USH2 U1

containment

Part of the U.S. foreign policy intended to slow the spread of Communism from the Soviet Union. The policy called for using military force if necessary.

What was one of Kennedy's domestic policy goals?

Pass civil rights legislation

Space program President Kennedy challenged the nation to develop the technology to send a human being to the moon by the end of the 1960s.

Passed Congress gave money for NASA research, and the moon landing took place in 1969 — just as planned!

Which best describes the Cold War during Reagan's presidency?

Reagan eventually formed a relationship with Mikhail Gorbachev that would help improve relations.

Northern Support

Reagan's northern supporters liked that he was tough on Communism and promised to rebuild urban America. They were upset by crime, poverty, and other social problems facing the cities of the North and Midwest. Many of them had voted Democratic in the past, giving them the name "Reagan Democrats."

NWSA

Refused to support the Fifteenth Amendment

Earl Warren

The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1953 until 1969. Before his appointment to the Supreme Court, he was a very popular liberal governor from California.

trials of the Scottsboro Boys began 12 days after their arrest. Their defense lawyers, woefully unprepared, called only the defendants to testify. All gave different accounts of what took place — some, having been beaten into confessing, claimed that the crime had taken place, while the rest maintained their innocence.The female "victims" in the case also gave inconsistent, unrealistic accounts of what had happened, and the doctors who had examined them for evidence of assault did not testify at all.Despite the lack of evidence, the Scottsboro Boys were found guilty by all-white juries. All but the youngest defendant, then 13 years old, were sentenced to death.Immediately, the Scottsboro Boys sought to appeal their verdicts and sentences and asked for better legal representation. What organization do you think the Scottsboro Boys chose to help them appeal their verdicts?

The Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA)

During the Kennedy administration, which dangerous situations nearly pushed the United States into war with the Soviet Union?

The Cuban Missile Crisis The crisis in Berlin

Which of these was not an issue in the 2008 election?

The Department of Homeland Security.

Domino theory

The Eisenhower administration feared that one nation falling to Communism could lead to other nearby nations falling as well.

What was the name of President Truman's domestic policy?

The Fair Deal

Vichy Regime

The German-backed government of France during World War II.

HUAC

The House Un-American Activities Committee, formed in 1938 to look into possible Communist activities. Many people were blacklisted or charged with contempt of Congress for refusing to answer the committee's questions. The committee often charged these people with anti-American activities, even when there was no proof.

In 35 words or fewer, name one other product that might create a crisis if it suddenly became four times more expensive, and explain your reasoning.

The Internet is such an important part of many schools, businesses, and people's personal lives that a huge increase in its price would likely cause a major disruption.

USO

The United Services Organization, an organization founded in 1941 at the request of President Franklin D. Roosevelt to provide entertainment and recreation services for the U.S. military personnel.

In 25 words or fewer, how might the WTO rule against making special policies for one member affect U.S.-Chinese trade relations?

The United States cannot change its trade policies with China without changing its trade policies toward the rest of the world.

Why did it take 20 years for the United States and Communist China to open relations?

The United States recognized Taiwan as the official government of China.

U.S. military can't find Viet Cong

The United States uses Agent Orange

Massive Retaliation

The United States would react to any threat with "massive retaliation" — the power and the will to respond to any attack with a lot of force, including nuclear weapons.

Gulf of Tonkin incident

The Unites States becomes more involved

War in Vietnam widens

The Unites States increases draft

UNIA

The Universal Negro Improvement Association, established by Marcus Garvey. Its purpose was to work for the improvement of conditions for people of African ancestry.

The WTO promotes:

The WTO promotes:

hard power

The ability to use military might to influence another country's behavior.

What trend did the 2010 census show that was caused by the 1950s baby boom?

The aging of the United States

Nineteenth Amendment

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that gave women the right to vote. The amendment was ratified, or passed, in 1920.

Rust Belt

The area around the Great Lakes, the upper Midwest, and the mid-Atlantic states where steel and iron industries were located. The term rust refers to the rusty gates outside of factories that were no longer being used. Many of these factories had closed during the 1970s.

microprocessor

The area in a computer that holds most of the computer's functions and programs.

What foreign policy problems was Nixon facing when he took office as president in 1969?

The arms race with the Soviets The Vietnam War The United States' lack of ties with the PRC

Battle of Iwo Jima

The battle fought between the United States and Japan for the Pacific island of Iwo Jima in February and March 1945. The United States won this battle.

Black nationalism

The belief that African Americans should maintain pride in their culture, history, and African roots. Black nationalists support the creation of communities and businesses managed by African Americans.

Domino theory

The belief that if one country in a region fell to Communism, then other nearby nations would fall to Communism as well. The Eisenhower administration and other presidents would base their foreign policy around this idea.

The ILD chose one of the country's best defense lawyers, New York-based Samuel Leibowitz, to represent the boys in their appeal trials. Leibowitz, known to many as the "next Clarence Darrow," was chosen for his impressive record of securing acquittals, as well as his lack of affiliation with the Communist Party.By calling the alleged victims' credibility into question, Leibowitz made a strong case for overturning the Scottsboro Boys' convictions — but he was unsuccessful. Although one of the alleged victims confessed to lying about the incident, the group was convicted once again by all-white juries. Leibowitz again appealed, and in 1935, the case reached the Supreme Court. Leibowitz hoped the Supreme Court would overturn the Scottsboro Boys' convictions. Which legal argument would he use?

The boys had received unfair trials decided by white juries. In the case of Norris v. Alabama, the Supreme Court overturned the convictions. Because the jury-selection process excluded Blacks, the teenagers were denied a "jury of their peers," as guaranteed in the Bill of Rights.

Which of the following is an example of soft power?

The broadcasts of Radio Free Europe

Operation Torch

The code name for an Allied plan to invade, or attack, German-held territory in French North Africa. The attack started November 8, 1942.

Operation Overlord

The code name for the plan to invade, or attack, German-held territory in France. Allied forces crossed the English Channel and attacked the Germans on the French coast at Normandy. The attack took place on June 6, 1944, and is known as D-Day.

Operation Barbarossa

The code name given to the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. The plan was unsuccessful, as German forces were not able to gain control of Moscow, the Soviet capital.

How did Republicans use morality for political goals during the 1980s and 1990s?

They promoted religious values and attacked Democrats for bad behavior.

How did many white people in Little Rock react when Central High School was desegregated?The Court threw out the evidence.

They shouted, spit, and told the students to go home

Activist Communities Mexicans and Mexican Americans in the Southwest and the West Coast faced segregation, and in some places they were not allowed to vote. In response, the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) was established in 1929.LULAC's goals were integration and assimilation, encouraging Mexicans and Mexican Americans to blend in with mainstream American culture. They hoped that this would lead whites to see them as equals and as Americans.LULAC worked through the courts to challenge segregation in public schools. They accomplished this by convincing the Census Bureau to classify Mexicans as "white." This allowed Mexican Americans to attend all-white schools, unlike many minorities during the 1950s and 1960s.Compared to African Americans, Mexican Americans had fewer resources, like colleges and churches, around which to organize. Eventually, however, local efforts were combined into the National Council of La Raza (NCLR). NCLR still works to protect the rights of Latinos in the United States. Why did LULAC encourage members to blend in with mainstream American culture?

They wanted to be seen as Americans.

Why do you think the Chinese cut off talks with the United States after the attack on Cambodia?

They were angry about what they saw as an increase in the war.

Why did Reagan consider the Soviet Union an Evil Empire?

They were spreading Communism and hurting democracy.

Cartoons v. live action

Think about the different kinds of information given by the cartoon and the live action.

Special effects

Think about what special effects are chosen, how they are used, and what they might make the audience to think or feel.

Do you think that this advertisement from the 1920s would have made people buy soap? Why or why not?

This advertisement likely worked because it played on attitudes and feelings that many Americans in the 1920s experienced — that is, fear of strangers and foreigners — to get them to buy something.

The huge number of American troops who arrived in the late 1960s made little progress in Vietnam.

This made many Americans turn against the war.

Supreme Court

Threw out state laws that protected workers

Which of these civil rights activists used legal strategies to oppose segregation?

Thurgood Marshall Charles Hamilton Houston

Red Scare

Time when many in the United States had great fear of Communism

Why would U.S. companies outsource jobs?

To decrease labor costsfr

Which policy did the American public support before the attack on Pearl Harbor?

To keep out of the war

Why did Eisenhower send troops to Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957?

To keep the court order to desegregate the city schools

Why did shipping companies start using standardized containers?

To make shipping more efficient

Why did Boris Yeltsin stand on a tank?

To speak out against the coup

What city was bombed by the U.S. in 1942?

Tokyo

Hobos

Traveled from town to town in search of work

Ronald Reagan

Trickle-down economics Hard line against unions

Hippies

Turned on, tuned in, dropped out

Bretton Woods Conference regulates finance

USSR sees capitalist threat

United States uses A-bomb on Hiroshima

USSR suspects nuclear threat

When the Soviet Union attacked Afghanistan, men from Muslim countries joined the Mujahideen to fight the USSR. They received support from countries including the United States.

Under the Taliban, Afghanistan became a place for terrorist groups such as Al-Qaeda, led by a Saudi named Osama bin Laden.

Oil crisis

Unhappy with American support of Israel, Middle Eastern oil producers placed an oil embargo on the United States. The result was high gas prices, gas lines, and oil shortages.

Nov. 2

United States and Soviet Union agree on UN resolution ordering an end to the fighting.

United States and USSR meet at Potsdam

United States and USSR cooperate in Europe

Protest Singers

Used music to fight war

Pop Art movement

Used realism

Google claims to know what you want "better than you do."

Users find what Google's programs let them find.

With Executive Order 9835, President Truman created loyalty boards to question federal workers about their

activities.

Dwight Eisenhower easily won the presidency because:

all of the above

The advent of "the pill" allowed women to:

all of the above

After World War I, Americans turned their attention to their own country. Warren Harding was elected president in 1920

and he wanted a return to normalcy.

During the 1920s, there was a cultural movement known as the Harlem Renaissance. This provided new opportunities for African American musicians, writers, and

artists.

Jackie Robinson was the first African American major league

baseball player

President Herbert Hoover supported the Smoot-Hawley Tariff

because he thought it would strengthen American farmers.

W. E. B. DuBois advocated racial integration and helped start the NAACP to work within the American legal system. Marcus Garvey wanted a return to Africa because he

believed that Blacks and whites would never be able to peacefully live together.

In the South, many farmers lived in poverty as sharecroppers. Cotton was the most popular cash crop. Farms failed when the

boll weevil infested cotton crops.

The TV news broadcasts of Edward R. Murrow helped cut down McCarthy's power

by showing his unfair methods.

The growth of suburbs added to the decline of:

cities.

Many Americans felt poor people were more affected by the Vietnam draft because...

college students could get to stay in school.

In 1932, veterans of World War I formed the Bonus Army in an attempt to

convince the government to redeem their government bonds.

The Third Industrial Revolution:

describes how computers have changed the economy

The civil rights protests of 1955 to 1963 were mainly for bringing about ...

desegregation.

Lyndon Johnson's belief that all of Southeast Asia would "fall" if the communists won in Vietnam was called...

domino theory.

The Latino population in the United States:

has gained in political influence.. includes large numbers in most of the biggest cities.

erald Ford used America's Bicentennial celebrations to:

help his image with American voters.

What was Ford's greatest benefit when he became president?

his character

Paul Robeson, who believed socialism was a way to fight discrimination, had difficulties with

huac

Jimmy Carter declared he would focus on:

human rights.

Postwar families made enough to buy new homes and consumer goods because

incomes were rising

What economic problem did Ford decide to focus on?

inflation

After Germany annexed Austria, the German army next moved

into Czechoslovakia

Winston Churchill angered the Soviet Union by saying a(n) ________ had been drawn across Europe.

iron curtain

Bill Russell,

like Jackie Robinson, was a pioneer in professional sports. He was the first African American to become a major star in the National Basketball Association. After a long career with the Celtics, he became the first Black coach of an NBA team and, like Robinson, reached his sport's Hall of Fame. Russell experienced racism throughout his career. But he spoke out more about racial matters than Robinson did. Because of this, Russell was not a popular figure, but he made a huge impact in his roles in professional sports.

space agencies

located in the south and southwest

In November 1963 South Vietnamese leader Ngo Dinh Diem was killed. His death and replacement was...

organized by the South Vietnamese military and supported by the U.S. government.

President Ford lost support when he:

pardoned Nixon.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was:

passed after a long battle in Congress

Americans who played _______ were asked by Chinese players to come visit their country?

ping-pong

Hoping to fix relations with Latin America, Carter agreed to give up control of the Panama Canal to Panama.Carter did little to keep the Senate aware of what was going on with Panama and thus when he presented the treaty, many senators did not vote for it, although it still passed. What part of the Panama Canal treaty showed how new Carter was to politics?

poor relations with the Senate

During the first 100 days that Roosevelt was president, he established a series of new programs designed to improve the economy. These

programs formed the New Deal.

While Johnson was president, the federal government first became involved in...

public education.

The Communist Party tried to bring in African American members by saying that it was against

racism

Often murals and other community art:

reflect social values. honor important individuals. show major events.

Social Security Act

A law passed in 1935 to provide financial aid for people without jobs, health insurance for older people, and a pension, or income, for people who were old enough to retire, or stop working.

Smith Act

A law passed in 1940 that made it illegal for any American to support the overthrow of the government or to belong to a group that worked for that goal.

G.I. Bill

A law passed in 1944 to provide federal financial aid to military veterans for obtaining health care, buying homes, or going to college or some other kind of training program.

Battle of the Bulge

A major German attack against Allied forces in Belgium in December 1944 and January 1945. More than 19,000 Americans were killed, making this the bloodiest battle for American troops in World War II.

assembly line

A manufacturing process of machines and workers in which a product passes from one operation to the next in a direct line until it is completed.

What did A. Philip Randolph plan to pressure the government to support more civil rights?

A march on Washington

March on Washington

A march that was scheduled to take place on July 1, 1941. Organized by A. Philip Randolph, the march was intended to protest against segregation in the military. The march was canceled when Franklin Roosevelt signed an executive order to stop discrimination in the defense industry.

Potsdam Conference

A meeting held in the summer of 1945 between the leaders of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union to decide on the punishment for Germany after its defeat in World War II.

arms race

A military build-up where both sides increase their weapons quickly, in an effort to have more power than the other. The United States and the Soviet Union engaged in an arms race for most of the Cold War that cost both nations billions of dollars in defense spending.

Korean War

A military conflict between the Republic of Korea (South Korea) and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea). South Korea was supported by United Nations countries, including the United States. North Korea was supported by the Communist governments of China and the Soviet Union. The war lasted from 1950 to 1953 and ended without a clear winner.

Eastern Bloc

A military, political, and economic grouping of nations under the leadership of the Soviet Union. It included the Communist governments in Eastern Europe controlled by the Soviets along with other Soviet-friendly nations around the world.

Western Bloc

A military, political, and economic grouping of nations under the leadership of the United States. It included the democratic, capitalist nations of North America and Western Europe along with other anti-Communist nations around the world.

gay rights movement

A movement that began in the late 1950s and fought to protect the rights of people with different sexual orientations.

nativism

A movement that opposed immigration

Chicano Movement

A movement that was started in the 1960s by young Mexican Americans. They called themselves Chicanos and called for pride in their culture's roots. They were influenced by the Black Power movement.

Okie

A name given to a migrant from Oklahoma. The term was used in John Steinbeck's book The Grapes of Wrath.

Hooverville

A name given to short-lived towns of shacks and tents built by homeless people during the Great Depression.

What happened as a result of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.?

A new wave of riots

The Grapes of Wrath

A novel written by John Steinbeck and published in 1939. It tells the story of a poor family of farmers who are forced off their Oklahoma farm during the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl.

Great Migration

A period between 1910 and 1940 when millions of African Americans left the farms of the South to find jobs in the cities of the North.

baby boom

A period of time when the birthrate is high. In the United States, this term usually refers to the period between 1946 and 1964, when there was a huge increase in the number of children born.

island hopping

A plan by the United States armed forces to use islands in the Pacific Ocean as places where planes and ships could get fuel and other supplies to help in the fighting against Japan during World War II.

Termination Policy

A policy in which the United States government tried to make American Indians living on reservations enter mainstream society. Under the Termination Policy, tribes were no longer seen as sovereign nations, and many reservations lost federal support for schools, police, and social services.

Black Power

A political attitude and slogan, or saying, that came from the civil rights movement of the 1960s. It stressed pride in Black culture and called for ways to support African American interests and values.

Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA)

A political party that advances the ideas of Communism, a type of society and government in which all property is owned and controlled by the state, in the name of the people.

Fascism

A political philosophy based on the belief in an authoritarian government, in which the state controls businesses and markets for the good of the state. This is different from Communism, in which the state control of business is for the good of the people. Fascists believe that violence and war are actions that help unite the country.

Watergate scandal

A political scandal in the 1970s. Men were arrested for breaking into the offices of the Democratic Party in Washington, D.C. This crime was eventually linked to President Richard Nixon, which caused him to leave the presidency, or resign, in 1974.

In late August 2005, Hurricane Katrina destroyed hundreds of thousands of homes and businesses in Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. In New Orleans, a wall that was supposed to protect the city from the water rising around it suddenly broke. More than seven hundred people drowned with thousands more trapped on the roofs of their houses while water filled the city streets.The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) blundered their response to the disaster leaving some survivors on their own for days. Media around the world asked how this could happen in a nation like America. Which of the following did NOT affect the public reaction to how the government handled the situation?

A president cannot be held responsible for the weather.

Bracero Program

A program started in 1942 that brought millions of farmworkers into the United States from Mexico.

Berlin airlift

A response to the closing of supply routes to Berlin, Germany. The Soviet Union hoped to force Allied Powers out of West Berlin with this blockade. President Truman arranged for supplies to be taken to West Berlin by Allied airplanes.

Iranian Revolution

A revolution in Iran that drove out the shah, Iran's ruler, in January 1979. The shah had been friendly to the United States. The new government was a militant, Islamic republic.

Sputnik

A satellite, or man-made object that was designed to circle the Earth. The Soviet Union sent Sputnik into space in 1957, making it the first object put into space successfully.

Manhattan Project

A secret military project led by the United States. This project produced the atomic bomb.

9/11 Attacks

A series of attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001. Members of Al-Qaeda, an Islamic fundamentalist group, took over four passenger planes. They flew two planes into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, and another into the Pentagon near Washington, D.C. The fourth plane crashed in a field in Pennsylvania. Almost 3,000 victims and 19 hijackers died in the attacks.

Palmer raids

A series of attempts by the U.S. Department of Justice to arrest and deport, or send out of the country, immigrants with extreme political opinions or who were suspected of supporting America's enemies in World War I. A. Mitchell Palmer was the U.S. attorney general.

New Deal

A series of economic programs passed by Congress in Franklin Roosevelt's first term as president. These programs and policies were intended to help America get out of the Great Depression.

Nuremberg trials

A series of military trials held by Allied forces after World War II. Military, political, and economic leaders of Nazi Germany were tried for war crimes.

fireside chats

A series of radio speeches given by President Franklin D. Roosevelt from 1933 to 1944. He used the radio to speak directly to the American people about issues affecting the country.

Stonewall riots

A series of violent conflicts between police and gay people at the Stonewall Inn in New York City in 1969. These events led to the modern gay rights movement.

Black Star Line

A shipping line — created by an African American, Marcus Garvey — that was intended to provide shipping services for African American businesses and passengers.

capitalism

A social and economic system in which the capital, or money, and the means of production, factories and machines, are privately owned. Labor and products are traded or sold in markets, and the profits are given to owners of the capital.

Contract with America

A statement released by the Republican Party during the congressional campaigns of 1994. It was a promise to lower taxes and reduce the size of government if Republicans won enough congressional seats.

In the 1950s, the young Americans who had survived the Great Depression and won World War II were ready to settle down. They hoped for the good life, which looked something like this:

A steady job with a successful company where hard work was recognized A nice home in the suburbs with neighbors they liked A new car when they wanted one New conveniences, such as a television, refrigerator, washing machine, dryer, dishwasher, and hi-fi record player Children to shower with attention and gifts

According to Kennan in the "Long Telegram," what did the Soviets believe?

