targeted African Americans. C. Organized vigilante groups, sometimes called nightriders or bushwhackers, that included the Ku Klux Klan and similar groups such as the White Line, the Knights of the White Camellia, the White Brotherhood, and countless others whose violence was more often premeditated and prosecuted under cover of darkness and disguise to curtail black political involvement, limit black economic mobility, and generally stop the erosion of the antebellum South's racialized patriarchy. D. All of the above constitute one of the three major forms of racial violence that prevailed in the South during Reconstruction.

D. All of the above constitute one of the three major forms of racial violence that prevailed in the South during Reconstruction.

Which of the following southern crops required cities to facilitate export, marketing, and/or storage: A. Cotton B. Rice C. Wheat D. All of the above crops required cities for export, marketing, and/or storage

D. All of the above crops required cities for export, marketing, and/or storage

Which of the following exhibits how sectional reconciliation among whites contributed to national reunion during and after Reconstruction at the expense of expanding and protecting black rights? A. Frederick Douglass's expression of resentment of what he called "this cry of peace! peace! peace! where there is no peace" in 1872, as well as his ominous query regarding reconciliation, reunion, and its potential consequences for black rights in 1875: "If war among the whites brought peace and liberty to the blacks, what will peace among the whites bring?" B. White Southern Democrats' "Redemption" of southern politics after 1877 ultimately enabled them to reassert white supremacy and reestablish the antebellum racial hierarchy through black disfranchisement and racial segregation legislation (a.k.a. "Jim Crow Laws") in the 1880s and 1890s. C. White southerners maintained the "Jim Crow" South's racial hierarchy predicated on white supremacy through various forms of interpersonal and organized vigilante violence against blacks, including a conspicuous increase in the application of "lynch law" in which white mobs executed black victims with the implied sanction of both the white community and the legal system. D. All of the above exhibit how sectional reconciliation among whites contributed to national reunion during and after Reconstruction at the expense of expanding and protecting black rights.

D. All of the above exhibit how sectional reconciliation among whites contributed to national reunion during and after Reconstruction at the expense of expanding and protecting black rights.

What was the principle goal of the Anaconda Plan? A. Target civilians to destroy the will of southern resistance B. Isolate the wealthy port cities of Texas C. Capture the Confederate capital of Richmond D. Cut off access to coastal ports and inland waterways

D. Cut off access to coastal ports and inland waterways

Which of the following denominations benefitted the least from the Second Great Awakening? A. Methodists B. Baptists C. Presbyterians D. Episcopalians

D. Episcopalians

All of the following are true regarding Ladies' Memorial Associations in the postbellum South EXCEPT: A. Through Ladies' Memorial Associations and other civic groups, white southern women led the efforts to bury and memorialize the Confederate dead, praising and bolstering their men's masculinity through nationalist speeches and memorials. B. Like white LMA members, African American women formed clubs to bury their dead, to celebrate African American masculinity, and to provide aid to their communities. C. White Ladies' Memorial Associations (LMAs) grew out of the Soldiers' Aid Society and became the precursor and custodian of the "Lost Cause" narrative that sought to rewrite the history of the antebellum South to deemphasize the brutality of slavery while also creating the myth that the Civil War had been fought over states' rights instead of slavery, its actual cause. D. Generally biracial and fully integrated in their membership, LMAs and their ceremonies created new holidays during which both black and white southerners could reaffirm their allegiance to the Confederacy while also express their overwhelming support for black rights.

D. Generally biracial and fully integrated in their membership, LMAs and their ceremonies created new holidays during which both black and white southerners could reaffirm their allegiance to the Confederacy while also express their overwhelming support for black rights.

Over the first fifty years of American history, which of the following statements best describes the ability of African Americans to vote in elections? A. African American women gained the right to vote during the antebellum era B. African Americans could never vote in American elections prior to the Civil War C. Voting rights among African Americans increased during the antebellum era D. Voting rights among African Americans decreased during the antebellum era

D. Voting rights among African Americans decreased during the antebellum era

Which of the following statements describes the process of emancipation? A. African Americans (both enslaved through "self-emancipation" and free black petitions to enlist in the Union Army) took action into their own hands and forced the Union to create a policy B. The First (1861) & Second (1862) Confiscation Acts provided the roots of emancipation, as Congress empowered military leaders to provide freedom to enslaved persons C. Abraham Lincoln's "Emancipation Proclamation," officially enacted January 1, 1863 (after issuance of the "Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation" on September 22, 1862 following the Union victory at Antietam, which included clauses allowing white southern slaveowners to retain their slave property if they put down their arms) publicly declared emancipation to be a primary goal of the Union war effort, and authorized the enlistment of black troops into the Union Army. D. The Thirteenth Amendment declared that slavery was illegal in all American territory E. All of the above

E. All of the above

The Missouri Crisis began when __________. A. Congressional representative James Tallmadge proposed laws that would gradually abolish slavery in the new state, outraging proslavery southerners. B. Slaveholders from nearby states illegally voted in local Missouri elections C. Henry Clay suggested that Maine and Missouri enter the Union at the same time D. Powerful slaveholders in St. Louis seized the state legislature

A. Congressional representative James Tallmadge proposed laws that would gradually abolish slavery in the new state, outraging proslavery southerners.