Capitalism and Communism are too different to work together.

integrate

Change from a system that kept Blacks and whites apart into a system where all people were treated the same.

Digital music

Changed the way the music industry worked

News 24/7

Changes in the media sector had a big effect on how news was reported in the 1990s. With newspapers and network news divisions controlled by big corporations, they faced new pressure to turn a profit. News began to look more and more like entertainment, with constant stories about famous people and scandals. In 1996, the Walt Disney Company bought ABC. Critics thought this showed that entertainment, not information, was becoming the main function of media

Which of the following were changes in television in the 1980s and 1990s?

Channels such as MTV, BET, and Nickelodeon were targeted to specific audiences. The emergence of cable television meant more channels. There were 24-hour news channels.

Families in TV and Ads

Children lived in families with fathers and mothers. Married women were housewives, taking care of their husband, their children, and their home. The father worked in a white-collar job. The father earned enough to give his family a comfortable life.

The United States's advance in Korea was halted when troops from ________ entered from the North.

China

Which of the following was one of the Allied powers?

China

Freedom of Information Act

Citizens can demand to view government records

The feminist movement got an unexpected boost when women were included in the:

Civil Rights Act.

Which of these reforms were LBJ successes?

Civil rights War on poverty Voting rights Immigration reform Medicare

Bayard Rustin

Civil rights activist who briefly joined the Communist Party

Martin Luther King

Civil rights leader who believed in nonviolent methods

W. E. B. DuBois

Civil rights leader who left America to live in Ghana toward the end of his life

Stokely Carmichael

Civil rights organizer who sounded the call for "Black Power"

Race relations

Civil rights workers in the South fought against segregation and discrimination, while racist whites fought the movement with all the power that they had.

CCC

Civilian Conservation Corps, one of the New Deal programs of President Franklin Roosevelt. Between 1933 and 1942, it employed, or put to work, millions of people to make improvements on public lands.

Clinton

Clinton used cable TV and other forms of new media to reach young and minority voters. He always seemed comfortable in front of the camera, even in unfamiliar situations. Clinton, like Bush, aired commercials on the major networks, as well.

The continued threat of Communism

Communist-influenced movements were established in a number of African, Asian, and Latin American countries. This alarmed many Americans, who still feared the spread of Communism.

Big retail

Computerized inventory management Direct shipment from warehouses JIT delivery

Internet

Connected personal computers and transmitted new media

Voices.

Consider the different feelings that the different voices might call forth in the audience.

consumerism

Consumerism is an idea that buying more goods is better for the economy.

You recently bought some new shelves for your room, and you want to hang them on the wall. After looking up how to do it on eHow, you found out that you will need some screws and a drill. Where do you go to get these things?

Consumers often have to decide among convenience, cost, and personal preference.

What Nixon foreign policy did Ford continue that conservative Democratic and Republican politicians did not like?

Correct answer:

How many New Deals were there?

Correct answer: 2

What was the government's Termination Policy towards American Indians?

Correct answer: A government effort to force American Indians into the mainstream

Which woman was famous for flying across the Atlantic?

Correct answer: Amelia Earhart

What were the Palmer raids?

Correct answer: An effort to expel radicals from the United States

What did the flappers do?

Correct answer: Change society's views of women

Which of these Nazi actions was called Kristallnacht?

Correct answer: Destroying Jewish property and driving Jews into ghettos

Where were Jewish people killed by Nazis?

Correct answer: Extermination camps

What is xenophobia?

Correct answer: Fear of foreigners

Whose economic ideas did Roosevelt follow?

Correct answer: He had no formal economic theory.

Which of the following people wanted the "Share Our Wealth" program?

Correct answer: Huey Long

Why was the NWSA opposed to the Fifteenth Amendment?

Correct answer: It did not give women the right to vote.

What did the Sedition Act of 1918 do?

Correct answer: It made it illegal to say things against America.

The Immigration Act of 1924, also called the Johnson-Reed Act, did not limit immigration from:

Correct answer: Mexico

Where did the Allies land in France on D-Day?

Correct answer: Normandy

The Allies invaded France as part of:

Correct answer: Operation Overlord.

Germany's attack on which nation led directly to the start of World War II?

Correct answer: Poland

Where was the attack of the Soviet Union stopped?

Correct answer: Stalingrad

Which law extended most Bill of Rights protections to American Indian nations?

Correct answer: The Indian Civil Rights Act

Why did the Nazis believe that they could claim land in Eastern Europe?

Correct answer: They thought Aryan people were better than other people.

What made the Tuskegee Airmen unlike most other units in the United States Army Air Force?

Correct answer: They were African American.

Why did the KGB cut communications to Gorbachev's summer home?

Correct answer: To help the coup

Which of the following programs provided jobs building bridges, parks, and schools?

Correct answer: WPA

What conference created the United Nations and prepared for the end of the war?

Correct answer: Yalta

By the 1960s, the fight for American Indian rights was:

Correct answer: a united effort by many tribes.

Many claimed that Sacco and Vanzetti:

Correct answer: did not receive a fair trial.

The League of Women Voters was created to:

Correct answer: educate women to participate in government.

The Scopes Trial was about:

Correct answer: teaching evolution in schools.

The fear of Communism that occurred after World War I was known as:

Correct answer: the Red Scare.

What was the SNCC?

Correct: A student group that fought for civil rights

What political system combines nationalism and fighting to control more land?

Correct: Fascism

What nations did Germany take over quickly when the war began?

Correct: France, Poland, and Belgium

Which of the following women was a member of Roosevelt's black cabinet?

Correct: Mary McLeod Bethune

What two major innovations made globalization a reality?

Correct: Microprocessors and ISO containers

Which statement is true about U.S. immigration?

Correct: Most immigrants looked for better opportunities.

Which Great Depression president supported a laissez-faire attitude to business?

Correct: President Hoover

Which of the following government programs used ideas from the Townsend Plan?

Correct: Social Security Administration

Who was the leader of the Soviet Union during World War II?

Correct: Stalin

On December 21st, 1991, all the former Soviet Republics except for Georgia and the Baltic States formed what new organizations?

Correct: The Commonwealth of Independent States

What was strange about some missiles in Soviet military parades?

Correct: They were not real.

How did the United States get involved in World War II before formally joining the war?

Correct: With Lend-Lease Act of 1941

President Roosevelt called his radio talks to the American people:

Correct: fireside Chats.

In the 1900s, women had many more opportunities working as:

Correct: secretaries.

The most famous American Indian activist group was:

Correct: the American Indian Movement.

Pros of Nuclear Energy

Cost of fuel is very lowVery little air pollutionFuel is easy to move, so there is less pollution from shippingProper control can ensure safe handling

Which of the following factors helped contribute to the Great Depression?

Crash of the American stock market Long drought in the Great Plains area Raising of tariffs by the federal government Increasing levels of consumer debt

White collar workers conform

Critics blast mainstream values

Reasons to Doubt

Crop prices fall. Most African Americans remain in poverty. People borrow money to buy items.

Roosevelt said that the only thing Americans had to fear was fear itself. He then helped end a scare about banks and

restore the financial system. He presented his policies to the American people through fireside chats

Charles Houston and Thurgood Marshall didn't attack inequality but:

segregation

The march at the 1968 Democratic convention...

showed the divisions within the Democratic party.

Great Plains farmers lost money when crop prices fell after WWI. To make for up it, the farmers planted more crops, which damaged the

soil

After bootleggers illegally sold alcohol, consumers were able to purchase it at a

speakeasy

new left

staged antiwar protest

Michael Harrington's The Other America said that it was hard for most Americans to see the poverty in their country, because of...

suburbanization.

religious right

supported conservative politicians

One of the new products that became widespread in the postwar period was

television

The American strategy in Vietnam was to kill as many Viet Cong as possible, but American soldiers had difficulty

telling who was a(n) enemy. Many people were killed by accident.

Where did the Suez Crisis occur?

Egypt

Relief

Emergency Banking Act:Made banks reopen under the supervision of the Department of the Treasury. The treasury made loans to banks that needed money. Agricultural Adjustment Act:Increased the prices that farmers were paid for crops Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC):Used government money to hire and train nearly 3 million men to care for federal lands

What was Truman's goal in using the atomic bomb against Japan?

End the war in the Pacific.

Dust Bowl

Environmental disaster area

Satellite Organizers

Gain more freedom from USSR Gain civil rights

Communist Party

Gained support after helping the poor and African Americans

Nineteenth Amendment

Gave women the right to vote

What did the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution do?

Gave women the right to vote

Which of the following actions were not part of President Hoover's response at the start of the Great Depression?

Generally increasing the dollar amounts of unemployment checks Increasing levels of government intervention in the economy Hiring more people to work in the military and government sectors

Stalin gives anti-capitalist speech

George Kennan writes the Long Telegram

What southern states gained seats in this period that had not done so from 1960 to 1980?

Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia

The Vietnam War was ended during the term of:

Gerald Ford.

Kristallnacht

German for "crystal night," also known as the Night of the Broken Glass. This was an attack on Jewish property and people in Germany and Austria on November 9, 1938. Thousands of homes, businesses, and synagogues were destroyed. Nearly 100 people were killed, and up to 30,000 people were sent to concentration camps.

blitzkrieg

German for "lightning war." It refers to the policy of using strong, quick-moving armed forces to break through enemy lines. The term generally refers to German military activities in World War II.

Military Alignments Axis

Germany Italy Japan

What was unusual about Ford becoming president?

He was never elected as either vice president or president.

What helped Jimmy Carter gain support?

He was not very connected with politics.

How was Bill Clinton different from the Republicans who had been in power?

He was young and easy to talk to and offered a change from conservatism.

What promise did George H. W. Bush make when running for president?

He would not raise taxes.

Medicare

Health insurance for Americans over 65

Changing sexual attitudes

Increased access to birth control and the legalization of abortion with Roe v. Wade led to more relaxed attitudes toward sex. volume_up

Fair Deal Goals Met

Increased minimum wage Social Security for more workers Social Security for more workers Public housing for poor people

Which is a cause of America's trade deficit?

Increased trade with China

What is a part of globalization?

Increasing international dependence

What was the effect of the segregationists' response to civil rights protests?

Increasing support for civil right goals outside the South

Which law helped promote rising levels of buying suburban homes?

G.I. Bill

Which of these correctly describes the "baby boom"?

Increase in the number of births

Churchill speaks of "Iron Curtain"

Stalin describes this as "a call to war"

Adolf Hitler

(1889 - 1945) German leader during World War II. He led the Nazi Party and ruled Germany as a dictator from 1933 until his death at the end of World War II. He was responsible for the murder of up to 17 million civilians, or people who aren't in the armed forces, including 6 million Jews killed in the Holocaust.

After he returned from the Munich Conference, Chamberlain said,

"I believe it is peace for our time."

Which statement best shows King's reason for nonviolent protest?

"One has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. "

King's Letter from a Birmingham Jail made the following arguments in response:

"The purpose of our direct-action program is to create a situation so crisis-packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiation." "Freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed...For years now I have heard the word 'Wait!' It rings in the ear of every Negro with piercing familiarity. This 'Wait' has almost always meant 'Never.' " "There are two types of laws: just and unjust. I would be the first to advocate obeying just laws. One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws..."

What was Barack Obama's winning election slogan?

"Yes, we can."

or farming practices and a drought turned the soil of the Plains to dust. The Dust Bowl caused large storms that people called

"black blizzards".

Clarence Darrow

(1857 - 1938) An American lawyer. He is best known for defending John Scopes, who was on trial for teaching the theory of evolution in a Tennessee school.

William Jennings Bryan

(1860 - 1925) An American politician who was the Democratic nominee for president in 1896 and 1900, losing both times to William McKinley. He was a famous speaker and lawyer who supported populist policies, or policies that would help ordinary people.

W. E. B. Du Bois

(1868 - 1963) An African American civil rights leader. He helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

Neville Chamberlain

(1869 - 1940) British prime minister best known for his foreign policy of giving in to Germany and allowing the German army to take part of Czechoslovakia. This was an unsuccessful attempt to avoid war with Germany.

Winston Churchill

(1874 - 1965) British politician best known for his leadership of Great Britain throughout World War II.

Herbert Hoover

(1874-1964) The 31st president of the United States. The Great Depression began during his presidency.

Mary McLeod Bethune

(1875 - 1955) An African American teacher and civil rights leader. She started a school for African Americans in Florida that eventually became an excellent university. She was an adviser to President Franklin Roosevelt.

Joseph Stalin

(1879 - 1953) The leader of the Soviet Union from 1927 until 1953. He was a powerful dictator who killed or sent out of the country millions of people that he believed were dangerous to the country. The Soviet Union was one of the Allied countries fighting against Germany in World War II.

Margaret Sanger

(1879 - 1966) An American women's rights activist. She is best remembered for founding the American Birth Control League, an organization that fought for the right of women to obtain birth control.

Douglas MacArthur

(1880 - 1964) An American military leader who was important in World War II in the Pacific. After the war, he was in charge of Japan until the peace treaty was signed. He led United Nations forces in Korea and was fired by President Truman for disagreeing with Truman's Korean policy.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

(1882 - 1945) The 32nd president of the United States. He was the only president elected to four terms. He led the country out of the Great Depression with a number of social programs called the New Deal. He led the United States through most of World War II.

Benito Mussolini

(1883 - 1945) The leader of Italy during World War II. Italy joined Germany to fight against the Allied countries. He was a leader in creating Fascism, a belief in an authoritarian government.

Eleanor Roosevelt

(1884 - 1962) The wife of President Franklin Roosevelt. She was involved in helping to carry out some of her husband's policies and in civil rights activities. She was appointed to the United Nations General Assembly by President Truman in 1945 and worked on human rights issues there.

Harry Truman

(1884 - 1972) The 33rd president of the United States. He took over when President Franklin Roosevelt died just a few months after beginning his fourth term. Truman ordered the use of the atomic bomb at the end of World War II and led the country through the first years of the Cold War.

Marcus Garvey

(1887 - 1940) An important African American leader. He founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association. He also started the Black Star Line, a shipping company.

A. Philip Randolph

(1889 - 1979) Randolph was the head of the nation's best known Black labor union, the Brotherhood of Sleeping-Car Porters. He was widely respected by white political leaders, particularly liberals.

A. Philip Randolph

(1889 —1979) Randolph was the head of the nation's best known Black labor union, the Brotherhood of Sleeping-Car Porters. He was widely respected by white political leaders, particularly liberals.

Ho Chi Minh

(1890 - 1969) A Communist leader of North Vietnam. He led the country from 1945 until his death in 1969.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

(1890 - 1969) The 34th president of the United States. He is best known for his military leadership in World War II throughout the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Germany. During his presidency, the Korean War ended, the Cold War with the Soviet Union continued, and the Interstate Highway System was started.

Father Charles Coughlin

(1891 - 1979) A Roman Catholic priest who used the radio to reach large groups of listeners during the 1920s and 1930s. His talks were about politics and the economy rather than religion. He was sometimes called the "father of Hate Radio" because he spoke against Jews.

Huey Long

(1893 - 1935) United States senator and governor of Louisiana. He had strong populist ideas and had plans to "share the wealth" through taxes and laws against large salaries. He was known for his complete control over the government of Louisiana.

huey long (the king fish)

(1893 - 1935) United States senator and governor of Louisiana. He had strong populist ideas and had plans to "share the wealth" through taxes and laws against large salaries. He was known for his complete control over the government of Louisiana.

Mao Zedong

(1893 - 1976) The leader of the Communist Party in China and the ruler of the People's Republic of China from 1949 until his death in 1976. His style of Communism is called Maoism.

Paul Robeson

(1898 - 1976) An actor, singer, and supporter of civil rights who turned to Communism in his fight against racial inequality in America.

Ngo Dinh Diem

(1901 - 1963) The first president of South Vietnam until his assassination, or murder, in 1963.

Emperor Hirohito

(1901 - 1989) The emperor of Japan from 1926 to 1989.

Langston Hughes

(1902 - 1967) An African American writer, best known for his poetry and his writing during the Harlem Renaissance.

George Kennan

(1904 - 2005) A diplomat and political scientist who was a leader in establishing the United States' plans for dealing with the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

Lyndon B. Johnson

(1908 - 1973) The 36th president of the United States, completing the term of John F. Kennedy after Kennedy was assassinated, or murdered. He is remembered for his Great Society social programs in America and for greatly increasing American involvement in the Vietnam War.

Thurgood Marshall

(1908 - 1993) The first African American to serve on the Supreme Court. As a young lawyer, he successfully argued the case Brown v. Board of Education, which opened all schools to all races.

Ronald Reagan

(1911 - 2004) The 40th president of the United States. His presidency saw large tax cuts, less government spending, and less government control of business. There were also several military actions in other parts of the world to fight against Communism. He was injured in an assassination attempt.

Richard Nixon

(1913 - 1994) The 37th president of the United States. He resigned, or quit, in 1974 because of the Watergate scandal. He ended U.S. involvement in Vietnam and started relations with China.

Rosa Parks

(1913 - 2005) An African American woman whose arrest for refusing to give her bus seat to a white person set off the Montgomery bus boycott.

Gerald Ford

(1913 - 2006) The 38th president of the United States. He was the vice president under Richard Nixon and became president when Nixon resigned, or quit, on August 9, 1974.

John F. Kennedy

(1917 - 1963) The 35th president of the United States. He suggested laws that would make major social changes and advances in civil rights. He was assassinated, or murdered, in November 1963.

George Wallace

(1919 - 1998) The governor of Alabama in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. He is best known for his support of segregation, or separation of the races, in the South.

Jackie Robinson

(1919 — 1972) The first African American major league baseball player. Robinson was a popular sports figure who focused on his playing rather than on race relations.

Betty Friedan

(1921 - 2006) An American writer and activist. Her book The Feminine Mystique helped create new interest in working for equality for women. She was one of the founders of NOW, the National Organization for Women.

Henry Kissinger

(1923 - ) A German-born political expert. He served as national security adviser and Secretary of State for Presidents Nixon and Ford.

Phyllis Schlafly

(1924 - ) An American political activist who is best known for being against the Equal Rights Amendment. She founded the Eagle Forum, a conservative organization.

George H. W. Bush

(1924 - ) The 41st president of the United States. He served as a congressman, the head of the Central Intelligence Agency, and Ronald Reagan's vice president. During his presidency, the Soviet Union fell apart, the Berlin Wall came down, and the United States was involved in military action in Panama and the Persian Gulf.

Shirley Chisholm

(1924 - 2005) An African American politician, teacher, and author. She was the first Black woman to be elected to U.S. Congress.

Jimmy Carter

(1924 - present) The 39th president of the United States. He created the Department of Energy and the Department of Education. He helped Egypt and Israel end their war and sign a peace treaty. He has been involved in many human rights activities since he left the presidency.

Malcolm X

(1925 - 1965) An African American civil rights leader who was born Malcolm Little and changed his name after becoming a Muslim. He was originally in favor of Blacks living separately from whites, but later called for the races to accept each other. He was assassinated, or murdered, while speaking at a civil rights event.

Fidel Castro

(1926 - ) The Communist leader of Cuba from 1959 until 2008, when he turned power over to his brother.

Cesar Chavez

(1927 - 1993) A Mexican American farmworker and civil rights leader. He founded the United Farm Workers with Dolores Huerta. His work led to improvements for farmworkers.

Martin Luther King Jr

(1929 - 1968) An African American leader during the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. He helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957. His work led to the March on Washington, where he delivered his "I have a dream" speech. He was assassinated, or murdered, in 1968.

Harvey Milk

(1930 - 1978) An American politician and the first openly gay man to be elected to public office in California. He served on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors and helped pass a city gay rights law. He was assassinated, or killed, in 1978.

Mikhail Gorbachev

(1931 - ) The leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 until it collapsed, or fell apart, in 1991. During his term of office, he tried to improve the Soviet economy. He called for changes in the social structure of the Soviet Union that would give more voice to the common people. He wanted better relationships with the United States and other non-Communist countries.

Boris Yeltsin

(1931 - 2007) The first president of Russia. He originally won fame by defying the August coup of Communist Party leaders in 1991.

Clyde Bellecourt

(1936 - ) A member of the Ojibwe Indian tribe. He helped found the American Indian Movement, or AIM. He continues to be active in efforts to improve the lives of Native Americans.

Saddam Hussein

(1937 - 2006) The leader of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. His government was overthrown when American and British troops entered the country in 2003. U.S. troops arrested him for the murders of over 100 men in a small Iraqi town in 1982. He was tried, convicted, and hanged in 2006.

Stokely Carmichael

(1941 - 1998) An African American civil rights leader. He was a leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and the Black Panther Party. He came up with the term "Black Power."

George W. Bush

(1946 - ) The 43rd president of the United States. He also served as the governor of Texas. During his presidential term, the United States was attacked on September 11, 2001. He sent troops into Afghanistan and Iraq in response to this attack.

Hillary R. Clinton

(1947 - ) An American politician who served as first lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001, as secretary of state from 2009 to 2013, and as the Democratic Party's nominee for president in the 2016 election. She was the first woman to earn a major U.S. political party's nomination for president.

Osama bin Laden

(1957-2011 ) A terrorist leader born in Saudi Arabia. He founded Al-Qaeda, the organization responsible for the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Barack Obama

(1961 - ) The 44th president of the United States. He was elected in 2008 with promises to improve the economy and fix the health care system. He was the first African American to hold office.

1800 to 1920

Eastern European German Chinese Irish

Martin Luther King Jr. originally had four goals:

1. He wanted to end segregation. 2. He wanted to do it morally. 3. He wanted to do it immediately. 4. He wanted Blacks and whites to live together peacefully.

The baby boom that lasted from

1946 to 1964 saw the birth of more than 76 million babies and created new markets for businesses to sell to.

In 1950, Houston was the largest city in Texas but only the 14th largest city in the nation. By 1984, it was the 4th largest city in the United States. Below are some statistics about its population growth:

1950: 596,163 people 1960: 938,219 people 1970: 1,232,802 people 1980: 1,595,138 people How and why did Houston's population grow three times as big in 30 years? See if you can figure out what made the city grow by clicking on the map. volume_up

Battle of Guadalcanal

A 1942 battle on the Pacific island of Guadalcanal. It was the first major battle between Japan and the Allied forces. It was an Allied victory and led to more victories over Japan in the Pacific.

Which of the following is not true of Barack Obama?

: He was not born in the United States.

In Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court made abortion legal because:

: In Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court made abortion legal because

What did the Shanghai Communiqué do?

: It outlined areas of agreement and disagreement.

Which of these groups outside the government were said to have hidden Communists?

: Labor unions and civil rights groups

For North Vietnam, the Tet Offensive was

: a military defeat but a political win.

The goal of the freedom rides was to end segregation in ...

: buses that ran between states and their stations.

When Truman issued the Truman Doctrine:

: it increased tension with the Soviet Union.

The Birth of a Nation

A 1915 silent movie that showed members of the Ku Klux Klan as heroes. Race riots broke out in some cities where the movie was played, and after protests by African American groups, it was not allowed in some cities of the North.

Atlantic Charter

A 1941 agreement between Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill, the leaders of the United States and Great Britain, which stated that they believed the world should be more democratic after World War II.

The great amount of liberal legislation that began in 1964 took place in part because of...

All of the above.

Yalta Conference

A 1945 wartime meeting between the leaders of the United States, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain, the three main Allied countries in World War II. The purpose of the meeting was to discuss how Europe, especially Germany, should be organized after the war was over.

Montgomery bus boycott

A 1955 boycott of, or refusal to use, public transportation in Montgomery, Alabama. It was started by Rosa Parks, who refused to give her seat to a white man as required by state law. Her arrest led to the boycott, which lasted more than a year and ended the segregation of Alabama buses.

March on Washington (1963)

A 1963 civil rights march of over 200,000 people to show support for civil rights advances. Martin Luther King Jr. gave his "I have a dream" speech here. The March on Washington is given credit for helping to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Miranda v. Arizona

A 1966 Supreme Court decision that said police must tell a person under arrest about his or her Fifth Amendment rights. The Fifth Amendment says a person does not have to testify, or be a witness, against himself or herself.

Tinker v. Des Moines

A 1969 Supreme Court decision stating that wearing black armbands in school was protected as free speech under the First Amendment and that a student's free speech did not end, in the words of the Court, "at the schoolhouse gate." The Des Moines school district had tried to stop students from wearing armbands in protest of the Vietnam War.

Title IX

A 1972 law passed by Congress stating that no one, male or female, could be stopped from taking part in any educational program or activity that receives money from the federal government.

Iran-Contra scandal

A 1986 political scandal during the Reagan administration that came from reports of the secret sale of weapons to Iran in exchange for the release of American prisoners being held in Iran. Profits from the sale went to help rebel groups in Nicaragua, known as contras.

Bataan Death March

A 60-mile forced march of nearly 75,000 American and Filipino prisoners of war, who were held by the Japanese army in the Philippines, in 1942. Brutal treatment by the Japanese army caused the deaths of more than 25 percent of the prisoners on the march.

televangelist

A Christian preacher or minister who uses television to preach to large audiences.

Nazi Party

A German political party established in 1919 and led by Adolf Hitler between 1921 and 1945. The Nazis believed that Germans belonged to a superior Aryan race, and tried to unite Europe's German-speaking people into a Fascist empire. The Nazis tried to remove Jews and other minorities from German society by placing them in concentration camps, where millions died in what became known as the Holocaust.

American Indian Movement

A Native American civil rights organization. It was formed in 1968 to address issues concerning the American Indian community. It got national attention when it took over the Bureau of Indian Affairs office in Washington, D.C., in 1972 and the town of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in 1973.

Three Mile Island

A Pennsylvania power plant run by nuclear energy. In 1979, an accident caused a partial meltdown of the nuclear core. A small amount of radioactive gas was released. Strong public reaction and fear put an end to the further development of nuclear power plants in America.

What was Solidarity?

A Polish trade union

Glasnost

A Russian word that describes the policy of making the government more open. Mikhail Gorbachev started it in the Soviet Union in the 1980s. It helped end the Cold War.

Munich Conference

A September 1938 meeting involving the leaders of Germany, Great Britain, France, and Italy. The meeting was called in response to Adolf Hitler's demands to annex, or take over, the Sudetenland, a German-speaking region in Czechoslovakia. The meeting ended with the Munich Agreement, which allowed Germany to annex the region.

Korematsu v. United States

A Supreme Court case in 1944 in which the Court said the government did not break the law or go against the Constitution when it put thousands of Japanese Americans in internment camps during World War II.

Marshall Plan

A U.S. program to give economic aid to the free and democratic countries of Europe following World War II.

Chicano Art Shouting Its Name The name of the mural is "La Pared Que Habla, Canta y Grita" (The Wall That Speaks, Sings and Shouts). How does the name fit the mural?

A Wall That Speaks People in the mural are making music and dancing. The mural is calling out a message to those who look at it.

Battle of Leyte Gulf

A World War II naval battle between the United States and Japan that is sometimes referred to as the Second Battle for the Philippines. It was fought in late October 1944 near the Philippine Islands and was the largest naval battle of World War II. The Allies won this battle, which helped lead to the defeat of Japan.

Glass-Steagall Act

A banking law passed in 1933 to set up the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which insured, or protected, the money people put into banks. The act also established banking rules, most of which are no longer in effect.

hydrogen bomb

A bomb that gets enormous power from nuclear energy. It is more powerful than an atomic bomb and uses a different process to release energy in the form of an explosion.

atomic bomb

A bomb that gets its enormous destructive power from nuclear energy. It was used by the United States against Japan to end World War II.

The Grapes of Wrath

A book about Okies

"Double V" campaign

A campaign started by the Pittsburgh Courier, America's largest African American newspaper, after the United States entered World War II. The double V stood for victory at home over racial inequality and victory overseas in the war.

Niagara Movement

A civil rights organization that was formed in 1905 by W. E. B. DuBois, William Monroe Trotter, and several other African American leaders. It lasted until 1910, when its members joined a new, larger civil rights group, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, or NAACP.

Congress of Racial Equality

A civil rights organization that was formed in 1942. It was involved in the March on Washington and the freedom rides in the early 1960s.

space race

A competition between the United States and the Soviet Union to explore outer space. It included putting men into space and landing on the moon.

What was the arms race?

A competition for military power between the United States and the Soviet Union

Iranian hostage crisis

A conflict between Iran and the United States from November 1979 to January 1981. Iran held 52 Americans against their will for 444 days, releasing them just after Ronald Reagan was sworn in as president.

cash crop

A crop grown specifically to be sold. Examples of cash crops in America include tobacco and cotton.

counterculture

A culture whose behavior is not accepted and normal in society. This term usually refers to the culture developed by young people in the 1960s and 1970s, partly in protest to U.S. involvement in Vietnam.

Department of Homeland Security

A department of the U.S. government created after the September 11 terrorist attacks. Its responsibility is to protect the country from further attacks and to respond in the case of natural disasters such as floods and storms.

Shanghai Communiqué

A document issued by the United States and China in which the two nations pledged to work toward better relations.

"I have a dream" speech

A famous public speech given by Martin Luther King Jr. on August 28, 1963, in Washington, D.C. The speech called for equality between the races and an end to discrimination, or treating people of color differently.

National War Labor Board

A federal agency re-established in 1942 by Franklin Roosevelt. It worked out labor agreements between employers in the defense industry and labor unions in order to prevent strikes that might hurt the war effort.

Medicaid

A federal and state system to provide health care for the needy.

Medicare

A federal system of health insurance for people 65 and older.

appeasement

A foreign policy designed to avoid armed conflict. The term is most often applied to British leader Neville Chamberlain, who used appeasement to try to avoid war with Germany before World War II.

sit-in

A form of nonviolent protest in which people bring attention to a social or political issue by occupying an area and refusing to leave until demands are met. Example: In the early 1960s, large groups of African American students sat at lunch counters where African Americans had been refused service. They hoped that the attention would force the owners to change their policies.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

A government agency set up in 1932 under President Hoover. Its purpose was to give financial aid to the states and to loan money to banks, railroads, and other businesses. The agency continued to work under Roosevelt's New Deal.

Black cabinet

A group of African Americans first known as the Federal Council of Negro Affairs. This group gave opinions about public policy to President Franklin Roosevelt.

Beat Generation

A group of writers and artists who developed a cultural philosophy, or way of thinking, in the 1950s. In general, this philosophy supported behavior that was against popular American values.

nuclear family

A household made up of a mother, father, and their children.

Roe v. Wade

A landmark 1973 Court decision that said a woman could have an abortion until "viability" (the ability of a fetus to survive outside the uterus). Subsequent Court rulings have further restricted this. The Court's decision used the right to privacy from the Bill of Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The decision still causes serious arguments today.

Berlin Wall

A large cement wall that separated the city of West Berlin from the rest of East Germany. It was built by the East German government, which was under Communist control.

National Council of La Raza

A large civil rights organization formed in the 1960s that works to improve the lives and opportunities of Hispanic Americans.

USA PATRIOT Act

A law named "Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism," which was signed into law by President George W. Bush in 2001 in response to the September 11 attacks. It gives the government and police agencies additional powers to gather information to prevent future terrorist attacks.

Sedition Act

A law passed in 1918 that made it illegal to speak or write against the government, flag, or armed forces of the United States. It was to be in effect only in times of war and was repealed, or stopped, in 1920 because World War I had ended.

Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act

A law passed in 1930 that raised tariffs, or taxes, on over 20,000 goods that were imported into the United States. Other countries did the same, and the American economy was damaged.

Which of the following groups of people worked in American factories to be sure that war production needs were met?

All of these answers

just-in-time

A strategy for manufacturing products in which parts are delivered at the time when they are needed, rather than being delivered and stored in a warehouse before they are needed. Also a strategy for retail stores, in which goods are delivered shortly before they will be sold.

Rosie the Riveter

A symbol for all of the women who worked in factories during World War II. In many cases, these women were doing jobs formerly held by men who left the jobs to go to war.

Who was Rosie the Riveter?

A symbol of working women

sharecropping

A system of farming in which a landowner allows someone to farm the land in return for part of the crop. It was widely used in the South after the Civil War, when landowners had land but no money to pay for labor, and freed slaves had no land but were willing to work.

Communism

A system of government in which the government controls production. All property is supposed to be shared by everyone. Communism was the form of government in the Soviet Union during the Cold War and continues to be the form of government in China, Laos, Vietnam, North Korea, and Cuba.

Internet

A system that allows billions of computers worldwide to connect with each other using television and telephone technology. A huge amount of information is available on the Internet; it also provides new ways to communicate and exchange video, music, and text files.

Harlem Renaissance

A term that describes the increase of African American art, literature, and music in the 1920s and 1930s. The movement was named after the neighborhood in New York City where many African Americans lived.

Protestant

A term that refers to any Christian church that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation of the 1500s.

Catholic

A term that refers to the Roman Catholic Church, which is led by the pope. It is the largest Christian church and claims to be the first church founded by Jesus Christ's followers.

New Right

A term to describe the conservative groups and policies that gained political power during the 1970s and 1980s. Right-wing, or conservative, policies support smaller government, social order, and traditional ways of life.

New Frontier

A term used by John F. Kennedy in the presidential election of 1960. It was used to name the programs and policies of his presidency.

What is NAFTA?

A trade agreement

Warsaw Pact

A treaty signed by eight Communist countries in Europe as a response to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

What is START?

A treaty to limit nuclear weapons

What was the draft?

A way to choose men for the army

Great Depression

A worldwide economic crisis that lasted from late 1929 until World War II.

What issue was the subject of Roe v. Wade?

Abortion

Sweatshops provide:

Abusive and unfair working conditions

What pattern do you notice in terms of where presidents came from?

All those elected president came from the South or the West.

Which of the following would describe the conservative Supreme Court during the Reagan Administration?

Allowed restrictions on abortion in the Planned Parenthood v. Casey decision Selected conservative justices Antonin Scalia and Sandra Day O'Connor Allowed school searches in the NJ v. TLO decision

Paul Robeson

Actor and singer who was investigated by HUAC

Americans have more income

Advertising creates new needs

Which ethnic group had to deal with job and housing discrimination?

African Americans

The "Double V" campaign takes place.

African Americans fight for their civil rights.

Wartime industrial production increases.

African Americans move to the North and Midwest.

Germany

After the war, the United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, and France kept forces in Germany. Berlin, the German capital, was also divided into four parts. Officials from the four powers would form a council to decide policy.

Which of these positions is not typical of a progressive Democrat?

Against gay marriage

The dangerous chemical Americans used to kill the forests of Vietnam was called...

Agent Orange.

Hoover Dam

Also known as Boulder Dam, it is located on the border between Arizona and Nevada. It dams the Colorado River to form Lake Mead and produces a large amount of electricity.

Persian Gulf War

Also known as Operation Desert Storm, the Gulf War, and the First Gulf War. From 1990 to 1991, with the approval of the United Nations, 34 countries sent troops to fight Iraq after its army attacked Kuwait. Most of the troops were from the United States and were sent by President George H. W. Bush.

Operation Iraqi Freedom

Also known as the Iraq War and the Second Gulf War. Troops from several countries were sent to Iraq in 2003 to look for powerful weapons, known as weapons of mass destruction. Most of the troops were American and British. These troops removed Saddam Hussein from power. The war lasted until December 2011.

Scopes Trial

Also known as the Monkey Trial. Teacher John Scopes was charged with teaching the theory of evolution. Teaching this theory was against the law in Tennessee. He was convicted.

What group occupied Alcatraz Island in order to publicize its demands? Your answer: Black Panthers

American Indian Movement

American Indians

American Indians also faced difficulties during this time. Their jobless rate was ten times the national average. Poverty rates were high and life expectancy low. Most Indians lived on reservations, where life was very hard. Others had been thrown off their reservations by state governments or had chosen to leave for the cities, hoping that the chance for a job would make up for losing their traditional way of life.

AWSA

American Woman Suffrage Association - Led by Lucy Stone, Endorsed the 15th amendment and considered women's suffrage a natural right

Globalization Effects Textile factories formed the base of the First Industrial Revolution, turning Britain and then the rest of Europe and North America into nations that were full of factories and dominant in the world economy. Other nations supplied raw materials for American and European factories, which would process them into finished goods. Today, most textile factories are located in so-called developing countries. Why do you think this is?

American and European labor laws force manufacturers to pay higher wages here than in other countries. Although legislation made sweatshops illegal in the United States, U.S. companies opened them in other countries.

This 1993 cover of Time magazine was created by a computer program meant to guess what future Americans might look like. The model was based on the idea that increased immigration would result in a generation of predominantly multiracial (more than one race) Americans. The caption links this multiracial "look" with the idea of a multicultural society.

American society will become more multiracial and multicultural due to immigration and intermarriage. Intermarriage and immigration will continue to make America a multiracial and multicultural society.

During the war that followed, General MacArthur and Admiral Nimitz were important leaders. A great military leader, MacArthur was also famous for saying "I shall return" after the

Americans left the Philippines.

Joseph Levitt builds houses

Americans move to the suburbs

Black Panther Party

An African American organization formed in 1966 for self-defense against the police. The organization demanded more rights and social services for African Americans. Members did not accept the principle of nonviolence practiced by other civil rights groups.

Mujahideen

An Arabic word meaning "freedom fighters." In Afghanistan, a group callings itself the Mujahideen fought invading Soviet forces in a war lasting from 1979 to 1989.

Taliban

An Islamic political group that controlled Afghanistan and helped terrorist groups like Al-Qaeda. The Taliban was removed from power when the United States attacked Afghanistan in 2001 in response to the September 11 attacks.

Office of War Information

An agency created by the federal government during World War II. The agency released war news, worked to get public support for the war, got women into the workforce, and warned against foreign spies.

National Security Council

An agency created in 1947 for giving the president information and suggestions about foreign policy and national security.

National Labor Relations Board

An agency of the U.S. government. Its main purposes are to look into unfair labor practices and to organize elections to see if workers want to belong to labor unions.

Central Intelligence Agency

An agency of the federal government whose purpose is to gather information about foreign governments, businesses, and individuals to help the U.S. government make foreign policy decisions.

Doolittle Raid

An air raid, or attack, on Japan by United States forces in 1942 led by Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle. This was to retaliate, or get even, for the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan on December 7, 1941, and to show that Japan could be attacked.

Eighteenth Amendment

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1919 that made it against the law to make, sell, or transport alcohol for the purpose of drinking. It was repealed, or stopped, by the Twenty-First Amendment in 1933.

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, first proposed in 1923, that would have given equal rights to women. It was not ratified, or approved.

Dust Bowl

An area in the Great Plains of the United States that had terrible dust storms in the 1930s. High winds, very little rain, and poor farming practices made it easy for huge clouds of dirt to form. Fields were ruined, buildings and equipment were buried in dust, and the rich farm soil ended up as far away as the Atlantic Ocean. Thousands of farms failed, and farm families moved away.

internment camps

An area where Japanese Americans were forced to live during World War II. Because the United States was at war with Japan, these people were thought to be a danger to the United States. They were kept in these camps, under guard, until 1945. In 1988, the U.S. government apologized for these actions and paid money to the former prisoners.

Pop Art

An art movement that began in the 1950s. It shows scenes from everyday life and uses methods similar to advertising, comic books, and other current forms of communication.

USS Cole bombing

An attack on a U.S. Navy ship while it was in port at Yemen in 2000. Seventeen American sailors died and 39 were injured. The terrorist group Al-Qaeda said it was responsible for the attack.

stagflation

An economic condition of stagnation, or slow economic growth, combined with inflation, or rising prices. High unemployment also occurs during stagflation.

Battle of Midway

An important naval battle in the Pacific Ocean in June 1942. The U.S. Navy defeated the Japanese navy, which never fully recovered from the battle.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

An important set of laws passed by the U.S. Congress. The act made it illegal to have separate schools for different races. It also became illegal to have separate public areas for different races.