What two Union generals emerged to spearhead the Union's "hard war" against the Confederacy in 1864 and through its eventual conclusion in April 1865? A. Ulysses S. Grant & William T. Sherman B. Braxton Bragg & John Bell Hood C. George B. McClellan & Henry W. Halleck D. Robert E. Lee & James Longstreet

A. Ulysses S. Grant & William T. Sherman

What Union victory in July 1863 "split the Confederacy in two" and prompted Abraham Lincoln to proclaim, "the father of waters again goes unvexed to the sea" as a reference to Union military control of the mighty Mississippi River? A. Vicksburg (May 25-July 4, 1863) B. Chickamauga (September 19-20, 1863) C. Chancellorsville (April 30-May 6, 1863) D. Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863)

A. Vicksburg (May 25-July 4, 1863)

In the years immediately following disestablishment, "traditional" Protestant Christianity was at low tide, while the Market Revolution and the spread of capitalism had led to a host of social problems associated with cities and commerce. The Second Great Awakening was in part a spiritual response to such changes, revitalizing Christian spirits through the promise of salvation. The revivals also provided an institutional antidote to the insecurities of a rapidly changing world by inspiring an immense and widespread movement for social reform. Growing directly out of nineteenth-century revivalism, reform societies proliferated throughout the United States between 1815 and 1861, melding religion and reform into a powerful force in American culture known as the benevolent empire. Which of the following characterized this "benevolent empire" and its social reform impulse? [select all that apply] A. Middle-class women, in particular, played a leading role in reform activity. They became increasingly responsible for the moral maintenance of their homes and communities, and their leadership signaled a dramatic departure from previous generations when such prominent roles for ordinary women would have been unthinkable. B. Though middle-class reformers worked tirelessly to cure all manner of social problems through institutional salvation and voluntary benevolent work, they regularly participated in religious organizations founded explicitly to address the spiritual mission at the core of evangelical Protestantism. For example, the American Bible Society and the American Tract Society used the efficient new steam-powered printing press to distribute Bibles and evangelizing religious tracts throughout the United States. C. The benevolent empire departed from revivalism's early populism, as middle-class ministers dominated the leadership of antebellum reform societies focused on creating and maintaining respectable middle-class culture throughout the United States. D. Under the leadership of preachers and ministers, reform societies attacked many social problems, from excessive alcoholic consumption to dueling, gambling, and prostitution. Evangelical reformers might support home or foreign missions or Bible and tract societies. Sabbatarians fought tirelessly to end nonreligious activity on the Sabbath. Over the course of the antebellum period, voluntary associations and benevolent activists also worked to reform bankruptcy laws, prison systems, insane asylums, labor laws, and education by building orphanages and free medical dispensaries and developed programs to provide professional services like social work, job placement, and day camps for children in the slums.

All (A, B, C, D)

The most important instance of rising sectional tensions in the United States during the early antebellum era erupted in the Missouri Crisis. When white settlers in Missouri, a new territory carved out of the Louisiana Purchase, applied for statehood in 1819, the balance of political power between northern and southern states became the focus of public debate. Missouri already had more than ten thousand enslaved labors and was poised to join the southern slave states in Congress. Which of the following contributed to this "Missouri Crisis?" [select all that apply] A. Congressmen like Tallmadge opposed slavery for moral reasons, but they also wanted to maintain a sectional balance of power. Unsurprisingly, the Tallmadge Amendment met with firm resistance from southern politicians. It passed in the House of Representatives because of the support of nearly all the northern congressmen, who had a majority there, but it was quickly defeated in the Senate, prompting Illinois Senator Jesse Thomas and Kentucky Senator Henry Clay to propose a compromise that they and its proponents hoped would not only end the Missouri Crisis but also prevent any future sectional disputes over slavery and statehood. B. Congressman James Tallmadge of New York proposed an amendment to Missouri's application for statehood stating that Congress should admit Missouri as a state only if bringing more enslaved people to Missouri were prohibited and children born to those enslaved there were freed at age twenty-five. C. The compromise passed both houses of Congress, and the Missouri Crisis ended peacefully, but not everyone felt relieved. The Missouri Crisis made the sectional nature of American politics impossible to ignore. It split the Democratic-Republican party entirely along sectional lines, suggesting trouble to come, and it demonstrated the volatility of the slavery debate. D. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 decreed that: First, Congress would admit Missouri as a slave state. Second, Congress would admit Maine (which until now had been a territory of Massachusetts) as a free state, maintaining the balance between the number of free and slave states. Third, the rest of the Louisiana Purchase territory would be divided along the 36°30' line of latitude—or in other words, along the southern border of Missouri. Slavery would be prohibited in other new states north of this line, but it would be permitted in new states to the south.

All (A, B, C, D)

Which of the following were characteristics that contributed to the inhumanity and horror of racial slavery as it existed in the American South during the antebellum era? [select all that apply] A. The internal slave trade picked up in the decade before the Civil War, posing the dilemma for white enslavers that the more enslaved laborers one owned, the more money it cost to maintain them and to extract product from their work. As planters and cotton growers expanded their lands and purchased more enslaved laborers, their expectations increased. And productivity, in large part, did increase. But it came on the backs of enslaved laborers with heavier workloads, longer hours, and more intense punishments. B. Southern slavery embodied capitalism at its most colonial, violent, and exploitative. Humanity became a commodity used and worked to produce profit for a select group of investors, regardless of its shortfalls, dangers, and immoralities. C. ll enslaved people had memories, emotions, experiences, and thoughts. They saw their experiences in full color, felt the pain of the lash, the heat of the sun, and the heartbreak of loss, whether through death, betrayal, or sale. D. White enslavers' greatest fear was the risk of slave rebellion, and with nearly four million individual enslaved people residing in the South in 1860, and nearly 2.5 million living in the Cotton Belt alone, the system of communication, resistance, and potential violence among enslaved people did not escape the minds of enslavers across the region and the nation as a whole.

All (A, B, C, D)

Whigs adopted and adapted much of the Hamiltonian Federalist vision for the United States government, society, and future progress and applied it to the new realities produced by the market revolution and growing sectionalism during the antebellum era. Which of the following were major planks in the Whig Party's ideological platform during the antebellum era? [select all that apply] A. Rejected the premise that the government must not interfere in private life. To function as free—self-directed and self-disciplined—moral agents, individuals required certain character traits, which government could help to instill B. Believed that liberty required a prosperous and moral America, and that the government should create the conditions for balanced and regulated economic development, thereby promoting a prosperity in which all classes and regions would share. C. Insisted that liberty and power reinforced each other. An activist national government could enhance the realm of freedom D. United behind the American System, believing that via a protective tariff, a national bank, and aid to internal improvements, the federal government could guide economic development E. Tended to view society as a hierarchy of social classes but insisted that in the United States class status was not fixed, since any individual could achieve upward mobility

All (A, B, C, D, E)

Nearly every American had an opinion about President Jackson. To some, he epitomized democratic government and popular rule. To others, he represented the worst in a powerful and unaccountable executive, acting as president with the same arrogance he had shown as a general in Florida. One of the key issues dividing Americans during his presidency was a sectional dispute over national tax policy that would come to define Jackson's no-holds-barred approach to government. This "Nullification Crisis" involved which of the following? [select all that apply] A. The legacy of the Nullification Crisis is complex. Jackson's decisive action seemed to have forced South Carolina to back down, but the crisis also united the ideas of secession and states' rights, two concepts that had not necessarily been linked before, and it clearly showed that the immense political power of enslavers was matched only by their immense anxiety about the future of slavery. B. Faced with President Jackson's threat of force, other southern states declined to join South Carolina in their stand against Federal power. Privately Jackson supported the idea of compromise and enabled a solution that would forego the actual use of Federal military force. Congress passed a compromise bill that slowly lowered federal tariff rates, and South Carolina rescinded nullification for the tariffs but, ever defiant, nullified the Force Bill. C. When President Andrew Jackson ran for re-election in 1832, Martin Van Buren of New York replaced Calhoun as his vice-presidential running mate, and Calhoun returned to South Carolina where a special state convention nullified the federal tariffs of 1828 and 1832. D. Once Andrew Jackson moved into the White House, most southerners expected him to do away with the hated Tariff of 1828, the so-called Tariff of Abominations, and their disappointment at his failure to do so heightened sectional tensions. E. President Jackson responded dramatically to South Carolina's 1832 nullification ordinance. He denounced the ordinance of nullification and declared that "disunion, by armed force, is TREASON" and persuaded Congress to pass a Force Bill that authorized him to send the military to enforce the tariffs. F. Only in South Carolina did these sectional tensions over the tariff turn into organized action, where Jackson's own vice president, John C. Calhoun of South Carolina led the state's elite leaders in their opposition to the tariff, which they feared was merely an entering wedge for federal legislation that would limit slavery. G. In 1828, Calhoun secretly drafted the "South Carolina Exposition and Protest," an essay and set of resolutions that laid out the doctrine of nullification.

All (A, B, C, D, E, F, G)

American antislavery shifted from gradualism to immediatism during which decade? A. 1860s B. 1830s C. 1810s D. 1790s

B. 1830s

Why didn't the United States immediately annex Texas after the "Texas Revolution" (1835-1836)? A. The United States did annex Texas as soon as the Revolution was completed B. Both because of concerns regarding war with Mexico and imbalance of adding a large slave state C. The U.S. feared that doing so would provoke a war with Mexico, as Mexico never fully acknowledged Texas independence D. Concerns about the imbalance of adding a large slave state

B. Both because of concerns regarding war with Mexico and imbalance of adding a large slave state

All of the following groups represented a departure from "mainstream Protestantism," either as "restorationist" expressions or outright rejections of "orthodox" Protestantism EXCEPT: A. The Shakers & Oneidas B. Congregationalism C. Unitarianism D. Mormonism E. Transcendentalism

B. Congregationalism

Women on both sides of the war contributed to the conflict by performing all of the following EXCEPT: A. Dressing as men and fighting in battles, though such instances are rare in the historical record. B. Filling shortages of men by serving in state legislatures C. Spying on the enemy D. Widely serving as nurses to wounded or ill soldiers in field and military hospitals, as well as members of other military auxiliary organizations (most notably the U.S. Sanitary Commission) .

B. Filling shortages of men by serving in state legislatures

What was the nature of the relationship between racial and gender hierarchies within the "Old South?" A. Eventually granted voting rights, women, of all statuses and colors, gained direct representation in the creation and discussion of law and overturned previous laws of coverture founded on the ideal that husbands (or other male protectors if unmarried) represented their wives (or if unmarried, daughters/sisters/other female dependents), as the public sphere was too violent, heated, and high-minded for women. B. Gender inequality did not always fall along the same lines as racial inequality. Southern society, especially in the age of cotton, deferred to white men, under whom laws, social norms, and cultural practices were written, dictated, and maintained. White and free women of color lived in a society dominated, in nearly every aspect, by men. C. Throughout the antebellum era, the law protected women the same way it protected men, and in most southern states, marriage did not alter women's ability to fully exercising their economic and political rights, including recourse to divorce to terminate an unsuccessful marriage without social backlash. D. Women's Rights advocacy proved especially prominent and successful in the antebellum South, capitalizing on society's expectations that women represent the foundations of the republic and gain respectability through their work at home, in support of their husbands and children, to win the right to vote and exercise the full rights of citizenship in what had previously been deemed the rough and boisterous realm of masculinity.

B. Gender inequality did not always fall along the same lines as racial inequality. Southern society, especially in the age of cotton, deferred to white men, under whom laws, social norms, and cultural practices were written, dictated, and maintained. White and free women of color lived in a society dominated, in nearly every aspect, by men.