Social Security

An insurance program run by the federal government for people who have quit working because of age or injury.

microchip

An integrated circuit used in most electronic systems today including computers, telephones, MP3 players, hospital equipment, transportation, and military equipment.

Al-Qaeda

An international Islamic fundamentalist group founded around 1989. It is a terrorist group that supports the use of force to rid the Muslim world of Western influences. Al-Qaeda was responsible for many attacks against American interests, including the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City.

Wikipedia

An online, user-created and user-edited encyclopedia.

United Nations

An organization of nearly 200 nations formed after World War II. Its goals are to keep peace in the world and help with social, economic, and human rights issues.

League of Women Voters

An organization which encourages voting and citizen participation at all levels of government. The league is nonpartisan and does not support any party, issue, or candidate.

Richard Nixon's presidency included several significant foreign policy and national security actions. Think about his decisions about the Vietnam War, China, the Soviet Union, Chile, and the Middle East. Do you think he was an anti-Communist or a pragmatist? What do you think of Richard Nixon's foreign policy?

Answers will vary. On balance, it seems that Nixon was more the pragmatist than the anti-Communist: he dealt with China and the Soviet Union because, given their size and power, he had to.

Which of these was not a position of Falwell's Moral Majority?

Anti-family

In 1954, McCarthy challenged the

Army

In 35 words or fewer, explain how where oil reserves are located and where oil consumers live might affect power during an energy crisis.

As oil supplies decrease, countries that have direct access to the remaining oil will have more power in an energy crisis. Countries far away from oil reserves will have less power.

Anti-immigration groups often speak of protecting American "values" and "culture." What might be the actual fear of these groups?

As these people watch the country grow to be more diverse, they worry that the accepted norms might not be those of the white middle class, to which they often belong.

Where did Anne O'Hare McCormick work?

At the New York Times

global recession The sudden collapse of this housing market in 2007-2008 shook markets around the world. The US government worried that if the largest banks in the US went out of business, the entire financial system would be in danger. Several insurance companies and General Motors were also called "too big to fail." Many people lost their jobs. President Bush had to act, but what should he do?

Bailouts President Bush's second term was ending. The president pushed Congress to give money, called "bailouts," to save the companies and banks that were in danger. How to deal with the larger results of the recession would be left to the next administration. This would be one of the main issues in the 2008 election.

Madison Avenue

Base of the advertising industry in the 1920s

Which of these civil rights activists found Communism attractive?

Bayard Rustin Richard Wright Paul Robeson

Joining the WTO forced China to:

Be more open with its economic activities

Cultural Changes

Beginning in 2023, according to census predictions, the majority of children born in the United States will be of mixed or nonwhite origin. American culture has already begun to show such changes through television, film, music, and sports. For example, one of the most popular children's programs today is "Dora the Explorer," a cartoon that follows a young Latina girl named Dora. Dora speaks mostly in English but also introduces children to basic Spanish words. Her Latina background is part of her identity, but not the focus of the show. volume_up

Hundred Days

Beginning of FDR's first term

What writer described the situation of middle-class women as "the problem that has no name"?

Betty Friedan

Traditionally, the manufacturer was in control of the production process. Demand from factories kept the raw-material suppliers in business, and the retailers were at the mercy of factory output. This made developing countries dependent on the industrialized countries whose factories used their materials. Today, despite making most of the goods sold in the United States, many countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America are still dependent on American demand. Why would the industrializing nations depend on the United States today?

Big American retail companies purchase most of the developing countries' goods. The rise of big retail has allowed stores to control the manufacturing process. The big stores dominate the buyers' market and can order what they want.

Easy money After the internet "dot.com" bubble ended in 1999, the Federal Reserve Commission lowered the interest rate. This made it easier to get credit cards or get money from banks to pay for houses. How do you think consumers responded?

Big spending Consumer spending made the economy grow, and the US got richer. Housing was in high demand, because banks were giving more people money to buy. Prices rose quickly. Then, they fell.

How did the Republicans get back control of Congress in 1994?

Bill Clinton's early problems and the Contract with America affected voters.

What man is known for building suburban homes?

Bill Levitt

In 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr. took part in a major protest that worked for desegregating what southern city?

Birmingham, Alabama

Muhammad Ali

Black Muslim, champion athlete

What group was both a religious and a political movement?

Black Muslims

Black Nationalists

Blacks and whites separate UNIA Marcus Garvey

Many civil rights leaders were hopeful that white acceptance of African Americans in the arts would lead to increased equality between whites and

Blacks.

What Internet innovation made it possible for users to create their own encyclopedia?

Blogging

Middle class

Bought new products

Traditional views of men and women

Boys were expected to find careers and make money, while girls were supposed to get married and raise children. Some middle-class youth began to challenge these traditional ideas of what they were "supposed to" do.

Oct. 24

Britain, France, and Israel sign secret agreement to seize control of the canal.

Oct. 31

British and French bomb Egyptian positions. British and French troops reach Suez.

Nov. 7

British and French troops withdraw.

NAWSA

Brought public attention to women's suffrage

The state-based desegregation cases were grouped together and decided in 1954 under the name

Brown v. Board of Education

Which Supreme Court case ended segregation in public schools?

Brown v. Board of Education

Which of these was not an example of soft power?

Building a hydrogen bomb

freedom rides

Bus trips taken by civil rights activists to Southern states to make sure buses and bus stations were not segregated.

Reasons to Hope

Businesses grow, and stock prices rise. A large middle class grows. People make money by buying stock.

There are many reasons why Houston grew so quickly:

Businesses in the city's center: Many major businesses, especially energy companies, were located in downtown Houston. Two airports: Houston began to carry so much air traffic that it needed two international airports. There was one in the southern part of the city; it was built in 1954. Fifteen years later, the city added a larger airport to the north. Port of Houston: A port is where ships come and go. The Port of Houston had long been an economic engine for the city. By the 1950s, the port was the second most active in the nation in terms of shipping, and it remained near the top for the rest of the century. Oil refineries where oil was dug for and processed: The many refineries in Houston made it the center of the national petroleum (which is made from oil) industry. There were also chemical plants in Houston, some of which used petroleum products. Johnson Space Center: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) chose the area near Clear Lake to build its control center for all U.S. space missions. The center opened in 1963.

The G.I. Bill helped veterans do each of these EXCEPT

Buy medical insurance

This is being done in many ways.

Buying cars and vehicles that get more miles per gallon. Using public transportation more frequently. Buying more efficient appliances like refrigerators and washers. Insulating homes with fiberglass and better windows Using less heat in the winter and less air conditioning in the summer.

fair trade

Buying products internationally at a price that helps the seller to reach a higher standard of living. This is often used in trade with developing countries.

Chicano Art Libertad Find the sign that says "Necesito Mi Libertad." That means "I need my freedom." What does that add to the message in the mural?

Call for Freedom The mural is a call for cultural pride and freedom.

Which best describes Reaganomics?

Cut taxes, lower government spending, trickle-down economics, help business investments.

Black Tuesday

Day the stock market collapsed

Salazar Ruben F. Salazar, for whom the park was named, was a star reporter for the Los Angeles Times. He was killed by police in 1970 during an antiwar march organized by the National Chicano Moratorium. Salazar is pictured in a small blue box right of center. What other symbols or images in the mural might refer to him?

Death and Rebirth A funeral procession can be seen in the background. An open hand is holding a monarch butterfly, a symbol of rebirth.

Roosevelt built a political coalition that included workers but not people who believed in laissez-faire. Most southern

Democrats and many African Americans also joined the coalition.

Why might demographers want to know how the U.S. population is aging?

Demographers might be able to sell data on the sizes of certain age groups to companies who want to sell products to those age groups. They could also use it to let the government know that certain programs for older Americans, such as Social Security, might be in trouble as the older population grows.

What kind of data do Americans gather in the census?

Demographic

Montgomery bus boycott

Desegregated city buses

freedom rides

Desegregated interstate buses

Sit-ins

Desegregated lunch counters

What did the United States Office of War Information do?

Develop propaganda in support of the war

Ku Klux Klan

Did not like people who were Catholic Responded to The Birth of a Nation Did not like people who were not white

Eisenhower

Did not send troops to Hungary Began the Space Race after the launch of Sputnik Massive retaliation Prevented elections in Vietnam

Tax cuts After years of growth, the economy slowed down. Kennedy supported tax cuts on all levels of income.

Didn't pass At the time, the people with highest incomes were paying 91 percent in income taxes. Kennedy wanted to reduce the top rate to 70 percent. These tax cuts did not pass until early 1964.

Health care Kennedy supported paying for health care for all. In 1962 he brought a bill before Congress to create Medicare — the public program to provide health care for older people.

Didn't pass The Senate voted 52-48 against the bill. Insurance companies and the American Medical Association fought hard against it. Medicare passed under Johnson and became law in 1965.

What new kinds of products have grown in popularity in the past decade?

Digital products

shuttle diplomacy

Diplomacy in which an outside party travels back and forth between countries to help them reach an agreement. Henry Kissinger practiced shuttle diplomacy in an attempt to stop the Yom Kippur War between Israel and several Arab states, including Egypt and Syria.

AIM's Exploits The Longest Walk was a cross-country event to raise awareness of American Indian spirituality as well as the community's grievances. While the walk took place in 1978, Congress was considering several bills that would have abandoned or limited treaty relationships with native nations. The bills didn't pass, and the walk claimed success. Since 1978, AIM has organized schools and job training programs, held countless spiritual and cultural gatherings, and created a coalition to fight anti-Indian bias in the media and professional sports.

Do you think sports team names and logos like "Redskins," "Indians," and "Braves" honor American Indian or disparage them? Sample Response: Even when teams using the terms think of them as positive, many American Indians feel strongly that they should make the decisions about the use of their name.

What was the primary motivation for President Bush's support of alternative energy?

Economic pressures, Many of the most important policy and cultural changes are due to economic concerns.

Which events happened in the USSR shortly before its end?

Economic problems Loss of satellite nations A lost war A coup attempt

The Trail of Broken Treaties caravan was a coast-to-coast ride meant to raise awareness of American Indians' fight for justice. AIM co-sponsored the event and wrote out the group's goal: to restore tribes' right to make treaties with the American government. The caravan crossed the country in October 1972. Nearly 1,000 people arrived in Washington on November 3 and took over the offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs by force. They spent a week in the office building, causing more than $1 million in damage. No one was arrested, but President Nixon ignored their political demands.

Do you think the Trail of Broken Treaties caravan succeeded in its objectives? Sample Response: The event failed to advance negotiations with the federal government, but did get a lot of media exposure, much of it negative.

Great Society Highlights, Also in 1965, Congress passed the Higher Education Act. This act created federal financial aid programs to help students from low-income families pay for college.It also created programs like Upward Bound, which helps high school students from low-income families prepare for college.

Do you think the federal government should be involved in higher education? Sample Response: Many universities receive significant amounts of money from federal programs, and federal financial aid makes college a possibility for many students.

SDS Attacks the EstablishmentStudents for a Democratic Society (SDS), a group that fought for radical reform, issued the Port Huron Statement in 1962. The statement criticized segregation in America and the arms race. It went further, though, saying that most Americans were being controlled by political and economic forces in society, the base of which was consumerism, or buying too many things. The SDS believed that the people in charge and their policies had to change.

Do you think the older generation agreed with the SDS? Why or why not? Sample Response: Some members of the older generation might have agreed, but most accepted and were happy with the American way of life.

AIM's Exploits In February 1973, a few months after capturing the BIA building, AIM protesters took over the small hamlet of Wounded Knee on the Pine Ridge Oglala Sioux reservation in South Dakota — the same Wounded Knee where the U.S. Army had killed hundreds of Indians in 1890. The protesters denounced the Oglala tribal government and called themselves the Independent Oglala Nation. They demanded a restoration of the 1868 treaty between the U.S. and Lakota (Sioux) governments. The standoff lasted 71 days and resulted in the deaths of two American Indians. Two hundred protesters were arrested, but only six were convicted of a crime. Two years later on the Pine Ridge reservation, two FBI agents were shot to death. AIM activist Leonard Peltier was sent to jail for 35 years for the crime. Peltier is still serving his sentence at a penitentiary in Florida.

Do you think the revolt at Wounded Knee helped or hurt AIM's cause? Sample Response: It hurt by leading others to think of them as radicals. But it did draw attention to their concerns.

The Antiwar Movement The crowds that marched against the war kept growing. On April 15, 1967, almost 250,000 people gathered in New York and San Francisco. Speaking out against the war was no longer radical.

Do you think these gatherings were effective? Is marching and shouting enough to change policy? Sample Response: The effect of each march may have been very small, but their growing size showed that the antiwar position was something the government had to pay attention to.

What was the name of the campaign by African American leaders during World War II?

Double V

As the United States became more involved in the Vietnam War, many young people joined the antiwar movement, which protested the war. In 1965, students at the University of Michigan (the original home of the SDS) held "teach-ins," where they explained why the government's war policy was wrong. Similar events followed at colleges across the country. Teach-ins soon became protests, and protests became mass marches. At these events, young men often went against the law by setting their draft cards on fire. What name was given to those who went against the Vietnam War?

Doves

What did 1920s advertisers want women to do?

Drive electric cars.

Americans develop "car culture"

Drive-ins, malls, and fast-food restaurants are built

In his book The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck wrote about the plight of the Okies during the

Dust Bowl

1700s

Dutch English Enslaved Africans

Who was elected president in 1952?

Dwight Eisenhower

Truman's Goals

Establish Germany as a democracy with free elections Divide Germany into four occupation zones Limit Germany's industrial capabilities Encourage Russia to join the war effort in the Pacific to help end the war sooner

Stalin's Goals

Establish a pro-Soviet government in Germany, preferably Communist Keep Germany permanently divided Make Germany pay reparations to help Russia rebuild Dismantle and severely restrict Germany's industry Enter the war in the Pacific if necessary

Mandatory Insurance

Every citizen must buy insurance People cannot buy insurance from the government. Everyone must buy private insurance, but insurance companies must accept everyone.

Public-Option

Every citizen must buy insurance. People can choose to buy insurance from the government. Private insurance companies stay in business

Red Scare:

Execution of Sacco and Vanzetti Palmer raids Fear of Communists and radicals Supreme Court favored business over labor unions

Where were Jewish Europeans deported during the Holocaust?

Extermination camps

Why was Truman's re-election in 1948 a surprise victory?

Extreme liberals and Dixiecrats were backing other candidates.

Which of the following was established to help people with housing?

FHA

Scottsboro Boys

Falsely convicted of assault by all-white juries

Crop Variety

Farmers across the region began to plant other crops besides cotton. For example, soybeans were grown because of a rise in soybean prices in the 1970s. Farmers in Georgia and Alabama grew peanuts. Florida was known for its citrus fruit. The Carolinas continued to grow tobacco. volume_up

What did the "Double V" fight against?

Fascism abroad, discrimination at home

How might xenophobia make this advertisement even more effective?

Fear of crowds implies fear of strangers, who may have brought deadly diseases from other countries.

Xenophobia

Fear of foreigners

xenophobia

Fear of foreigners.

J. Edgar Hoover

Federal Bureau of Investigation

FDIC

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, a New Deal program started in 1933 by the Glass-Steagall Act. Its purpose is to protect money that people put into their bank accounts.

FHA

Federal Housing Administration, a New Deal agency created in 1934. Its main purposes are to improve housing standards and conditions and to insure home loans.

Which hippie behavior would members of the religious right find most dangerous to family values?

Free love

Big Business Farms

From 1964 to 1978, the number of farms in the South dropped from 1.26 million to 914,000. At the same time, the average farm size rose from 243 to 301 acres. Farming also became more mechanized and efficient. Because of this, farms had less need for farm workers, who left the farms and moved to southern cities to seek factory work.

Reagan's JudgesIn office, Reagan had a mixed record on the religious right's issues. He offered a prayer-in-school amendment but did little to support it. He did, however, take steps to limit federal money for abortions.The real success for the religious right came in the Supreme Court. Reagan was able to name three conservatives to the Supreme Court (Sandra Day O'Connor, Antonin Scalia, and Anthony M. Kennedy). He also moved William Rehnquist up to the position of chief justice to guide the Court in a conservative direction. And he put close to 400 conservative judges in smaller courts across the country. Which best explains why Reagan's decisions with the courts would be long lasting?

Federal judges serve for life.

Which Supreme Court Chief Justice worked to make the Brown decision unanimous?

Felix Frankfurter

The Politics of Women's Bodies

Feminism sparked a revolution in the field of women's health. Before the women's movement, birth control was hard to obtain, abortion was illegal, and childbirth was frightening and sometimes fatal. Many American women lacked basic information about how their bodies worked and how to stay healthy, and couldn't easily obtain this information from their doctors or from libraries.An awareness-raising group in Boston started a project to share health information among women. The project became the landmark book Our Bodies, Ourselves (1973). It transformed women's approach to their physical and reproductive health and empowered millions of women. How did Our Bodies, Ourselves prove the saying that "knowledge is power"? Sample Response: By delivering clear and accurate health information to women, it allowed them to make better choices and play a more active role in their health care.

Seneca Falls

First major women's rights convention

Bill Russell

First professional African American basketball star

Takeoff (Launch) Location The rockets being developed in Alabama had to be tested on wide, open land far away from cities. White Sands, New Mexico, had once been used. But a test rocket went the wrong way and blew up in Mexico. Scientists realized that rockets were getting more powerful and needed to be tested in a location even farther away from cities.The Defense Department had to choose between a location in California and one in Florida. After the rocket blew up in Mexico, the Mexican government stated that it did not want a location in California. So Florida's Cape Canaveral became the rocket test location. And in 1960, it became the launch location for NASA. Where did NASA end up placing its chief launch location?

Florida

Which southern states gained during this period?

Florida and texas

Satellite Communist Parties

Follow Moscow's lead

Increased consumerism:

Fordism Henry Ford Larger economy Advertising industry

Housing prices People assumed the value of homes would rise forever. Consumers were willing to increase their debt, because they believed the value of their house would rise to cover their extra spending. They went shopping, traveled, and even bought more houses. What do you think happened when the "bubble" ended?

Foreclosed The value of many people's houses dropped below the amount of debt they had to pay back. American consumers lost much of their wealth, and they couldn't pay for what they'd bought. Many houses were foreclosed, or taken back by the bank that lent the money to buy them.

President Kennedy focused most on:

Foreign policy

Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale

Founded the Black Panther Party

The Court decided that segregation was unconstitutional in state school systems based on the

Fourteenth Amendment.

Which candidate would have been more likely to develop a government group to keep track of banks in the United States?

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Bank Holiday 1933

Franklin Delano Roosevelt declared that all banks were to be closed on March 6, 1933. A few days later he allowed the reopening of economically sound banks.

One reason for the postwar economic growth was the benefits found in the

G.I. Bill

World War II in Europe Put these in order, top to bottom, from earliest to most recent

Germany and Russia sign the Non-aggression PactAugust 1939 Germany and Russia invade PolandSeptember 1939 Germany and Italy defeat FranceJune 1940 England holds on in the Battle of BritainOctober 1940

Who signed the Nonaggression Pact in 1939?

Germany and the Soviet Union

Major Events of WWII Put these in order, top to bottom, from earliest to most recent

Germany and the Soviet Union invade and divide Poland.September 1939 Germany invades and conquers France.June 1940 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor.December 1941 The United States defeats Japanese forces on Guadalcanal.February 1943 The Allies invade German-controlled Northern Europe.June 1944 Germany surrenders and the war in Europe is over.May 1945 The United States drops two atomic bombs on Japan.August 1945 Japan surrenders and World War II is over.August 1945

Troops from the United States and Soviet Union faced each other in ________, but peace was maintained.

Germany.

In October of 1973, Egypt and Syria attacked Israel on Yom Kippur, the highest Jewish holiday. The Israelis were surprised and quickly lost ground.Nixon sent arms, which the Israelis used to fight back. Kissinger then tried for a cease-fire, but the Israelis would not agree.The Soviets then suggested that they and the United States send troops to protect the Suez Canal. If the Americans refused, they said, they would go in alone: and they had soldiers ready to do so. If you were Nixon, how would you prevent having Soviet troops from holding the Suez Canal?