How did the Union and Confederate war efforts fair in the eastern and western theaters, respectively, through early summer of 1862? A. Generally, Confederate forces met with little success in the east but made considerable progress of arms in the west, while Union forces conversely achieved greatest success in the east by at least stymieing Confederate progress but suffered a series of substantial setbacks in the west. B. Generally, the Union met with little success in the east but made considerable progress of arms in the west, while Confederate forces conversely achieved greatest success in the east by at least stymieing Union progress but suffered a series of substantial setbacks in the west. C. Generally, Confederate forces overwhelmed Union forces in both major theaters of the conflict. D. Generally, Union forces overwhelmed Confederate forces in both major theaters of the conflict.

B. Generally, the Union met with little success in the east but made considerable progress of arms in the west, while Confederate forces conversely achieved greatest success in the east by at least stymieing Union progress but suffered a series of substantial setbacks in the west.

All of the following events contributed to the antebellum sectional crisis, but which of these events occurred first? A. Missouri Crisis B. Haitian Revolution C. John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry D. Kansas-Nebraska Act

B. Haitian Revolution

All of the following were major questions confronting the postwar United States that became the major points of contention during the tumultuous Reconstruction Era EXCEPT: A. In the wake of the war's disruption and destruction, how would the former Confederate states rebuild their governments, economies, and social systems? B. How would the economic and diplomatic relations between the now independent Confederate States of America and the United States of America unfold? C. How would the seceded southern states be brought back into the Union, and would they be conquered territories or equal states? D. What rights did freedom confer on formerly enslaved people?

B. How would the economic and diplomatic relations between the now independent Confederate States of America and the United States of America unfold?

What cleared the way for eastern people to resettle in the Deep South? A. The Civil War B. Indian Removal Act of 1830 C. Tariff of Abominations D. Missouri Compromise of 1820

B. Indian Removal Act of 1830

All of the following are true about the political consequences of the Kansas-Nebraska Act EXCEPT: A. Led to a miniature war in Kansas (a.k.a. "Bleeding Kansas") between proslavery and antislavery populations, many of them migrants into the region from the "Slave South" and the "Free North." B. Jaded a new generation of politicians, including Abraham Lincoln, who retired from politics out of frustration over failures to protect and promote the interests of slave owners and the slave states in national government. C. Motivated the creation of the Republican Party in 1854 as the extension of earlier "free soil" antislavery political initiatives. D. Resulted in the assault of Massachusetts Senator and staunch abolitionist Charles Sumner by South Carolina Representative Preston Brooks in May 1856 following Sumner's vitriolic speech "The Crime Against Kansas." (a.k.a. the "Brooks-Sumner Affair")

B. Jaded a new generation of politicians, including Abraham Lincoln, who retired from politics out of frustration over failures to protect and promote the interests of slave owners and the slave states in national government.

What provided the greatest boost to Abraham Lincoln's 1864 reelection? A. Unanimous support for the Emancipation Proclamation among white northerners and votes from black Americans B. Military success of William T. Sherman, especially in capturing Atlanta, GA, and overwhelming support of Union soldiers who cast their votes for him from the field via absentee ballot or through liberally granted furloughs/leaves of absence to return home to vote in the election. C. Support of influential radical Republicans who constituted a substantial majority among the northern voting populace. D. Incompetence of Democratic candidate George B. McClellan, who alienated both conservative Republicans wary of emancipation as well as "War Democrats" who sought to continue the more limited war to preserve the Union and deny Southern secession and Confederate independence, but resisted black emancipation as a war goal.

B. Military success of William T. Sherman, especially in capturing Atlanta, GA, and overwhelming support of Union soldiers who cast their votes for him from the field via absentee ballot or through liberally granted furloughs/leaves of absence to return home to vote in the election.

What was the function of southern dueling during the antebellum era? A. Demonstrating the superiority of one man over another B. Preserving the honor of both participants C. Resisting the oppression of southern religion D. Settling financial disputes in a manner more efficient than litigation

B. Preserving the honor of both participants

Which of the three phases of postwar Reconstruction were characterized by its even more expansive and aggressive scope committed to deploying the power of the Federal government (including the U.S. Army) to to protect freedmen and restructure political relations in the South and ensure the sustainability of that commitment through legislation that included the Reconstruction Acts of 1867 and the Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution? A. "Redemption" and the reassertion of "Home Rule" by white southerners in southern state governments and over southern race relations. B. Radical Reconstruction as directed by Radical Republican in the U.S. Congress (1867-1877) C. Presidential Reconstruction as directed by President Andrew Johnson (1865-1866) D. Congressional Reconstruction as directed by Radical Republicans in the U.S. Congress (1866-1867)

B. Radical Reconstruction as directed by Radical Republican in the U.S. Congress (1867-1877)

Which of the following came first? A. Women organized petition writing campaigns B. Women began forming antislavery societies C. Questions over the role of women activists divided the World Antislavery Convention D. Women held the Seneca Falls Convention

B. Women began forming antislavery societies

Black men made up ___________ of the Union army by 1865, and the majority of these black Union soldiers serving in the United States Colored Troops (U.S.C.T.) had ___________. A. 2%; been born free in northern cities B. 5%; collaborated with radical abolitionists on the Underground Railroad during the antebellum era C. 10%; been born enslaved D. 22%; been born into free black communities in the urban South.

C. 10%; been born enslaved

All of the following battles occurred during Union General Ulysses S. Grant's "Overland Campaign" against Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia in the eastern theater EXCEPT: A. Battle of the Wilderness B. Battle of Spotsylvania C. Battle of Chancellorsville D. Battle of Cold Harbor

C. Battle of Chancellorsville

Which of the following best describes the relationship of femininity and domesticity in the antebellum South? A. Domesticity played a very small role in the lives of white women B. Domesticity opened opportunities of wealthy white women to engage in the public sphere C. Domesticity limited the opportunities of wealthy white women to engage in the public sphere D. Domesticity was only applied to African American women

C. Domesticity limited the opportunities of wealthy white women to engage in the public sphere

All of the following statements about the battle of Gettysburg are true EXCEPT: A. Constituted the bloodiest battle of the war, with approximately 51,000 casualties incurred by both sides combined over three days of fighting. B. Finally decided with the disastrous Confederate assault against the center of the Union line on the third day of action, widely known as "Pickett's Charge." C. Fighting lasted just a single day, but constituted the single bloodiest day in American military history. D. Forced Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee and his Army of North Virginia to retreat from Pennsylvania and end its "Second Invasion of the North."