Get all U.S. forces ready and threaten the Soviets with nuclear war if they landed the troops. Nixon didn't want U.S. troops there either. He threatened nuclear war instead.

What is a major activity of the United Service Organizations (USO)?

Getting people to entertain troops

What Gorbachev policy means "openness"?

Glasnost

Reform

Glass-Steagall Act:Established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). The FDIC insured money deposited at banks. Securities Exchange Commission (SEC):Created for more supervision of the stock market Economy Act:Balanced the federal budget by cutting government employees' wages and by cutting veterans' pensions by 50 percent

Perspectives on the New Deal Pro

Government should have pension laws. Government should spend more than it has to get the economy going.

Perspectives on the New Deal Con

Government should not spend more money than it has. It is unconstitutional for government to allow cartels and monopolies.

Allies

Great Britain Soviet Union United States

unemployed councils

Groups organized by the Communist Party of America during the Great Depression. They were made up of people who had lost their jobs and had no money. They pushed for more help from their landlords and from government agencies.

The baby boom

Growing families need housing

How did media change during the 1990s?

Growth of the Internet age.

Bill Clinton

Handgun legislation Unsuccessful impeachment Problems with Republicans

Another term for military power is:

Hard power

Which of these was a major goal of veterans and their spouses?

Having children

What best describes Kennedy's actions toward civil rights?

He acted cautiously in support of them.

In December, 2005, The New York Timesreported that federal officials in the National Security Administration (NSA) were monitoring communication within the United States, especially email, phone calls, and texts. This is called wiretapping. Many thought wiretapping broke the Fourth Amendment, which protects Americans from being searched without a warrant. How do you think President Bush responded?

He claimed that this "wiretapping" was part of the War on Terror, and it was necessary to keep Americans safe. President Bush said the program was necessary to keep Americans safe from terrorists. Many Americans began to debate how much privacy they were willing to give up for security.

Why did some people say Barack Obama was "not Black enough"?

He did not have a typical "Black experience".

Why was Bill Clinton impeached?

He did not tell the truth in court.

Why did Kissinger travel to China in secret in 1971?

He hoped to start working toward a visit by Nixon.

Which of the following is not true of John McCain?

He is a liberal.

How did Paul Robeson use his talent?

He used his fame as a singer to fight prejudice.

Why was Richard Nixon a good running mate for Eisenhower?

He was a fierce anti-Communist, who spoke louder than Ike.

How did the Iranian Hostage Crisis impact Carter's image?

He was made to look weak.

League of Women Voters

Helped women become educated voters

Which candidate would have been most likely to simply watch the Great Depression occur, hoping that it would end in a natural way?

Herbert Hoover

Why do you think that the majority of the public supported Franklin D. Roosevelt's economic ideas over those of Herbert Hoover?

Herbert Hoover had already served as president of the United States for four years. During his time as president, the nation faced terrible economic situations during the Great Depression. Many Americans did not believe that the economy could turn itself around. They elected a man who wanted an active government that would work toward the best possible economy.

The USSR's economic problems were caused by a number of factors:

High defense spending to compete with the United States and China Support and defense of its allies War in Afghanistan A large drop in the price of oil in 1985 Corruption in the areas of government that controlled industry The government's secretiveness made it difficult to talk about and fix the country's problems.

What major problem did Gerald Ford face during his presidency?

High inflation

Easy to get to markets

Highways that crossed the South made it easy to get anywhere. Southern governments made more seaports and airports to make it easier to bring things into and out of the country.

Which of the following were ways the New Deal attempted to reverse the effects of the Great Depression?

Hired unemployed workers to help with public service projects Increased government involvement in the economy in order to help individuals and businesses Closed all banks and only allowed those that were properly run to reopen

What move by Eisenhower made the greatest change in American life?

His appointment of Earl Warren as Chief Justice

Hooverville

Home for the homeless

1968 Election. Just four days after Johnson said he would not run for president again, Martin Luther King Jr. was killed in Memphis, Tennessee.King had come to Memphis to support a workers' strike, part of the "Poor People's Campaign." He hoped to use the movement to support civil rights for all people, Black and white.He knew people were trying to kill him. The night before he died, he told a crowd he had "been to the mountaintop" and didn't fear death. "I may not get there with you, but I want you to know tonight that we as a people will get to the Promised Land."Angry crowds marched in Washington and many other cities, destroying property.

How did King's death affect the election? Sample Response: His death and the violence of the reaction showed that the problems of race and class in America had not been solved.

Hungary : The United States used Radio Free Europe to encourage Eastern Europe to revolt against the Soviet Union. When Hungarians rose up in 1956, the Soviets intervened — but the U.S. did nothing.

How did the United States failure to back up soft power with hard power lead to disappointment in Hungary? Sample Response: The United States failed to back up its soft power radio messages with a hard power threat against the Soviet Union. The Hungarian revolt was put down by the USSR.

Vietnam : When France lost its colony in Southeast Asia, U.S. officials worried about the domino theory — if Vietnam fell to Communism, so might other countries. When it was clear that a free election would lead to the end of the U.S.-backed regime, Eisenhower cancelled the election. The United States gave aid to the unpopular South Vietnamese government.

How did the United States use hard and soft power in Vietnam? Sample Response: The United States used soft power in the form of aid — hard power was used when the United States prevented elections in Vietnam.

Europe : The United States wanted to strengthen Western Europe in order to contain Communism. It formed NATO — the North Atlantic Treaty Organization — and allowed West Germany to join. To strengthen economic recovery, the United States offered aid under the Marshall Plan.

How did the United States use hard power in Europe? Sample Response: The United States formed NATO, a military alliance, and rearmed the Germans.

Korea : In 1950, Communist North Korea invaded U.S.-backed South Korea. The United States became involved in war on the Korean penninsula as part of a UN force. Brinksmanship with the Soviet Union followed. A 1953 cease-fire agreement ended the conflict with Korea still divided, and U.S. promises of aid to North Korea.

How did the United States use hard power in Korea? Sample Response: The United States used land forces and the threat of nuclear weapons.

Suez : When Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser seized the Suez Canal, a secret agreement between Britain, France, and Israel led to fighting in the region. The Soviet Union threatened to intervene, and the United States threatened to respond. This brinksmanship worked: French and British troops withdrew from Suez.

How did the United States use hard power to force an end to the Suez Crisis? Sample Response: By using brinksmanship, the United States forced the Soviet Union to back down, and the situation did not escalate.

The United States wanted to strengthen Western Europe in order to contain Communism. It formed NATO — the North Atlantic Treaty Organization — and allowed West Germany to join. To strengthen economic recovery, the United States offered aid under the Marshall Plan.

How did the United States use soft power in Europe? Sample Response: The United States created the Marshall Plan to rebuild Western Europe economically.

Korea : In 1950, Communist North Korea invaded U.S.-backed South Korea. The United States became involved in war on the Korean penninsula as part of a UN force. Brinksmanship with the Soviet Union followed. A 1953 cease-fire agreement ended the conflict with Korea still divided, and U.S. promises of aid to North Korea.

How did the United States use soft power to negotiate a truce in Korea? Sample Response: The U.S. offered aid to North Korea, and accepted compromise terms to obtain peace.

The 1968 Election Almost 10,000 people came to march at the Democratic convention. Fear of violence kept many others away. Abbie Hoffman led a joke convention, where they selected a pig to become president.On August 28, Hoffman was taken to jail and many at the march were beaten by police. Live television mixed images of this violence with the political speeches at the convention. The Democrats selected Humphrey, but he could not separate himself from the negative image.

How did the march affect the election? Was this what the people who organized it wanted? Sample Response: The march and the police response sent a message that the Democrats were out of control. This helped the Republican Nixon win the election.

The 1968 Election. Senator Robert Kennedy joined the race late, but he seemed to have a strong chance of winning, especially after he won the California primary on June 4.However, that night, Kennedy was shot in a hotel kitchen in Los Angeles. With his death, vice president Hubert H. Humphrey became the clear leader.Antiwar Democrats did not like Humphrey's support for the Vietnam War. Antiwar youth organized marches outside of the Democratic convention in Chicago.

How do you think young antiwar Americans responded to the death of Robert Kennedy? Sample Response: They were shocked and saddened. Another antiwar figure, Martin Luther King Jr. was killed just months prior. Many feared that antiwar leaders were under siege.

Where was there a revolt against Communist rule that Eisenhower did not support with action?

Hungary

Saddam Hussein, the former Iraqi leader, had been captured by American troops. The Iraqi government killed him before a large crowd. Although many in the Bush administration assumed that Hussein's death would end the fighting, it did not. Instead, US troops found themselves in the middle of a conflict that was growing more complex — and more dangerous — each day. Why didn't the end of Hussein's government lead to peace and democracy, as many Neoconservatives had predicted?

Hussein's hard rule kept many different groups from getting their opinions heard. Once he was gone they all fought for their rights.

In 25 words or fewer, what are the advantages of a hybrid car?

Hybrid cars are more energy efficient and reduce the need for gas. They also reduce air pollution and save people money as gas prices rise.

Among Bush's plans for ending the need for oil was a Department of Energy project to create an entirely "clean" coal plant, meaning it left no lasting pollution. The project, run by a group of large coal companies, had enormous difficulties, and cost so much that the Department of Energy stopped supporting it. Why is a pollution-free coal plant not worth spending the additional money?

If coal plant construction becomes too expensive, nuclear power becomes a better option.The relative cost of building new plants is the major argument for coal over nuclear power.

Attempt to keep foreigners out

Immigration laws

Grenada

In 1982, Reagan sent American troops to the small Caribbean island of Grenada to put down a Communist-influenced government with ties to Cuba and the Soviet Union.

U.S. Embassy Bombings

In 1998, truck bombs were set off at the U.S. embassies in the African countries of Tanzania and Kenya. Hundreds were killed. In response, the United States placed Osama bin Laden on the Ten Most Wanted List. President Clinton ordered a series of missile strikes against bases in Sudan and Afghanistan. volume_up

Afghanistan

In Afghanistan, the United States sent secret military support to the mujahedeen, Afghan fighters who were rising up against a Soviet invasion.

A president faces many foreign policy and international challenges. Three more were:

In Chile, a socialist named Salvador Allende was elected president. An attack on Israel by its Arab neighbors in 1973 started the Yom Kippur War. Emergency shuttle diplomacy was needed to arrange a cease fire. The group OPEC raised oil prices by a lot, creating the Oil Crisis of 1973, which led to inflation worldwide.

Four events in 1954 show the challenges African Americans still faced even with segregation now ruled unconstitutional:

In May, Reverend George Wesley Lee was shot and killed in Belzoni, Mississippi because he helped African Americans sign up to vote. In August, Lamar Smith was shot and killed in Brookhaven, Mississippi in broad daylight. Like Reverend Lee, he had been working to sign up African Americans to vote. The white man who shot him never went to court. In August, 14-year-old Emmett Till was taken at night from a relative's home, beaten, shot, and thrown in a river in Money, Mississippi. The men who murdered him went to court, but the all-white jury said the two white men were not guilty of the crime. In October, 16-year-old John Earl Reese was shot and killed by two white men while dancing in a club in Mayflower, Texas. The men were put on trial and found guilty, but they never served a day in jail.

Nicaragua

In Nicaragua, the Sandinistas, an anti-American Communist movement, carried out a revolution against a dictator who was friendly to the United States. In response, the United States supported Nicaragua's contras, a group of conservative fighters who wanted to remove the Sandinistas from power.

Sweatshops

In poor countries, workers perform even highly skilled or labor-intensive work for far less than the minimum wage in the United States. Some maquiladoras are also sweatshops. These factories are often called sweatshops, a term used to describe the brutal workplaces that existed in American cities at the turn of the last century. Many Americans criticize companies that use unfair and abusive sweatshop labor, but these companies argue that without sweatshops, the people of these countries would not be employed at all.

October 27

In public, Khrushchev offers to trade the Cuban missiles for the missiles in Turkey. Later that day, a U.S. spy plane is shot down over Cuba, killing the pilot. Kennedy writes a reply to Khrushchev, offering terms for a settlement.

When Gerald Ford became president, the nation had already had one of its most difficult decades in its history.

In the 1960s leading figures were shot and killed such as Malcolm X, President Kennedy, and Martin Luther King Jr. Each summer from 1964 to 1969, race riots took place in several cities, leaving many people dead, millions of dollars worth of property destroyed, and relations between African Americans and city officials filled with conflict. From 1964 to 1973, the Vietnam War killed many Americans and also divided public opinion at home. From 1973 to 1974, the nation watched Watergate develop, which ended with the president resigning, for the first time in American history. The oil embargo by Arab nations in 1973 and 1974 created stagflation — a combination of inflation (when costs rise and money buys less goods than it used to), falling output, and a lack of jobs. The United States was struggling both economically and politically. volume_up

Business climate

In the North, business leaders sometimes felt that governments stood in the way of their success. Southern leaders promised to support business growth. volume_up

Perot

Independent candidate Ross Perot, a rich businessman from Texas, also tried a new media approach. He bought half-hour blocks during prime time (between 8 p.m. and 11 p.m.) on network television. Perot used the time to introduce himself to voters and discuss his ideas. His approach was surprisingly effective — his "infomercials" attracted millions of voters.

Which country is one of the "top ten" for immigrants to the US today?

India

Which role did Kissinger play in establishing relations with the PRC?

Initial contact Policy adviser

"I Have a Dream"

Inspired a generation

Single-Payer System

Insurance is provided for every citizen. Citizens pay a tax to the government instead of paying an insurance company. Medicare, for older citizens, works this way.

The Internet allows people around the world to communicate without meeting.

Intelligence services have begun to watch and track Internet communication.

In Korematsu v. United States, what did the U.S. Supreme Court rule to be constitutional?

Internment camps

Which of these agendas were important to JFK?

Introducing social reforms Using soft power abroad Supporting civil rights at home Opposing Communism internationally

Consider what you have learned so far about the economy of the 1920s.Henry Ford began to pay his workers enough money to allow them to buy the cars they produced. Many companies followed suit.It became common to buy items on credit or layaway. People in the 1920s often preferred to buy on credit, even if it meant paying additional interest.Big business grew even bigger, helped by the government's laissez-faire, or hands-off, attitude.Imagine that you lived in the 1920s. The economy is booming, and businesses are growing and making huge profits. Which of the following might you have considered?

Investing money in a successful business, so you would benefit when that business made more money. Many Americans hoped to profit by investing money in successful companies.

Reduced international involvement

Isolationism

What issue did not concern young people in the 1960s?

Isolationism

Oct. 29

Israel attacks Egyptian units in Sinai peninsula.

Soon after the Supreme Court's decision in Roe v. Wade, Pennsylvania passed the Pennsylvania Abortion Control Act to restrict women's ability to end their pregnancy through abortion. The law required doctors to fully educate abortion patients on the risks involved - "informed consent." But it also required women to get permission from a parent or husband before having an abortion.Planned Parenthood, a family planning organization, argued that Pennsylvania's law made it too difficult to get an abortion, and that this violated women's rights.The Court ruled that while parts of the law went too far, others, like the "informed consent" rule, were perfectly reasonable. In other words, the Court protected the right to an abortion, but it also protected states' rights to restrict abortions. How was this ruling conservative?

It allowed states to restrict abortions.

The Supreme Court began to take a conservative turn by the late 1970s. In 1978, the Court heard the case of Regents of the University of California v. Bakke. In the case, Alan Bakke, a white man, had been rejected from UC Davis medical school twice while minorities with lower test scores had been accepted.The University of California had a quota system that required the school to accept a certain number of minority students each year. The system's purpose was to make the school more diverse.Bakke said that quotas based on race were unconstitutional and violated his civil rights.The Court agreed that it was unconstitutional for universities to set racial quotas. However, it also ruled that race could be considered when deciding whether to accept a student to a state school. What was conservative about the Court's decision?

It banned quotas

How did the South do in terms of getting political seats during this period?

It gained nearly as much as the west

Which statement is true about race?

It is a social construct, not a scientific fact.

In April 1977, he announced a far-reaching new energy policy to try to reduce American need for foreign oil. His complex energy policy had several successes:

It lifted government price controls on oil and gas to get companies to explore more domestic sources; It increased building of nuclear power plants; It created a new Department of Energy to push research in alternative fuels.

What fear does the advertisement promote?

It plays on the fear of germs carried by people in a crowd.

Why was the Black Star Line important?

It provided services for African Americans.

What is not a reason that some people said the way the Johnson administration used the Gulf of Tonkin Incident was unfair?

It put too much stress on the U.S. Army.

Rocket Man The army was looking for a place to research rockets. Alabama congressman John Sparkman had just the place. Early in the 1940s, Sparkman got the army to locate an arsenal — a place to build, test, and store weapons — in Huntsville, located in the northeast corner of Alabama. Alabama gave the government a great deal of land to build the arsenal. During the war, arsenal workers produced bombs, tear gas, and other weapons. Huntsville had about 13,000 people in 1940. What do you think the population was in 1970?

It was 150,000.

Central Command Virginia became the command center for defense in the United States. In 1941, the War Department (as the Defense Department was then called) struggled with having workers in more than a dozen offices across Washington, D.C. One general wanted all defense workers in one location. Northern Virginia was chosen as the place for the Pentagon, the command center for what became the Defense Department. Arlington, Virginia, had about 57,000 people in 1940. How large do you think the population was in 1970?

It was 175,000.

How was Germany divided immediately after the war?

It was divided into four zones for America, Russia, Britain, and France.

In 15 words or fewer, was the growth in science and technology a change or a continuation of the earlier South?

It was the same in that it was what many New South supporters had hoped for, but it marked a shift away from the agricultural (farming) South.

Ford had trouble with China, too. The Chinese still wanted to move toward normalized relations, in which the United States would treat the People's Republic of China like any other nation, but Ford was less open to this than Nixon had been. When he visited China late in 1975, no steps were taken to normalization. The following year, the Chinese went so far as to ask former president Richard Nixon to visit.During the 1976 presidential campaign, Democratic candidate Jimmy Carter announced that he was for normal relations with the People's Republic of China. The Chinese decided to wait to see who would win the election. How might the growing dislike of détente affect Ford's position on China?

It would make him less friendly to Chinese Communists.

Becoming "post-racial" means people will finally be judged "not by the color of their skin, but the content of their character," to use Dr. King's words. In preparing the latest census, the Census Board recognized the fact that race is a social construction not a science fact. Although the census now allows people to check more than one racial category, how might a category such as "Asian American" still help to describe a certain group of people?

It would mean that all Asian Americans have similar experiences. It wouldn't account for national or ethnic differences among immigrants from Asia. It would mean that Asian Americans should identify more with each other than with other Americans. The appearance of Japanese restaurants in Chinatown districts shows the effects of putting all Asian Americans together into one group.

Why didn't the counterculture have a lasting political impact?

Its members weren't very interested in politics.

One of the chief anti-Communists was the head of the FBI,

J. Edgar Hoover

Japan attacks the United States

Japanese Americans are forced into internment camps.

Put these in order, top to bottom, from earliest to most recent Pacific Theater Events

Japanese attack on Pearl HarborDecember 7, 1941 The Japanese take the PhilippinesMarch 1941 The Battle of MidwayJune 4-7, 1942 Firebombing of JapanFebruary to March, 1945 Potsdam DeclarationJuly 26, 1945 Two atomic bombs dropped on Japan by the United StatesAugust 1945

Which president invited the leaders of Egypt and Israel to Camp David?

Jimmy Carter

Who defeated Ford in the 1976 election?

Jimmy Carter

Which candidate won the close election of 1960?

John F. Kennedy

Who did Clarence Darrow defend?

John Scopes

In the presidential election of 1964:

Johnson won in a landslide

Who was head of the Soviet Union during World War II?

Joseph Stalin

D-Day

June 6, 1944, the day that the Allied countries invaded France to fight the German army there.

What were the objectives of the Religious Right?

Just say no to drugs Return to family values

kamikazes

Kamikaze is a Japanese word that means "divine wind." It refers to Japanese fighter pilots who flew their planes into Allied ships in an attempt to destroy them.

USSR

Keep government problems secret Keep control of Eastern Europe

What was the USSR's usual response to its problems at home?

Keep them secret

Nixon's main challenge, of course, was the Vietnam War. He had several policies he could choose from:

Keep things the same. He could continue to fight in the South while talking peace in Paris, and hope the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong would eventually give up. Give up. He could bring all American troops home and leave South Vietnam to deal with the situation for itself. Go all-out. He could use all of America's military strength to attack the North. Pursue Vietnamization. He could gradually remove American troops and turn the war over to South Vietnam — putting military pressure on the North by bombing them aggressively. Destroy them. Use nuclear weapons against North Vietnam to completely destroy it.

October 22

Kennedy imposes a naval blockade, surrounding Cuba. He then sends a letter to Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev telling him about the blockade and saying that the missiles must be taken away. Kennedy also makes a national television address informing the American public of the crisis.

October 16

Kennedy is shown photographs taken by a spy plane over Cuba, revealing bases for Soviet missiles just 90 miles from the United States.

Nixon and Kissinger In trying to solve these problems, Nixon had a new adviser, Henry Kissinger, to help him create new foreign policies. They both discussed the situation in Asia and came to these conclusions:

Kissinger believed that the war in Vietnam was linked to superpower relations with Soviet Russia. The Soviets needed things from the United States, too, such as American wheat to make up for a lack of food. Every agreement made with the Soviet Union could make other treaties possible. The Chinese, Nixon believed, were becoming more powerful, but they were still in the middle of the Cultural Revolution, which Mao was using to gather support within the Chinese Communist Party. Most importantly, the Chinese and Soviet relationship was worsening. In 1969, fighting had broken out between their troops on their shared border. Nixon saw an opportunity to make contact with China and see if a new relationship was possible. If it worked, it would put pressure on the USSR to make other agreements with the United States. But would Red China respond?

Fighting during the Cold War broke out in:

Korea

Americans divided in 1968

LBJ decides not to run again

What abbreviation is used to describe the community of sexual minorities?

LGBT

Which groups rose to argue for the rights of Latin Americans?

LULAC United Farm Workers National Council of La Raza

How do labor costs play a role in the move toward free trade?

Labor costs in the United States make companies want to hire cheaper workers in other countries, and free trade helps them do that.

Which three of these factors added to the high demand for suburban housing when World War II ended?

Lack of housing People not wanting to live in cities Availability of G.I. Bill benefits to many buyers

Why was there a lack of housing in the late 1940s?

Lack of new construction since 1929

Why might politicians want to know how the U.S. population is aging?

Large groups of older voters can form powerful lobbies, since older people are more likely to vote. At the same time, a large group of young people could change elections.

Today

Latin American Southeast Asian

September 11th brought "foreign" terrorism onto the US soil.

Laws that fight "foreign" intelligence are applied to domestic cases.

Marcus Garvey

Leading Black nationalist of an earlier era

Who became leader in Poland after free elections were held?

Lech Walêsa

Immigration Act of 1965

Led to changes in the nation's demographics

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Legal action the U.S. Congress passed to give President Lyndon B. Johnson power to respond to attacks against U.S. forces in Vietnam. This was in response to armed conflict in the Gulf of Tonkin in Vietnam. President Johnson used the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution to increase U.S. military forces in Vietnam.

LGBT

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered people. This refers to people whose sexual identity and behavior are not heterosexual.

Which did flappers not do?

Let men make all the decisions

Home recording

Let people copy and trade media

Words

Listen to the words in the video and consider what they mean and how they make the viewer feel.

Levitt was successful partly because he kept prices low. Several key decisions allowed him to mass-produce houses:

Lots were small and houses were all the same. Levitt bought materials and appliances in large amounts to save building costs. Levitt split construction techniques into several tasks and assigned teams to each task. When they finished work on one home, they moved to the next, and the next crew moved in.

Which term best describes the unemployment rate in the United States during the war?

Low

Independent providers

Low cost of Internet publishing Information about their business is more available Worldwide access to customers for specialty items

Consumers

Low cost of items in big-box stores Ability to shop from home Availability of items from all over the world

Digital recording and cameras

Made it easier for people to create their own media

Henry Ford

Made more money by paying his workers more, so they could buy more goods

MP3 players

Made music more portable

The idea of nonviolent protest was based on principles established by ...

Mahatma Gandhi.

Braceros

Manual laborers recruited from Mexico

Trade Deficit

Manufacturing products overseas in developing countries increased profits for U.S. corporations, especially retailers. But as more jobs went overseas and more finished goods came in, the market for U.S.-made exports could not keep up with goods being imported. Beginning in the mid-1980s, more money left the country to buy foreign goods than came in for goods sold. This created a trade deficit. Throughout the 1990s, this deficit grew despite America's booming economy.

What languages are spoken in California?

Many different languages

How do you think American workers feel about outsourcing?

Many don't like having to compete with sweatshop workers who accept low pay and terrible conditions. But free trade helps Americans who make products for export.

Anti-Communist and Pro-Business

Many looked at Reagan as a strong leader. He was against Communism, which he thought was a threat to American democracy and capitalism. He supported economic policies such as fewer rules for industry and lower taxes. Reagan's conservative economic views helped him gain support among social conservatives — people who supported a return to traditional "family values."

The Antiwar Movement Martin Luther King Jr. came out against the war in early 1967. Many people felt he should focus on civil rights, but he said he could not stay silent.In his "Beyond Vietnam" speech, Dr. King tied together racism, class differences, and militarism, calling for "a radical revolution of values [principles]." He said, "A nation that continues year after year to spend more money on military defense than on programs of social uplift [improvement] is approaching spiritual death."

Many people said at the time that King was giving up his civil rights success by speaking out against the war. Why might they think that? Sample Response: Not everyone liked the growing link between the civil rights and antiwar causes.

Hydroelectric power

Many rivers are used to turn hydroelectric turbines. Though hydroelectric power provides more energy than any other green source, hydroelectric dams block shipping and and the movement of animal life. This means they have both a commercial and environmental effect. volume_up

Americans in the early 1900s liked to watch the sport of boxing. In 1908, African American boxer Jack Johnson beat white Canadian Tommy Burns, the heavyweight champion of the world, making Johnson the best in his weight class in boxing. How do you think white Americans responded to Johnson's win?

Many white Americans were upset by Johnson's win. They did not want to accept an African American as the boxing champion.

Maquiladoras

Maquiladoras are special kinds of factories that exist in Mexico as a result of NAFTA free-trade policies. Because of the tariff reductions, U.S. companies can send raw materials across the border to be processed or manufactured by low-paid workers, and then bring the finished goods back. Maquiladoras employ thousands of Mexicans and account for nearly half of Mexican exports. However, like other factories, profits remain with the U.S. companies that own them. volume_up

Which of these events or groups was organized by Martin Luther King Jr.?

March on Washington "I Have a Dream" speech Birmingham Campaign Southern Christian Leadership Conference Montgomery bus boycott

The Montgomery bus boycott started the career of ...

Martin Luther King Jr.

Which phrase explains the meaning of the term "white flight"?

Mass movement of whites from cities to suburbs

Eisenhower's Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles, called for:

Massive retaliation to a Soviet attack

Cell phones

Meant that people could always be connected to each other and to media

Johnson was able to provide medical care for older Americans through:

Medicare.

hippies

Members of a cultural movement in the 1960s that was against the American culture of the time. Hippies were known for peace protests, drug use, and open sexual behavior. Their culture influenced art, music, and philosophy, or ways of thinking.

What did Title IX say?

Men should have equal access to corporate jobs.Correct answer: Women should have equal access to education.

A. Philip Randolph

Met with President Truman to encourage him to desegregate the military

Who benefited from the Bracero Program?

Mexican immigrants

Tet Offensive attacks South Vietnam

Military action raises doubts in the United States

"White flight" migration to the suburbs

Minorities live in poorer cities

Avoiding Service

More than half of eligible draft-age men avoided military service during the Vietnam period. There were several ways men did this: Going to college Joining the National Guard or Coast Guard Working in certain war-related industries Claiming physical or mental health problems that might or might not be real Leaving the country (about 100,000 young men went to Canada or Europe during this period) For religious reasons, some men became Conscientious Objectors. This meant that they would not have to fight, but they would still have to serve in other ways.

Google makes it possible to search information that was never before available

Most Americans access the Internet through Google.

Why did Pullman porters organize a union in Harlem?

Most of the porters were African Americans.

African Americans

Moved in large numbers from the South to the North and Midwest

African Americans

Moved to New York City, Chicago, and Detroit Were killed in the Chicago riots of 1919 Fought in segregated units during World War I

Civil Rights

NAACP W. E. B. Du Bois Blacks and whites together

Pioneers such as Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton helped lead the way, along with organizations such as the

NWASA

NAWSA

National American Woman Suffrage Association; founded in 1890 to help women win the right to vote

NOW

National Organization for Women, founded in 1966. It is the public voice for equal rights for women. It supported the Equal Rights Amendment, which was not ratified, or approved.

Recovery

National Recovery Administration (NRA):This agency would bring industry, labor, and government together by setting prices and enforcing fair practices. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA):A federal company designed to grow the economy within the Tennessee Valley, a region hit hard by the Depression National Industrial Recovery Act:Attempted to end the price drop of the Depression by limiting trade. This increased prices.

Antiwar protesters Saddam Hussein had no ties to Al-Qaeda Iraq had no WMDs War took resources away from domestic needs

Neoconservatives Stabilizing government in Iraq was an important goal Saddam Hussein was a threat to world security Controlling Iraq led to control of oil resources

Chicano Art Symbolic Sash Find the map on the woman's sash. Why do you think it is part of the mural?

New World The old woman's sash portrays the New World, implying the connection between the United States and the rest of the Americas.

Reasons for Southern Boom

New business opportunities Growth of agribusiness Government contracts

El Salvador

Next came involvement in El Salvador, where conflicts between the conservative government and Communist rebels had turned into a civil war. The Salvadoran military was given weapons and training to fight the Communists.

The struggle for women's suffrage, or the right to vote, finally ended in 1920 with the passage of the

Nineteenth Amendment

Hawks accept domino theory

Nixon and Goldwater support war

Put these in order, top to bottom, from earliest to most recent

Nixon crusades against Communists1948, HUAC Nixon becomes senator1950 Nixon becomes vice president1952 Nixon becomes president1968 Nixon visits China1972 Nixon reaches peace agreement in Vietnam1973 Nixon orders aides to lie about Watergate1973 Nixon resigns as president1974

Conservatives

No gay marriage Private health care Use military to spread democracy abroad Pro-life Reduce financial regulations No firearm restrictions

Attractions for Business Leaders

Non-union labor Tax breaks Climate

By the end of the fighting in Korea:

North and South were divided

In what part of the country were most liberal Republicans found?

Northeast

The O. J. Trial

Nothing illustrated the idea of "infotainment" more than the arrest and trial of former football star O. J. Simpson. Simpson was accused of murdering his ex-wife and her male friend in 1994. His trial was aired on live television, making it a source of constant discussion and debate among Americans. Simpson was found not guilty in 1995 in a controversial verdict. The Simpson trial pointed to a larger trend. Celebrity news and scandals were often reported in mainstream news networks

What are the benefits and risks of doing more of the same: fighting in the South, bombing the North, and pushing for peace talks?

Nothing suggests that keeping things the same would be successful: It hadn't worked so far. Continuing the same policy would continue the loss of American lives and the cost of the war.

Obama announced a plan to close the prison at Guantanamo Bay when he first took office, but making this happen was very complicated. Many of the people held there as prisoners had no place else to go. Their home countries refused them, and finding places to take them took a long time. How do you think Obama should have handled this situation?

Obama did not have a perfect option, and there was no way he could make change happen quickly.

The question of whether race plays a role in culture became especially important during the Obama campaign. Some African American media questioned whether Obama was really "Black enough" to be a real African American president.

Obama was raised in a "white" family and did not share the cultural experiences of most African Americans. Born to a Kenyan father and raised in Hawaii and Indonesia, Obama didn't share the typical African American experience. Some of the African American media worried that Obama wouldn't represent African American issues.

october

October 18: Stock prices fell rapidly. October 24: On what is now known as Black Thursday, a record number of shares — nearly 13 million — were traded on the New York Stock Exchange. October 29: On Black Tuesday, more than 16 million shares were traded. A panic set in and most people tried to get out of the market. Prices could only plummet.

What did the Helsinki Accords do?

Officially recognized European borders

Familes in Reality

One in ten families was headed by a single woman or a single man.The number of divorces was rising: twice as many men and women were divorced in 1960 as had been in 1940.One in eight women in 1960 was a widow. More than one in four married women worked outside the home. Thirty percent of workers had manufacturing jobs in 1960. In 1959, the first year the government calculated the statistic, 22 percent of the population lived in poverty.

American Federation of Labor

One of the first federations, or groups, of labor unions. It was founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886. The AFL began as a group of craft unions and was more concerned with the working conditions of its members than with political goals.

What is a "red state"?

One that has tended to vote more often for Republican candidates

What is a "first-generation" American?

One who arrived in the United States as an immigrant

What are the benefits and risks of giving up — of simply bringing home all American troops and telling the South Vietnamese to fight for themselves?

Option 2 would end the killing of Americans and the cost of the war and be popular with those who wanted peace. However, this choice would probably end in South Vietnam's defeat, and it would anger those who thought the war was right and wanted it won. It would also make the United States look weak around the world.

What are the benefits and risks of increasing the war effort and attacking North Vietnam?

Option 3 would increase protests at home and deaths abroad, and it wasn't clear that the armed forces had the additional strength to carry it out or that an attack would be successful.

What are the benefits and risks of gradually pulling out while supporting South Vietnam?

Option 4 would attempt to turn the war over to the South Vietnamese. American support might be able to keep the South independent and allow American troops to return home. However, there is no guarantee that the South would be able to hold off the Communists.

What are benefits and risks of using nuclear weapons on North Vietnam?

Option 5 would certainly make the world angry and possibly lead the Soviets or the Chinese to enter the war. Even if that didn't happen this option would do nothing to stop the large numbers of Communist Viet Cong in the South, who would, because of anger, be even more determined to fight. While they might not be able to defeat the South, they could make life there very bad.

Malcolm X

Orator who broke from the Nation of Islam

OPEC

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, formed in 1960. Twelve member nations making decisions together on policies that would be in their best interest for keeping the world's oil market stable.

Founding of SNCC

Organized effort

What result of globalization has made it more difficult for Americans to find jobs?

Outsourcing

Minimum wage Kennedy supported a bill that would raise the minimum wage, or lowest legal pay per hour.

Passed Congress raised the minimum wage from $1.00 to $1.15 in 1961, and again to $1.25 two years later. Since prices were lower then, $1 was the same as about $8 today.

Housing projects In the early 1960s, U.S. cities tried to fix up their poorest neighborhoods and give them new life.

Passed The Omnibus Housing Act of 1961 provided money to build public housing and help people buy houses or establish community groups.

Which figure from the religious right tried to win the Republican nomination for president?

Pat Robertson

Paul Robeson

Paul Robeson was born on April 9, 1898, in New Jersey. He attended Rutgers University as only the third African American in the school's history. He went to law school at Columbia University in New York City. Robeson was a good athlete and singer. To cover the cost of school, he earned money playing football and performing in plays and concerts. He graduated in 1923. In 1923, after graduating from Columbia Law School, Paul Robeson was the first African American hired to work at Stotesbury and Miner. This was one of New York's most important law offices.On Robeson's first day at the law office, he asked a white secretary to take down notes while he spoke. This was part of any secretary's job. The secretary said she would not because Robeson was Black.Many other things like this happened at the law office. Robeson decided that even though the office had hired him, most of the people who worked there would never treat him as an equal.

Music and sound effects

Pay attention to how the music and sound effects are intended to influence the viewer's emotions.

Kennedy

Peace Corps Mutually Assured Destruction Flexible response Bay of Pigs Invasion

On December 7, 1941, Japan surprise attacked the United States at

Pearl Harbor

Private Health Care

People can buy insurance if they want to. Strong laws regulate how insurance companies act. People cannot buy insurance from the government.

Which events happened in East Berlin in 1989?

People destroyed the Berlin Wall. The government allowed free travel. The Communist government resigned. People flooded into West Berlin.

Does outsourcing help or hurt workers in developing countries?

People disagree. Sweatshop work is hard and dangerous. But some people say those workers would earn even less without those jobs.

The Decline of Broadcast TV, How do you think these changes affected the way viewers got information?

People had more choices than ever before. At one time, there were only a handful of channels to view, limiting one's choices. In the media age, there is a channel for almost every interest. Viewers sought out programming that targeted their interests, age, and background.

Psychedelic Art

Peter Max developed a style that seemed to perfectly express the counterculture by using drugs while creating his works of art. Since both marijuana and LSD were popular hallucinogenic drugs, the art could reflect the drug culture using bright colors and surreal subjects. The art by Max seemed like the images people saw while taking the drug LSD. Other examples of psychedelic art became popular on rock-and-roll record covers.

The Japanese killed prisoners of war during the Bataan Death March in the

Philippines.

Which Republican activist campaigned against the Equal Rights Amendment?

Phyllis Schlafly

speakeasies

Places that sold alcoholic drinks during the time that it was against the law to sell alcohol.

Which countries in Eastern Europe changed their government without violence?

Poland Hungary East Germany Czechoslovakia

Palmer raids

Police actions designed to identify and deport foreign Socialists and radicals

What happened at the Stonewall Inn in New York City in 1970?

Police arrested gays, and gays started a riot.

Political Changes

Politicians have seen congressional districts redrawn as a result of population shift. As seats change hands, the power balance in Congress often depends on a few key states. Campaigns must now take into account powerful new voting groups organized around ethnicity. Some politicians court these votes; others try for votes from the older white majority. As the number of older whites declines, the future of a politician who relies on these votes is at risk.

What kind of art pointed out the connections between consumerism and materialism?

Pop Art

Maintain military "advisors" only

Potential Benefit - Minimal political risk Potential Risk - Lose military advantage

Withdrawl

Potential Benefit - Victory against communist Potential Risk - Other nations enter war

Military escalation

Potential Benifit - Victory against communist Potential Risk - Other nations enter war

What role did J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI play in the Red Scare?

They collected information about government workers' political views.

Bush

President George H. W. Bush, older and more conservative than Clinton, used traditional means to reach older, more traditional voters. He appeared on traditional Sunday-morning news programs like Meet the Press and aired campaign commercials on the major networks.

African Americans say they will march on Washington.

President Roosevelt ends discrimination in war production.

Improving health insurance had been a major issue in the 2008 elections. Obama had promised to create a public option, and this had influenced many people to vote for him. What did the health care debate show about the president?

Presidents can suggest legislation, but they cannot create it. He did not have the power to make the change he promised. It showed that President Obama was willing to compromise on some campaign promises in order to get others passed into laws.

March on Washington

Pressured JFK

Stagflation

Prices and interest rates were rising, wages did not rise and the jobless rate remained high, resulting in stagflation.

Chicano Art Solidarity How do the images in this mural express cultural pride and solidarity?

Pride You might point out the group of marching figures, traditional activities such as dancing, or the family in the foreground with their computer and books, symbols of education and progress.

concentration camps

Prisons established by the Nazi government of Germany for people who were against the government. During World War II, other people were put in the camps, including Jews, Polish citizens, gypsies, homosexuals, people with disabilities, and prisoners of war. These camps became extermination, or death camps, when the Germans started killing all of the camps' Jewish prisoners, as well as other "undesirables."

Progressives

Pro-choice Use military only for defense Universal health care Increased regulation of financial sector Marriage rights for same-sex couples Strict gun control

Second New Deal

Programs set up several years after Roosevelt's New Deal. One of these programs was the Social Security system.

Folk performers such as Bob Dylan and Peter, Paul, and Mary appealed to politically minded young people with what kind of music?

Protest music

Which of the following are examples of how certain people were affected by the Great Depression?