C. Fighting lasted just a single day, but constituted the single bloodiest day in American military history.

Why did the Republican Party nominate Abraham Lincoln for the presidency? A. He had by far the most experience in political office B. No other qualified candidates wanted the job because the nation was so divided C. He was less polarizing than the other candidates D. He had gained great fame by defeating Stephen Douglas in Illinois during the 1858 mid-term election for the state's U.S. Senate seat.

C. He was less polarizing than the other candidates

All of the following contributed to the Panic of 1837 EXCEPT: A. The Specie Circular of 1836 led land buyers to drain eastern banks of gold and silver B. Banks lent more money than they had backed in hard currency C. High interest rates in Great Britain led British investors to cease investing in American banks D. Panicked customers scrambled to exchange banknotes for hard currency

C. High interest rates in Great Britain led British investors to cease investing in American banks

What action spearheaded by President Andrew Jackson and the Democratic Party cleared the way for predominantly white populations in the east to resettle in the Deep South during the antebellum period? A. Missouri Compromise of 1820 B. Tariff of 1828 (a.k.a. "Tariff of Abominations") C. Indian Removal Act of 1830 D. The Civil War

C. Indian Removal Act of 1830

All of the following are true about Uncle Tom's Cabin EXCEPT: A. Reinforced many racist stereotypes prevailing among whites during the antebellum era B. Was written by a white woman from a prominent northern abolitionist family C. It was the most widely purchased book in the nineteenth century D. Helped to move antislavery more conspicuously into public conversation in the North

C. It was the most widely purchased book in the nineteenth century

The Compromise of 1850 included a much harsher fugitive slave law. It also included all of the following EXCEPT: A. The slave trade, but not slavery, was banned in Washington D.C. B. California joined the Union as a free state C. Kansas entered the Union as a slave state D. New Mexico and Utah would determine their own fates as slave or free states based on popular sovereignty

C. Kansas entered the Union as a slave state

Which of the three phases of postwar Reconstruction were characterized by its limited scope focused on a "Restoration" of the South involving limited government oversight or intervention and indifference to black rights beyond enforcement of the 13th Amendment abolishing slavery? A. "Redemption" and the reassertion of "Home Rule" by white southerners in southern state governments and over southern race relations. B. Congressional Reconstruction as directed by Radical Republicans in the U.S. Congress (1866-1867) C. Presidential Reconstruction as directed by President Andrew Johnson (1865-1866) D. Radical Reconstruction as directed by Radical Republican in the U.S. Congress (1867-1877)

C. Presidential Reconstruction as directed by President Andrew Johnson (1865-1866)

What was the most consequential result of the Dred Scott decision? A. The Fugitive Slave Act was repealed B. Slavery was abolished in Kansas C. Ruled that black Americans could not be citizens D. Overturned the Compromise of 1850

C. Ruled that black Americans could not be citizens

African Americans, both enslaved and free, served the Confederate war effort in all of the following capacities EXCEPT? A. Though historians disagree on the matter, it is a stretch to claim that not a single African American ever fired a gun for the Confederacy; a camp servant whose master died in battle might well pick up his dead master's gun and continue firing, if for no other reason than to protect himself. But this was always on an informal basis. There was never any doubt amgon white Confederates that black laborers and camp servants were property. B. The Confederacy also impressed slaves to perform various types of manual labor, much of it of a military nature (entrenchments, fortifications, shipment of military supplies/munitions, etc.). C. The Confederacy enlisted thousands of "Black Confederates" into its armed forces as combat soldiers in response to the shift in Union war goals from a limited "War for Union" to a more aggressive "War for Emancipation." D. Many slaves involuntarily accompanied their masters in the Confederate army, where they served their masters as "camp servants," cooking their meals, raising their tents, and carrying their supplies.

C. The Confederacy enlisted thousands of "Black Confederates" into its armed forces as combat soldiers in response to the shift in Union war goals from a limited "War for Union" to a more aggressive "War for Emancipation."

What social reform movement proved most successful during the antebellum era, and by contrast, which social issues proved most controversial and most difficult for reformers to resolve during the period? A. The Sabbatarian Movement; Temperance & Prison Reform B. The Antislavery/Abolitionist Movement; Temperance & Sabbatarianism C. The Temperance Movement; Anti-Indian removal & Antislavery/Abolitionism D. The Women's Rights Movement; Anti-Indian removal & Antislavery/Abolitionism

C. The Temperance Movement; Anti-Indian removal & Antislavery/Abolitionism

Which of the following most accurately describes the Know-Nothing Party? A. They worked to defend slavery from abolitionists in Congress B. They sought to stop the spread of slavery C. The formed to oppose immigration D. They sought to defend Catholicism from Protestant abuses

C. The formed to oppose immigration

All of the following occurred during the "secession crisis" EXCEPT: A. Confederate forces in Charleston, South Carolina, bombarded the Union-occupied Fort Sumter in the city's harbor on April 14th, 1861, initiating the military conflict that would become the American Civil War and prompting Abraham Lincoln to issue a call for 75,000 volunteer troops to "put down the rebellion in the southern states" and to declare a naval blockade of the southern coastline. B. Representatives from the seven seceded southern states convened in Montgomery, Alabama beginning February 4th, 1861 to organize a new nation, The Confederate States of America. C. The four "Upper South" states of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas, who had not joined their fellow southern states of the "Deep South" in the first wave of secession, reconsidered secession in the wake of Fort Sumter and Lincoln's call for volunteers and declaration of a blockade in April 1861, but again voted to remain in the American Union. D. South Carolina became the first southern state to enact secession on December 20, 1860. The Deep South States of Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Alabama, and Texas followed South Carolina out of the Union in January and February of 1861.