Protested the national government in Washington, D.C. Waited in long lines at local soup kitchens Moved into shantytowns nicknamed Hoovervilles Moved to another town in search of a new job

woodstock

Proud moment for the counterculture

National Endowment for the Arts

Provides money for art and cultural organizations

Medicaid

Public health insurance for low-income Americans

What policy did Truman fail to get passed through Congress?

Public housing

Sacco and Vanzetti

Put to death

lynching

Putting a person to death without due process of law. In the United States, the term is most often used to describe the hanging of African Americans in the South by groups of white men, who were rarely arrested.c

The Civil Rights Act brought several important changes to the country:

Racial discrimination in restaurants, hotels, theaters, and other public places was illegal. Federal money would not go to schools that continued segregation. The U.S. attorney general would have the power to make sure that the law was followed. People could not choose their workers "on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin."

Warren Harding

Ran for office on a promise to return to "normalcy"

Warren Harding

Ran for president promising a "return to normalcy"

What happened as a result of the Marshall Plan?

Rapid growth in the West

Southern Support

Reagan also had a large base of support in the South, which tended to be more conservative than the North. Many conservative Democratic politicians and voters joined the Republican Party during and after the election of 1980. As a result, a part of the country that had been solidly Democratic since the Civil War became heavily Republican.

Which person who ran for president in 1968 promised to end the war?

Richard Nixon

Who was President Eisenhower's vice president?

Richard Nixon

Mortgage-backed securities Consumers thought their houses would continue to rise in value, and so did banks. They developed a complex system of "trading" risk to buy these people's housing debt, or "mortgages." The system was so complicated that even the banks didn't understand it. Why did they put money into something they didn't understand?

Risk makes money What they did know is that the system was making them money. They were ready to risk even more. At the beginning, American spending helped the whole world economy grow. Housing prices, for example, rose all over the world.

Teens rebel against conformity

Rock and roll becomes popular

Which political leader did the religious right strongly favor?

Ronald Reagan

The Montgomery bus boycott was started by an individual decision made by ...

Rosa Parks.

What made-up woman was seen on many pieces of propaganda, making her a symbol for America and the war?

Rosie the Riveter

Which of the following were true of media campaigning during the 1992 presidential election?

Ross Perot bought half-hour infomercials on prime-time network TV. Bill Clinton went on cable TV and attracted young and minority voters. George H. W. Bush used traditional media campaigning.

Russian Revolution

Russia saw two revolutions in 1917. The first was the February Revolution which forced the tsar, or emperor, to abdicate his throne. Several factions struggled for power over the ensuing months leading to the October Revolution, after which Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks formed a government.

Which government division kept track of the nation's stock markets?

SEC

The successful sit-in movement led to the start of ...

SNCC.

In recent years, a number of states have considered laws that would allow the arrest of any immigrant — legal or not — who is stopped by police for any reason and is not carrying identifying papers. While this remains a controversial political issue, many states, particularly those along the U.S.-Mexico border, feel it necessary to stop illegal immigration from Mexico and Central America. Imagine that a state passed a law like this. Who do you think would most likely be asked for papers if pulled over by the police for driving too fast? What kinds of characteristics might he or she have?

Sample Response: A dark-skinned, Hispanic immigrant who does not speak English well would probably be asked to show papers. Laws such as these target some groups but not others. Racial politics are often buried in immigration policy and are often seen solely in terms of "black" and "white." These laws come from the nativist belief that a person who does not fit into either group is somehow less American.

The Greatest Ali was now a famous celebrity and champion of the Black Muslim cause, winning both admiration and hatred from the public. He was drafted in 1967 but refused to enter the military, calling himself a conscientious objector and saying "I ain't got no quarrel with them Viet Cong." He was convicted of draft evasion, stripped of his title, and banned from boxing.While his appeal was pending, Ali spoke around the country, gaining public support from antiwar and civil rights activists. The Supreme Court voided his conviction in 1971.Ali fought his way back to the heavyweight title two more times. In 1999, Sports Illustrated named him "Sportsman of the Century." How did Muhammad Ali serve as an example of Black Power?

Sample Response: Ali's pride in Islam and his refusal to "continue the domination of white slavemasters" by fighting in Vietnam made him a major figure of the Black Power movement.

In 2001, the President responded to criticism of the war and new security measures with the claim that "Either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists." But United States citizens felt that they had a right to speak out on government actions if they did not agree with them. Many Americans joined protests against US action in Iraq, while others supported the measures. Did the War on Terrorism mean that Americans were expected to agree with all government decisions?

Sample Response: Americans refused to allow the terrorists to win — they continued to argue the issues in a democratic way.

The Greatest Clay fought for the heavyweight title against Sonny Liston in 1964. Before the bout, he bragged that his "float like a butterfly, sting like a bee" style would topple the champion, and he pulled off the upset in six rounds. Right afterward, he announced that he was a member of the Nation of Islam and changed his name to Muhammad Ali. Why did Ali wait until his victory over Liston to reveal his conversion to Islam?

Sample Response: By waiting until he was the boxing champion, he could gain more attention for his cause.

Money Habits By the 1920s, the American economy was characterized by interdependence:American families kept their savings in over 25,000 banks nationwide. Farmers borrowed from banks to pay for equipment and other expenses.Investors borrowed from banks to open businesses and buy stock on marginBanks also invested in the stock market, often using their customers' savingsBankers, investors and average Americans were tied together in a chain of leverage and debt, fueled by the booming stock market. What might cause this chain to break? What could result?

Sample Response: Americans' fortunes during the 1920s were based on the health of the banks. The health of the banks was tied to the stock market. A stock market failure could ruin investors and in turn ruin banks and the people who kept their savings in banks.

The most important of the New York events was a naval parade of sailing ships from nations around the world.The Tall Ships, as they were called, sailed into New York Harbor past the Statue of Liberty and up the Hudson River. Millions of Americans watched the Tall Ships on television. At the time of the Bicentennial, television was still controlled by three networks. Do you think the nation could be united by a televised event as much today as it could then? Why or why not?

Sample Response: An event of national importance could bring in an audience as large as the Bicentennial did, but it's likely today that people would be watching a greater variety of channels than in the past.

Some people say Nixon was mostly concerned first with getting reelected and making sure of his place in history. They also charge that he was willing to punish anyone he saw as an enemy and had no real respect for ordinary people. Others who supported Nixon say that he had the national interest at heart. They say that others were guilty of many worse actions than Nixon's and that too much was made of Nixon's involvement in Watergate. What do you think of Richard Nixon's character? Did he care more about his own success or the national interest?

Sample Response: Answers will vary. Nixon can be read in many different ways, though his actions in Watergate cast doubt on his honesty.

Nixon's presidency was marked by some environmental activism, expansion of social programs, and advances in civil rights. It was also marked by more conservative moves in some areas and the beginning of a reaction against the growing power of the federal government and toward more power to state governments. How would you evaluate Nixon's domestic policies?

Sample Response: Answers will vary. The mix of liberal and conservative actions makes it hard to evaluate. That mix suggests that, as with his foreign policy, Nixon was a pragmatist rather than one who followed his beliefs or a clear plan.

The Vietnam War caused problems again. In February of 1971, South Vietnamese troops attacked nearby Laos. The PRC was angry because the United States allowed the attack, and so they refused to communicate further with Nixon. Nixon sent another positive signal, though. In his State of the Union message, he said "The United States is prepared to see the People's Republic of China play a constructive role in the family of nations." The statement marked the first time a U.S. president had called Communist China by its official name. How do you think the Chinese will view Nixon's statement?

Sample Response: Apparently Mao and Zhou were happy because soon after, they send a surprising signal. You'll read about it on the next page.

The people of Moscow did not support the coup. Seeing the lack of support, coup leaders ordered the tanks to leave Moscow. They attempted to work together with Gorbachev. Gorbachev later had the coup leaders arrested. Beginning on August 24, Gorbachev and Yeltsin began breaking apart the Soviet Union. Boris Yeltsin became the first president of the post-Soviet Russian Republic. How was the failed coup attempt similar to events in Eastern Europe at the end of the Communist era?

Sample Response: As in most of Eastern Europe, the government fell without serious fighting.

Young audiences mainly liked rock and roll, so this added to the differences between the generations. As music experimented with sound and got more "far out," it fit with the new counterculture.The Woodstock Festival in New York in 1969 was a gathering of the counterculture members. It was one of the first and largest rock festivals ever held. Over three days of rain and heat, people listened to top bands. For many, Woodstock was about more than music — it was a symbol of the counterculture and a dream of a "Woodstock nation." Why do you think Woodstock became a symbol of the 1960s for people who loved it and those who did not approve of it?

Sample Response: Both the quality of the music and the sense of social union among the crowd made this a big event even for those who weren't there. Conservatives thought the many hippies using drugs represented everything they could not stand about the youth movement.

This act is also called the National Labor Relations Act. The law prevented employers from taking certain actions against unions and protected the rights of unions to organize themselves and negotiate. Why do you think that unions can provide workers with power when it comes to negotiating with business owners?

Sample Response: Business owners need their workers to effectively run the businesses. Unions represent many of the workers. Therefore, if an owner cannot reach an agreement with a union, the owner knows the business will suffer.

Gay Pride became a key principle of the new movement. On the first anniversary of the Stonewall uprising, thousands of gay men and lesbians marched from Christopher Street to Central Park in what became the first Gay Pride parade. Similar events took place that same weekend in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Chicago. Dozens of cities now host annual Gay Pride parades and festivals on the last weekend of June. What is the relationship between "Gay Power" and "Gay Pride"?

Sample Response: By displaying pride — refusing to go back in the closet and demanding the right to proclaim their sexual identity in public — gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and transgendered people showed courage and gave themselves more individual and collective power.

Activist Communities Younger Mexican Americans were inspired by the Black Power movement. They rejected the older generation's goal of integration and assimilation. They called themselves "Chicano" instead of Mexican American, and they reclaimed pride in their Mexican heritage and Aztec roots.The Chicano movement supported nationalism. Chicano college students pushed the movement to become more outspoken about injustice they experienced. They pushed city governments to provide better services to poor barrios and convinced several colleges in California to create Chicano Studies programs. Why do you think Chicano college students were more interested in Chicano culture than assimilation?

Sample Response: By their young adulthood, many Chicano students felt they had already assimilated, especially by attending English-language schools. They wanted to make sure their generation would not forget its Mexican heritage.

Any chance of the Senate passing SALT II disappeared in December 1979, when the Soviet Union attacked Afghanistan to defeat a rebellion against a pro-Soviet government.Support for the arms control treaty disappeared. Carter moved to punish the Soviet Union by ending the sale of American wheat to the country.Then, in a symbolic move, he prevented U.S. athletes from taking part in the 1980 Summer Olympics, which were to be held in Moscow. The Soviets had looked forward to the chance to show off their country and were made angry by Carter's move — especially since their athletes had gone to the last Winter Olympics, held in Lake Placid, New York. Carter's decision not to go to the Moscow Olympics also made many U.S. athletes mad. They had worked hard to get ready for the games. Do you think the decision was correct or incorrect? Why?

Sample Response: Carter did not want to take the step but believed it important to send a strong message that he was against the Soviet attack.

In November, 1989, police put down a student protest in Prague, Czechoslovakia. Within three days, peaceful protests involved a half-million people. Seeing the fall of other Warsaw Pact nations, the Communist Party lost power. In December, the borders with West Germany and Austria were opened, and on December 29, Václav Havel was elected President of Czechoslovakia. Czechs called this peaceful transfer of power "The Velvet Revolution." Why was the Czechoslovak revolution called "The Velvet Revolution"?

Sample Response: Change came about peacefully and without fighting.

In 1991, the Soviet Union was in economic trouble. Citizens had to wait in long lines for food and other goods. In addition, groups in the non-Russian minority states wanted the power to run these states. There was ethnic fighting, and there were fears that these states might break away from the USSR. The Baltic states of Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia had already declared independence. Why might the economic problems lead some states to break away?

Sample Response: Citizens of the non-Russian republics felt that they suffered more than native Russians did from the economic problems.

Why did companies make layaway and credit available to consumers?

Sample Response: Companies allowed consumers to pay with credit and put products on layaway in order to sell more goods. People who did not have much money at any one time could still buy.

The Great Society Grows Presidents since Theodore Roosevelt had worked for "conservation," but Johnson went even further to protect the environment. Led by Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall, the administration pushed laws through Congress that would improve air and water quality, protect endangered species, and create a program to keep some parts of the country "wild." Rachel Carson's 1962 book Silent Spring, showed Americans how easily they could damage the environment. Johnson made environmentalism into law. What is the difference between conservation and environmentalism?

Sample Response: Conservation means protecting wild land and natural resources, but does not always address pollution. Environmentalism centers on how human behaviors can damage the planet itself.

So far we have been talking about tangible products: things you can hold, wear, or eat. The introduction of microprocessor-based home computers and the Internet allowed for the creation and distribution of digital products. These programs, games, music, and other items often do not exist in a tangible "hard copy," such as a CD or a printed book. Because the entire product is digital, it costs nothing to ship and delivery is immediate. Without a hard copy or a digital product, how do can you tell who its owner is?

Sample Response: Digital media has made it hard to tell the difference between owning, borrowing, and stealing.

Many hippies followed the advice of Timothy Leary, a one-time psychology professor, when he told young people to "tune in, turn on, drop out." They rejected mainstream society and also used illegal drugs.The hippie culture became a drug culture, with marijuana becoming the most popular drug. These substances and others were illegal, putting hippies at odds with the law. Drug use also contributed to hippies' bad image in the minds of mainstream Americans. What impact did drug use by the counterculture have?

Sample Response: Drug use by hippies and others in the counterculture gave them a bad image. But drug use increased in America overall, not just with members of the counterculture.

In 1988, the Polish economy was in serious trouble. General strikes caused the government to recognize the Solidarity movement. An election was held in 1989 in which one-third of the seats were opened to non-party members — Solidarity won. When the Communist Party was unable to form a government, Poland was made a republic in September, 1989. Free elections were held in 1990, and Solidarity founder Lech Wa³êsa became President of Poland. How did economic problems lead to a change in government in Poland?

Sample Response: Economic problems forced the government to listen to the people, and to recognize Solidarity.

In 1885, 16-year-old Emma Goldman came to the United States from Russia.After the Haymarket Affair, in which eight police officers and an unknown number of people were killed after the police tried to stop a labor gathering, Goldman joined the anarchist community.In her writing and speaking, Goldman told men not to sign up for the draft during World War I. What action do you think the United States took toward Goldman?

Sample Response: Emma Goldman was sent back to Russia. When she first got to Russia, she supported the Bolshevik movement, but she did not like that Bolsheviks did not support freedom of speech.

No ERAConservatives enjoyed another win in the early 1980s. Since the 1920s, the women's movement had hoped to add a change to the Constitution that would get rid of discrimination based on gender. Congress finally passed the equal rights amendment (ERA) in 1972. Within a year, 30 state legislatures accepted it. Just 8 more were needed to make it official.But Phyllis Schlafly worked hard to prevent that. Schlafly believed that the ERA would put women in positions where they were not safe, such as serving on the front lines in the military. She convinced thousands of people to help fight against the ERA. The effort worked. The ERA was gone in 1982. Schlafly formed her group and had some success before Falwell formed the Moral Majority. What do you think her success might have taught him?

Sample Response: Falwell could have seen from Schlafly's success that a conservative mass movement worked when it looked at one or two issues.

The following day, Ford traveled to Monticello, Virginia — home of Thomas Jefferson — to give the Citizenship Oath to dozens of new American citizens, who he hoped would become voters. Do you think natural-born citizens should also have to take an oath of citizenship? Why or why not?

Sample Response: No oath is required, of course.

The Politics of Women's Bodies Abortion may be the most polarizing issue in contemporary American politics. For most of the 20th century, the procedure was illegal in most states, although risky "back-alley" abortions remained common. Some states began to change their laws in the 1960s under pressure from the women's movement.The 1973 Roe v. Wade decision overturned all state laws banning abortion in the early weeks of pregnancy. The Supreme Court cited the precedent of the Griswold case in holding that "the right of privacy...is broad enough to encompass a woman's decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy."Ever since Roe, "pro-choice" abortion rights supporters have mobilized to defend the victory while "pro-life" abortion opponents have attacked the decision on legal and moral grounds. The conflict is played out in health clinics across the country and in Supreme Court confirmation hearings. Why is the issue of abortion so controversial?

Sample Response: Few issues in American life pit the liberal and conservative philosophies against each other so bitterly. The pro-choice position stems from a belief in social justice and women's rights; the pro-life position from religious values and moral reasoning. Common ground is hard to find in the abortion debate.

In the mid-1960s, Beat poet Allen Ginsberg suggested that Vietnam War protesters carry flowers and give them to the police sent to monitor their protests. This was called "flower power." As a result, the hippies adopted the flower symbol and the popular peace symbol as their own. Their clothing, vehicles, and other possessions were decorated with flowers, which became so identified with hippies that hippies were called "flower children." How was the flower an appropriate symbol for hippies?

Sample Response: Flowers reflected nature, not society. They were also linked to peace and love rather than war and hate.

The Rise of Consumerism, What do you think the Weekly Purchase Plan was?

Sample Response: Ford believed in letting people pay ahead of time, a bit at a time. This system is often called layaway. When people bought things on layaway, they made payments in order for a store to keep a specific product for them. The consumer was allowed to take the product home after all of the payments were made.

Carter had troubled relations with the Soviet Union.As part of his human rights program, he went after the Soviets for their treatment of people who did not agree with them. Carter also started to build up arms again. Neither of these policies made the Soviets like Carter.Nevertheless, the two sides managed to figure out an arms control treaty, SALT II, that would limit the spread of nuclear weapons. Carter sent the treaty to the Senate, which might not have passed it. What do you think will happen to the SALT II treaty? Why?

Sample Response: Go to the next slide to find out.

The 9/11 hijackers and other terrorists used weapons brought on airplanes, even dangerous chemicals made to look like toiletries such as shampoo and toothpaste, and — in one instance — a bomb in a shoe. Airlines declared limits on the sizes of toiletries and airport security people began taking away lighters to prevent terrorists from starting fires on planes. In addition, passengers were required to remove their shoes when checking in.Critics say that many of these measures are designed to make passengers feel safer, but are not very effective against actual terrorists. Were these security measures necessary? How far is too far to go to make an airport safe?

Sample Response: Homeland Security felt that these measures were necessary to prevent further attacks.

The president and Congress were not the only branches of government to support the growth of American business.The Supreme Court also supported business interests in its decisions. In 1922, the Supreme Court ruled that federal laws made to treat child workers fairly were against the Constitution, meaning businesses could hire children to work many hours each week for very low pay.The Supreme Court changed the Sherman Anti-Trust Law and made it easier for big companies to grow by allowing them to take over smaller businesses. This way, a few big companies could control a market. How did the Supreme Court decision to throw out laws about children at work help big businesses, which grew under another Supreme Court decision?

Sample Response: If a business can pay less money to its workers, the business can make more money.

Détente Under Attack Conservatives in both parties were attacking détente.Reagan believed that the Soviet Union was both more powerful and more bent on world control than did Ford and Kissinger. He thought United States' policy should be based on hard lines, not compromise.Ford pointed out that the human rights articles in the agreement could be used against the Soviets. Those who did not agree with Ford said that the agreement did not say what would happen to countries that broke the agreement. What do you think of Ford's response to those who did not like détente?

Sample Response: In the long run, the issue of human rights would prove to be a problem for the Soviet Union — among other troubles. But that was in the long run, and probably would have been the case without the Helsinki Accords.

The Gulf War, called Operation Desert Storm, began with an air campaign in which forces dropped 88,500 tons of bombs. The United States military established a base in Saudi Arabia and launched attacks from aircraft carriers in the Gulf.American attacks almost totally destroyed Iraqi military and civilian infrastructure. Iraq responded by attacking United States ally Israel with missiles, which hurt many Israelis. In order to protect Israel, the United States used missiles to shoot down Iraqi missiles. In return for this protection, Israel supported the coalition by not responding to these attacks on its people. Why do you think it was important that Israel refused to respond to Iraqi missile attacks?