C. The four "Upper South" states of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas, who had not joined their fellow southern states of the "Deep South" in the first wave of secession, reconsidered secession in the wake of Fort Sumter and Lincoln's call for volunteers and declaration of a blockade in April 1861, but again voted to remain in the American Union.

Confederate Vice President Alexander Stephen's influential "Cornerstone Speech" declared that the cornerstone of the Confederacy rests _________________. A. "upon the bedrock of Constitutional liberty" B. "upon the divine will of a loving and all-powerful god, who promises deliverance and strength to all his faithful children" C. "upon the power and terrifying might of the Confederate Army" D. "upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery, subordination to the superior race, is his natural and moral condition. "

D. "upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery, subordination to the superior race, is his natural and moral condition. "

How did black churches help to develop political organization in black communities? A. Providing gathering places for political meetings B. Training leaders for both preaching and political work C. Creating opportunities for women D. All of the above

D. All of the above

The idea of Manifest Destiny meant which of the following? A. The strength of American values and institutions justified moral claims to hemispheric leadership B. Lands on the North American continent west of the Mississippi River (and later into the Caribbean) were destined for political and agricultural improvement C. God and the Constitution ordained an irrepressible destiny to accomplish redemption and democratization throughout the world D. All of the above

D. All of the above

What were the consequences of the Mexican-American War? A. The United States gained lands that would become the future states of California, Utah, and Nevada; most of Arizona; and parts of New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming. B. It elevated Zachary Taylor to the presidency and served as a training ground for many of the Civil War's future commanders. C. The resulting conflict over whether to extend slavery into the newly won territory pushed the nation ever closer to disunion and civil war. D. All of the above

D. All of the above

If the great draw of the West served as manifest destiny's kindling, then the discovery of gold in California was the spark that set the fire ablaze, igniting all of the following consequences EXCEPT: A. Most western settlers sought land ownership, but the lure of getting rich quick drew younger single men (with some women) to gold towns throughout the West. B. The adventurers and fortune-seekers who migrated westward then served as magnets for the arrival of others providing services associated with the gold rush. Towns and cities grew rapidly throughout the West, notably San Francisco, whose population grew from about five hundred in 1848 to almost fifty thousand by 1853. C. The great influx of diverse people clashed in a combative and aggrandizing atmosphere of individualistic pursuit of fortune. Linguistic, cultural, economic, and racial conflict (between whites and substantial Chinese and Mexican immigrant populations especially) roiled both urban and rural areas. D. All of the above constituted major consequences of the discovery of gold on western expansion and development.

D. All of the above constituted major consequences of the discovery of gold on western expansion and development.

The expansion of influence and territory off the continent became an important corollary to westward expansion and manifest destiny. What factors became most important in shaping the major priorities of U.S. foreign policy during the antebellum era as reflected in the Monroe Doctrine (1823) and its application throughout period? A. Increasingly aggressive incursions from Russians in the Northwest, ongoing border disputes with the British in Canada, the remote possibility of Spanish reconquest of South America, and British abolitionism in the Caribbean all triggered an American response that became the bedrock of antebellum U.S. foreign policy. B. Expansion of economic opportunity and protection from foreign pressures became the overriding goals of U.S. foreign policy. C. Many northern businessmen and southern slave owners supported the idea of expanding slavery into the Caribbean as a useful alternative to continental expansion, since slavery already existed in these areas. Some were critical of these attempts, seeing them as evidence of a growing slave-power conspiracy. D. All of the above.

D. All of the above.

What was the first major military campaign of the American Civil War, and what impact did it have on the nature of the conflict thereafter? A. Resulting Confederate victory and Union defeat created the "Paradox of Bull Run/Manassas:" For Confederates—victory instilled a legacy of confidence, and the Confederate Army became the focal point of identity and morale. But overconfidence also invited complacency and despondency in the face of adversity. For the Union—morale plummeted and dissension reigned in the army and among the general public, but the early humiliation galvanized public, political, and military resolve in pursuing ultimate victory. B. Effectively destroyed the "90-day war myth" pervasive among many on both sides of the conflict early in the war, a myth that generally expected the war to be short and relatively benign, consisting of a single epic confrontation to resolve the sectional tensions that had divided the nation. C. Prompted the first change in Union military command of Union forces in the eastern theatre, with Gen. George B. McClellan assuming command from Gen. Irvin McDowell. D. All of the above.

D. All of the above.

How did evangelicalism influence race relations in the antebellum U.S. South? A. Reinforced proslavery ideas B. Increased the prevalence of Protestantism among African Americans C. Created bi-racial congregations D. All the above E. None of the above

D. All the above

What was the impact of Nat Turner's rebellion? A. Black-led churches were broken up B. Anti-literacy laws increased C. Transformed southern religion D. All the above

D. All the above

Which of the following social changes enabled women to take prominent roles in socialreform movements? A. The resurgence of Calvinism led to a loosening of gender roles B. Women participated in reform, but they did not hold positions of prominence until after the Civil War C. The growth of racism elevated white women as necessary bulwarks against the dangers of black communities D. As women moved outside the household, they were able to devote time to other causes

D. As women moved outside the household, they were able to devote time to other causes

The Whig coalition drew strength from several earlier parties, including two that harnessed American political paranoia. What were these two parties and what respective issues and resulting paranoia fomented the formation of these political parties? A. The Anti-Masonic Party stemmed from growing anti-Masonic (Freemasons) sentiment nationwide, a movement that addressed Americans' widespread dissatisfaction about economic and political change by giving them a handy explanation: the republic was controlled by a secret society. B. The American (a.k.a. Know-Nothing) Party represented the political expression of longstanding nativist sentiment stemming from pronounced increases in foreign immigration during the early antebellum period, especially by Irish Catholics. C. The Abolitionist Party represented the assertive political expression of longstanding antislavery sentiment among white Americans across sectional lines, and demanded both the immediate abolition of racial slavery and complete racial equality in American society for the formerly enslaved. D. Both the Anti-Masonic Party & the American Party. E. Both the American Party & the Abolitionist Party F. Both the Anti-Masonic Party & the Abolitionist Party

D. Both the Anti-Masonic Party & the American Party.

What proved to be the most deadly aspect of the Civil War? A. Effects of explosive grapeshot canisters by artillery against linear infantry formations. B. Effects of new rifle technology and associated increased range and accuracy in combination with continued tactical emphasis on linear formations. C. Suicide D. Disease

D. Disease

What two speeches by Abraham Lincoln, the first in November 1863 and the second in March 1865, expressed then reiterated and expanded upon his administration's conception of the Union war effort, especially as it shifted toward "hard war" tactics to fulfill the strategic goals of the "War for Emancipation" that he first made public in the earlier Emancipation Proclamation? A. First Inaugural Address (Nov. 1863) & Farewell Address (March 1865) B. Vicksburg Address (Nov. 1863) & First Inaugural Address (March 1865) C. Cooper Union Address (Nov. 1863) & "House Divided" Speech (March 1865) D. Gettysburg Address (Nov. 1863) & Second Inaugural Address (March 1865)

D. Gettysburg Address (Nov. 1863) & Second Inaugural Address (March 1865)

The Missouri Compromise did all of the following EXCEPT: A. Establish the 36° 30′ dividing line between free and slave for future state admissions B. Admit Maine as a free state C. Admit Missouri as a slave state D. Propose popular sovereignty as the determination of whether states would have slavery

D. Propose popular sovereignty as the determination of whether states would have slavery

All of the following accurately describe some aspect of "The Bank War" and its significance as it unfolded during Jackson's first term as President EXCEPT: A. In 1829, after a few months in office, Jackson set his sights on the bank and its director, Nicholas Biddle. Jackson became more and more insistent over the next three years as Biddle and the bank's supporters fought to save it. The bank's charter was not due for renewal for several years, but in 1832, while Jackson was running for reelection, Congress held an early vote to reauthorize the Bank of the United States. The president vetoed the bill. B. Though many Democratic-Republicans had supported the charter for the Second Bank of the United States in 1816, some never gave up their Jeffersonian suspicion that such a powerful institution was dangerous to the republic. Andrew Jackson was one of the skeptics, and he and many of his supporters blamed the bank for causing and worsening the Panic of 1819, first by lending irresponsibly and then, when the panic hit, by hoarding gold currency to save itself at the expense of smaller banks and their customers. Jackson's supporters also believed the bank had corrupted many politicians by giving them financial favors. C. By leading Jackson to exert executive power so dramatically against Congress, the Bank War also helped his political enemies organize. D. Since Jackson's veto in 1832 ensured that its charter would not be renewed, the Bank of the United States discontinued operations immediately. So beginning in 1833 the Federal Government under Jackson's Administration contracted its business with the selected state banks with which they had replaced the national bank. Critics called them Jackson's "pet banks." E. By giving President Jackson a vivid way to defy the rich and powerful, or at least appear to do so, the Bank War gave his supporters a specific "democratic" idea to rally around. More than any other issue, opposition to the national bank came to define their beliefs.

D. Since Jackson's veto in 1832 ensured that its charter would not be renewed, the Bank of the United States discontinued operations immediately. So beginning in 1833 the Federal Government under Jackson's Administration contracted its business with the selected state banks with which they had replaced the national bank. Critics called them Jackson's "pet banks."

What was the "cult of true womanhood" what role did it play in westward migration and emerging western society and culture of white Americans during the antebellum era? A. A widely read poem that explained the role of women in a democratic society that became one of the most widely read and revered texts in the emerging society and culture of the American West. B. A radical religious group that advocated spiritual equality and sexual abstinence that became the dominant social and cultural influence in the antebellum American West. C. An idea that challenged the notion of separate spheres for men and women in society, especially in the American West where women became wholly liberated from the confinement of the domestic sphere. D. Social standards and cultural values that emphasized feminine piety, purity, domesticity, and submissiveness that westward migration and western life strained and even nominally expanded, but ultimately reinforced and perpetuated.

D. Social standards and cultural values that emphasized feminine piety, purity, domesticity, and submissiveness that westward migration and western life strained and even nominally expanded, but ultimately reinforced and perpetuated.

Female activists used which of the following expectations of gender to justify social activism? A. Women were expected to produce wages for the purpose of family stability, and slavery drove wages down B. Women were some of the most vocal supporters of manifest destiny and many feared that slave holders were consuming too much land in the West C. Most teachers were women; therefore women were understood to be more educated than men. Because of this education, women spoke with authority on social issues D. Women were expected to be the moral caretakers of the home and therefore it was their duty to speak out on moral issues

D. Women were expected to be the moral caretakers of the home and therefore it was their duty to speak out on moral issues

Which of the following was a major priority and focal point for the formerly enslaved as they sought to define the meaning of their newly won freedom in the postwar Reconstruction Era? A. Land acquisition and/or Labor autonomy B. Personal mobility and/or reconstituting family ties severed in bondage C. Education D. Religious autonomy E. All of the above

E. All of the above

The experience of the Cherokee revealed the most brutal aspects of state and federal "Indian removal" policy, but also exhibited the degree to which some of the so-called "Five Civilized Tribes (Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, Seminole, and Cherokee Nations) used the law in hopes of protecting their lands. All of the following were key moments in this process EXCEPT: A. The Cherokee defended themselves against Georgia's laws by citing treaties signed with the United States that guaranteed the Cherokee Nation both their land and independence and appealing to the U.S. Supreme Court against Georgia to prevent dispossession (Cherokee Nation v. Georgia [1831]) and (Worcester v. Georgia [1832]) B. Negotiations between Andrew Jackson's Secretary of War Lewis Cass and a faction of Cherokee officials led by Major Ridge & his son John Ridge that resulted in the contested "Treach of New Echota (1835) C. Refusal by the Cherokee Principal Chief John Ross to consider removal in negotiations with Lewis Cass and rejection of the "Ridge faction" and its concession to removal west codified in the "Treaty of New Echota (1835) D. President Martin van Buren's decision in 1838 to press the issue beyond negotiation and court rulings and use the New Echota Treaty provisions to order the army to forcibly remove those Cherokee not obeying the treaty's cession of territory, resulting in the infamous "Trail of Tears." E. All of the above constituted key moments in this process

E. All of the above constituted key moments in this process

Which of the following was NOT a major faction in the political landscape of the United States (a.k.a. the Northern Union) during the American Civil War? A. Radical Republicans who generally accepted and asserted the abolitionist argument that emancipation could be achieved by exercise of the belligerent power to confiscate enemy property. B. Conservative Republicans who constituted a smaller number within the Republican party that generally hoped for the ultimate demise of bondage but preferred to see this happen by the voluntary action of the slave states and coupled with the colonization of freed slaves abroad. C. Moderate Republicans who occupied the middle of the Republican Party spectrum and were led by President Abraham Lincoln, who like them shared the radicals' moral aversion to slavery but like more conservative Republicans feared the racial consequences of wholesale emancipation. Events during the first half of 1862 pushed these moderates toward the radical position. D. Democratic opposition to the Republican Lincoln Administration consisting of "War Democrats" who supported a limited war for Union but opposed emancipation, "Peace Democrats" who opposed the overall war effort, rejected emancipation outright, and sympathized with southern slaveholders (many were themselves slaveholders in the loyal, slave, border states of KY, MD, DE), and a minority faction of "Radical Democrats" who both rejected southern secession and demanded the end of slavery. E. All of the above were factions within the political landscape of the United States during the American Civil War.

E. All of the above were factions within the political landscape of the United States during the American Civil War.

True or False: The "Young America" movement represented one of the staunchest opponents to "Manifest Destiny" and its pursuit during the antebellum era.

False

True or False: The great influx of diverse people in California largely avoided the combative and aggrandizing atmosphere of individualistic pursuit of fortune typical of much of western migration and settlement. Linguistic, cultural, economic, and racial cooperation characterized both urban and rural areas in the region. The collaborative management of land, resources, and riches furthered individual and collective appreciation for diversity, particularly evident in harmonious relations with Native Americans and older Mexican communities.

False

True or False: The reform movements that emerged in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century were entirely unique American inventions in response to exceptional American experiences of westward expansion, urbanization, industrialization, and class struggle.

False

True or False: "Manifest Destiny" pushed many Americans, whether they uttered those specific words or not, to actively seek the expansion of democracy, especially during the antebellum era. These beliefs and the resulting actions were often disastrous to anyone in the way of American expansion.

True

True or False: A wide variety of people participated in early U.S. politics, especially at the local level. But ordinary citizens' growing direct influence on government frightened the founding elites.

True

True or False: During the 1850s, conflict increasingly prevailed over compromise in the sectional relationship between North and South over slavery, westward expansion, and the future vision for the nation, and by 1860 both sides had developed enemy images of the other that ultimately sparked the Civil War.

True

True or False: During the first decades of the nineteenth century, American politics shifted toward "sectional" conflict among the states of the North, South, and West.

True

True or False: The Cotton Revolution was a time of capitalism, panic, stress, and competition. Planters expanded their lands, purchased enslaved laborers, extended lines of credit, and went into massive amounts of debt because they were constantly working against the next guy, the newcomer, the social mover, the speculator, the trader. Although the cotton market was large and profitable, it was also fickle, risky, and cost intensive. The more wealth one gained, the more land one needed to procure, which led to more enslaved laborers, more credit, and more mouths to feed. The decades before the Civil War in the South, then, were not times of slow, simple tradition. They were times of high competition, high risk, and high reward, no matter where one stood in the social hierarchy.

True

True or False: The career of Andrew Jackson (1767-1845), the survivor of that backcountry Kentucky duel in 1806, exemplified both the opportunities and the dangers of political life in the early republic. A lawyer, enslaver, and general—and eventually the seventh president of the United States—he rose from humble frontier beginnings to become one of the most powerful Americans of the nineteenth century.

True

True or False: The debate over slavery became one of the prime forces behind the Texas Revolution and the resulting republic's annexation to the United States, an action that sparked the Mexican War (1846-1848) that culminated nearly three decades of tensions in the region.

True

True or False: The early nineteenth century was a period of immense change in the United States. Economic, political, demographic, and territorial transformations radically altered how Americans thought about themselves, their communities, and the rapidly expanding nation. It was a period of great optimism yet also a period of great conflict. Americans looked on these changes with a mixture of enthusiasm and suspicion, wondering how the moral fabric of the new nation would hold up to emerging social challenges. Increasingly, many turned to two powerful tools to help understand and manage the various transformations: spiritual revivalism and social reform.

True

True or False: The nearly 4 million enslaved people living and laboring in the American South by 1860, though fundamentally unfree in their movement, developed a culture all their own in which they created kinship and family networks, systems of (often illicit) trade, linguistic codes, religious congregations, and even benevolent and social aid organizations—all within the grip of slavery, a system dedicated to extraction rather than development, work and production rather than community and emotion.

True