Sample Response: Israel was making sure that the war did not spread to other countries.

What does the fact that some of the travelers were women suggest?

Sample Response: It suggests that in many cases, unemployment affected women as much as it affected men, and that the Depression left many young, single women in difficult situations.

How do you think Johnson responded to the constant discrimination and hard words that he faced in and out of the ring?

Sample Response: Johnson did what he wanted without fear in spite of society's views. He refused to give up and do what white society demanded. Although white society was unable to stop Johnson from winning, they were able to punish him for behavior outside of boxing. After Johnson had a relationship with a white woman, he was sent to jail for one year.

African Americans

Seriously affected by the Depression

The Yom Kippur War brought on another situation.OPEC — the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries — was run by its Arab members. These states decided to raise the price on oil by a lot. The purpose was to pressure the United States and European countries that depended on the oil to not support Israel.When Nixon refused to do so, OPEC started an embargo: a stop on oil exports. Suddenly, the United States and its allies had no fuel to run their cars and their factories. How would you handle this situation? Why?

Sample Response: Kissinger used careful and slow shuttle diplomacy, flying from one capital to another, to get Israel and Egypt and then Israel and Syria to pull their troops away from each other. Then he got OPEC to lift the embargo. It took months, however.

The Greatest Cassius Clay was born into a middle-class family in Louisville, Kentucky. Like Malcolm X, his father was a follower of Marcus Garvey. At age 12, Clay's bicycle was stolen. A police officer convinced him that if he wanted to get even, he should learn to box. Clay trained relentlessly and showed remarkable talent as an amateur, winning eight Golden Gloves titles and the 1960 Olympic gold medal. Turning pro, he became known for taunting his opponents with humor and showmanship. How might growing up with a father who supported Garvey have affected Clay's character?

Sample Response: Like Garvey, Clay valued self-reliance and racial pride.

The Great Society GrowsDuring the Johnson administration, the federal government became much more involved in business by creating consumer protection laws.Many of these laws improved health and safety. They prevented businesses from selling bad meat, made car companies include seatbelts, and forced banks to be more open about their practices. One law required cigarette packages to display the dangers of smoking, which had recently been discovered.When does the government need to control businesses to protect consumers?

Sample Response: Many businesses will do whatever makes them the most money, even if it does not create the safest product.

The Great Society Grows President Johnson, like President Kennedy, wanted the government to give more support to the arts.In September 1965, Congress created the National Endowment for the Arts and National Endowment for the Humanities. These two organizations give money for art projects, books, and social research.In 1967, Congress created a private organization that founded National Public Radio (NPR) and the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS television). Most of their programs focus on art, culture, and education (like Sesame Street). Some people believe that the government shouldn't pay for radio and television programs. Do you think public media provides an important service? Why or why not?

Sample Response: Many people think public access to the media is necessary to create a strong democracy.

On April 19, 1995 a bomb was set off at the federal building in Oklahoma City, OK, killing 168 people, including 19 small children in the building's day-care center. The bomber, Timothy McVeigh, claimed that misuse of government power at Waco and Ruby Ridge caused the anger that led to the bombing. What happened in Oklahoma City was the worst act of terrorism on US soil up to that time. Why did Timothy McVeigh set off a bomb in the Oklahoma City federal building?

Sample Response: McVeigh was angry about the US government's handling of Waco and Ruby Ridge.

Homeland Security measures included the use of software to identify known terrorists, and lists of people who might be terrorists. International travelers whose names indicated that they came from a Muslim country were most likely to be stopped and questioned. In one instance, a famous Muslim musician from England was prevented from landing in the United States. Is it right to "profile" people by their names, religion, or country of birth?

Sample Response: Measures such as profiling can cause personal hardship for those wrongly suspected.

Hungarians had reason to be afraid of working for change. In 1956, their country had been attacked by the Soviet Union after an attempt at change. Now, Hungary led the way to change by opening the border with Austria. East Germans crossed this open border to reach West Germany. On June 27, 1989, Austrian Foreign Minister Alois Mock and Hungarian minister Gyula Horn cut the barbed wire that separated their two countries. Revolution in Eastern Europe had now begun. What sort of signal did the two ministers send by cutting barbed wire?

Sample Response: Mock and Horn showed Eastern Europe that it was time for change.

The Vietnam War caused a problem. On May 1, Nixon sent U.S. troops into Cambodia, a neighbor of Vietnam. The action was meant to keep the Communists from taking over Cambodia's government, and the move made the Chinese angry. They cancelled talks between the U.S. and PRC. Does this mean the end of any hope for friendly relations? Why or why not?

Sample Response: Nixon didn't think so. He continued sending friendly messages.

Nixon wanted to send a high-level official to China to open talks. He promised never to join with the Soviet Union against China. Mao and Zhou Enlai, Mao's second in command and Kissinger's equal in China, discussed the offer and sent back a response that they would accept such a visit if the purpose was to talk about the status of Taiwan. Nixon and Kissinger, on receiving the reply, were pleased to start talks again but wanted to talk about more than just Taiwan. What should Nixon do? How should he respond to that Chinese offer?

Sample Response: Nixon sent back his response: He would be happy to send an official, but the talks cannot focus only on Taiwan.

In the middle of the Middle East problem, Congress passed the War Powers Act. It said that if the president promised U.S. troops to another country, he or she would have to ask Congress thirty days later to be allowed to continue using the troops.The measure was to try to keep presidential power in check and prevent another Vietnam. What would you do if you were Nixon?

Sample Response: Nixon vetoed the bill, but Congress passed it again over his veto.

The Great Society Grows President Johnson was actually against one significant law passed at this time: the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). This powerful law lets citizens demand government records, which allows them to hold the government responsible for its actions. Johnson signed it, in private, on July 4, 1966. Now, citizens make over four million demands each year. What government records would you want to see?

Sample Response: No matter what you'd like to see, demanding such information is one example of practicing active citizenship. Being an active citizen means making sure the government is meeting your needs, and doing what it says it will do.

Mexicans

Settled in the West and Southwest Braceros Worked as migrant farmers and in mines

In the 1980s, Romania was a police state run by Nicolae Ceausescu. There was fear of the secret police, and Ceausescu's family held important posts in the government. Riots led to the December, 1989 fall the Communist government. On December 25, Ceausescu and his wife were killed by a firing squad. Support for the new Romanian republic poured in from around the world. Romania was the only country to overthrow its government by force, or to kill its former leaders. Why do you think the Romanian revolution was violent?

Sample Response: People in Romania feared the authorities and Nicolae Ceausescu.

Consider this advertisement for a Ford "Runabout" from 1924. Identify two ways in which this advertisement differs from an advertisement that you would see today.

Sample Response: Perhaps you noted the low price of the Model T Runabout. You also might have stated that the car looks different than cars that people drive today.

The use of drugs spread through the youth movement in the mid-1960s, and rock musicians were also affected. West Coast bands such as the Grateful Dead and Jefferson Airplane produced a new "psychedelic rock." This had new sound effects, unusual instruments, and lyrics that seemed to bend reality. The Beatles brought psychedelic rock to the mainstream with their 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. How could music reflect the experience of being in a drugged state?

Sample Response: Psychedelic music aimed to make people feel as if they were in a different state because of the sound effects, unusual instruments, and lyrics.

One white teenager was passing from the top of one train car to another and stepped on the hand of a Black teenager who was hanging from the side of the car.An argument and fight erupted between the white and African American hobos. The Black teenagers threw several of the white teens off the train. The kicked off teens walked to the next station and reported the attack. The stationmaster informed the station in the next city via telegraph, and by the time the train arrived, a posse of armed white men had formed. The posse rounded up the nine African American teenagers and took them to a jail in Scottsboro, Alabama. The posse questioned the white teens, and the two girls accused the Black teenagers of sexual assault. Why do you think the white teenagers accused the African Americans of sexual assault when it hadn't occurred?

Sample Response: Rape was a heated issue, and accusing them of the crime would divert attention from the white teenagers' involvement in the fight.

Why might the NAACP have been reluctant to offer legal support to the Scottsboro Boys?

Sample Response: Rape was a hot-button issue, especially in the South. The NAACP also doubted the boys' innocence and feared that its reputation would be damaged if the appeal efforts failed.

Some white people looked for a "great white hope" who could beat Johnson. In 1908, Johnson fought five more fights against potential "great white hopes," winning four and coming to a draw, or tie, in the fifth.Finally, the boxing promoters put up Jim Jeffries, a former champion who no longer boxed. Jeffries said, "I am going into this fight for the sole purpose of proving that a white man is better than a Negro." Johnson beat Jeffries in the 15th round. What do you think happened after Johnson beat Jeffries?

Sample Response: Riots broke out across the United States, killing more than 20 people and hurting dozens. Many white people were upset that an African American won, whereas African Americans were happy about it.

Believing that the end of the world was near, Randy Weaver, a factory worker from Iowa, moved his family to a cabin in northern Idaho. When he failed to appear in court to answer a weapons charge in 1992, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) became involved in a shoot-out that turned into a 12-day attack on the cabin at Ruby Ridge. Weaver's wife and son were killed. The federal government paid money to the Weavers. But some Americans felt that the government was not to be trusted. How did events at Ruby Ridge affect Americans' trust of federal agencies like the ATF?

Sample Response: Ruby Ridge showed people like Randy Weaver that the government could not be trusted.

The Rockin' and Rollin' 1960s The Beatles were a rock group made up of four young men. The group was very popular in England. When the Beatles arrived in America in February 1964 and performed on Ed Sullivan's popular TV show, Beatlemania began. The Beatles immediately became very popular, more so than any other band before them.The Beatles brought more than their songs to America. In early April, the top five songs on the Billboard magazine pop chart were all Beatles records. This has never been repeated by any band. Fans as well as other bands tried to copy the Beatles' hair, songs, and jokes because they liked them so much. The Beatles started the British Invasion, which meant they influenced other British bands to come to America. For example, the Rolling Stones, the Animals, the Kinks, and later the Who, Pink Floyd, and Led Zeppelin all followed. This brought rock and roll to a new level. Why do you think the American response to the Beatles was so huge?

Sample Response: Several factors combined to produce Beatlemania. The band had new powerful ideas, and they had many people working for them to get their music and image to the public.

Some hippies rejected the idea of the nuclear family by living together in communes rather than in homes with traditional families. Commune members divided chores equally, taking turns cooking and cleaning up after meals. They shared all their possessions and experimented with different ways of living their lives.Hippies favored vegetarian diets, natural foods, and herbal medicines. Many communes were not located in cities but on farms, where hippies grew their own food.How would these living arrangements compare to the suburban lifestyle of most Americans?

Sample Response: Sharing living space was the opposite of the nuclear family living in a single home. Vegetarianism and natural foods went against the suburban diet of meat and processed foods. Herbal medicine was very different from medical care from a physician.

Reagan's WinFalwell worked hard for Reagan. He claimed to have gotten as many as four million people to sign up to vote. He also said he made sure that millions more actually voted. He issued a "moral report card" that graded candidates based on their support of the Moral Majority's key issues. After the election, Falwell said that Reagan's win was a win for "American morality."Success made Falwell continue his efforts. Each election, the Moral Majority went after liberals running for Congress. Members issued the so-called moral report cards to liberal politicians who did not have "passing grades." The number of conservatives in Congress began to rise, in part through this group's efforts. The question of whether conservative Christian preachers should get involved in politics was discussed in the 1970s and later. What do you think, and why?

Sample Response: Some Americans believe that such political activism goes against the separation of church and state. Others feel that preachers have the right to speak out on political issues.

Many students protested during the Democratic National Convention in Chicago in 1968. Antiwar activists were not happy about Vice President Hubert Humphrey being the party's choice for the next president. They believed Humphrey would continue the Johnson administration's war policies instead of ending the war. Police responded to the protest by using tear gas and clubs. The scenes of this event on television seemed to back the idea that change was needed. What effect do you think the police action at the Democratic National Convention had on the activists?

Sample Response: Some activists became even more extreme in their beliefs to change American society.

On July 23, 1991, a group of Communist Party officials published a statement in a Soviet newspaper, saying "Do we allow for the second time during this century civil [unrest] and war?" A few days later, Gorbachev met with Russian President Boris Yeltsin to discuss how to put more liberal leaders in control. The KGB, the Soviet secret police, secretly listened to their conversation. The KGB was spying on the nation's leader. What does that tell us about the positions of high-level leaders?

Sample Response: Soviet leadership was not united behind Gorbachev and Yeltsin.

The gay liberation movement still had to fight conservative views toward gays and lesbians. The movement's efforts brought a major victory in 1973 when the American Psychiatric Association stopped listing homosexuality as a mental illness. The next step was taking sodomy laws off the books, which 23 states had done by 1979. How might earlier Supreme Court decisions about birth control and abortion affect their views on sodomy laws, which forbade certain homosexual behavior?

Sample Response: Step by step, the Court was establishing that a constitutional right of privacy allowed consenting adults to govern their own behavior in private.

In 1921, President Harding signed laws that placed higher tariffs, or import taxes, on goods brought into the United States.Although Congress had only developed this bill to exist for a short time, two years later the president signed the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act. It raised tariffs even higher. How do you think high tariffs on goods brought into the United States helped American industry?

Sample Response: Tariffs charged on goods brought into the United States raised the prices that consumers had to pay for these foreign goods. That led consumers to buy more goods made in the United States and fewer goods from other countries.

One Step Forward Nixon sent the first signal, asking French president Charles de Gaulle — whose nation was friendly with the PRC — to let the Chinese government know he wanted to have talks between the United States and the People's Republic of China. De Gaulle agreed. Put yourself in the shoes of PRC leaders. When a French agent told you that anti-Communist Richard Nixon wanted better relations, what would you think?

Sample Response: The Chinese did not completely believe the news, but they were prepared to hear more.

Friendly Moves Starting in July of 1969, the Nixon administration took steps to show it was open to dealing with China. First, it changed policy and said that people who wanted to travel to China to study would be allowed to do so. Later, the secretary of state said that the United States wanted to hold direct talks with the Chinese. In November, the United States announced it would no longer send ships to watch the waters between Taiwan and mainland China. Finally, in December an American agent in Poland told a Chinese agent there that the United States wanted to begin direct talks. What do you think Chinese leaders would think of these moves?

Sample Response: The Chinese listened and agreed to talk.

After six months in office, Obama had signed several highly symbolic laws and made strong plans for foreign policy, but most of his ideas for change remained ideas. Even the expensive stimulus had not begun to show effects.People began to question whether Obama was able to make change really happen, like they had expected. Then, the Nobel Committee gave Obama the Peace Prize for encouraging people and countries to work together.Many Americans, including Obama himself, felt that the prize was for what he wanted to do, not what he had done. Obama said that he could look at the prize as a "call to action." How did the Nobel Committee respond?

Sample Response: The Committee agreed: the prize was not meant to honor what he had done, but to push him to put his plans into action.

New Jersey v. T.L.O. The case of New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985) involved a ninth-grade student who was caught smoking in a school bathroom. The school's vice principal searched her and found drugs.In court, the student argued that the search was not legal because the school officials did not obtain a warrant first. A warrant is a legal document saying that there is good reason or "probable cause" to conduct a search.But the Supreme Court decided that because schools are responsible for creating a safe environment, school officials only need suspect that a crime has been committed before conducting a search. How do you feel about the Court's decision? Do school officials have the right to search students without probable cause?

Sample Response: The Supreme Court decided that a student can be searched without probable cause if a school official suspects the student has broken a law or school rule.

At the end of the Persian Gulf War, the UN forced Iraq to follow certain rules. The UN banned all member nations from trading with Iraq, other than for humanitarian and medical aid. To get these rules overturned, Iraq was expected to show inspectors from the UN Special Commission, or UNSCOM, that it had gotten rid of all biological, chemical, and nuclear weapons. These were called "weapons of mass destruction," or WMDs.But Iraqi authorities would not give in to the demands of UN inspectors. What two effects of the Persian Gulf War were likely to affect Iraq in the future?

Sample Response: The UN rules and Iraq's possession of weapons of mass destruction would affect Iraq in the future.

Dr. Theodore Kaczynski, a college professor, thought that modern technology was ruining individual freedom. He moved to a cabin in the woods and became cut off from society. Between 1978 and 1995, Kaczynski sent bombs to colleges and airlines in the mail. The FBI was unable to identify the "Unabomber" until Kaczynski's brother alerted them. Kaczynski was put in jail for life as a domestic terrorist. What did Theodore Kaczynski believe was ruining Americans' freedom?

Sample Response: The Unabomber believed that technology was limiting freedom.

Why was Amelia Earhart famous?

She flew across the Atlantic.

Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and her husband came to the United States to show that the British did not hold any hard feelings over the colonists' revolt 200 years before.The queen attended a state dinner at the White House, during which she danced with the president. The United States and the United Kingdom share very close ties. Which nation do you think is America's best friend? Why?

Sample Response: The United Kingdom is certainly a good choice since the two nations work together so much. Canada, with which the United States shares a long, peaceful border, is another choice.

In August, 1990, talks broke down between Iraq and the tiny country of Kuwait over the question of some disputed oil fields. Iraq needed money from the oil after its heavy losses in a war with Iran, and attacked Kuwait. Both sides believed that no other countries would get involved.With concern for the oil trade, the United States stepped in to protect its interests in the region, joined by a coalition that included Saudi Arabia and 30 other nations. What interest was the United States trying to protect in the Persian Gulf?

Sample Response: The United States was trying to protect its interests with the oil trade.

Consider this advertisement for a Ford "Runabout" from 1924. How do you think the picture in this advertisement would make someone in the 1920s want to buy a car?

Sample Response: The advertisement shows that successful students and businessmen own cars. People wanted to imagine themselves as successful so they might be drawn to the idea that a Runabout could make them look successful, and also make it easier to go "miles" in a short time period.

Information that came out during the Watergate investigation showed that the CIA had spied on Americans — which was against the law.Further, stories came out about CIA attempts to assassinate foreign leaders, which many Americans did not like. A Senate committee led by Senator Frank Church led difficult hearings that led to a list of changes that Congress agreed to.Chief among them was the resolution to be more active in watching CIA activity in the future. Ford feared that the Church changes would keep the CIA from getting things done, but he could do nothing to stop Congress. Can a spy organization aid security while acting within the law? Why or why not?

Sample Response: The debate still continues in the age of terrorism.

Big-box stores and large chains can offer more new goods, and because of their relationships with their suppliers, they can set lower prices for their products. They have taken over most suburban shopping centers, but independent stores still thrive in urban areas and in some malls. How do you think the growth of Internet business has affected independent retailers?

Sample Response: The effects vary. An independent retailer with a unique product can benefit from having a wider market. But independent bookstores are among the many small retailers who have been hurt by Internet competition

Great Society HighlightsIn 1965, Congress created the Department of Housing and Urban Development. HUD was responsible for running existing public housing projects, improving poor neighborhoods through "urban renewal," and helping people pay for houses.In 1968, Congress passed the Fair Housing Act. This was supposed to end racist housing discrimination. However, such discrimination continued, especially in northern cities. Why was it more difficult to end segregation in housing than in schools or transportation?

Sample Response: The government could force transportation organizations and school districts to integrate, but no organization controlled where people lived. Ending housing integration required changing people's minds.

Ground troops drove the Iraqi army out of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait City. The ground war had lasted for 100 hours. About 376 allied troops died during the fighting. Iraqi losses were much higher. According to the United States, 100,000 Iraqis died.Americans were able to follow events of the war as they happened due to 24-hour What was unusual about the ground war in Iraq?

Sample Response: The ground war lasted only 100 hours.

Student activists moved to protest in 1965, at the University of California at Berkeley. University officials decided to only allow certain student groups to be politically active. Students protested and took control of an administration building. Police took hundreds to jail. In the end, the university backed down and changed its policies. The Free Speech Movement, as it came to be called, had won. Later protests occurred at other leading colleges, including Columbia, Northwestern, Stanford, and Harvard. What do you think the parents of these students thought about these protests? Why?

Sample Response: The majority of the parents were upset that their children were taking what they believed were radical (extreme) actions instead of studying.

Not long after the attack on Waco, anti-government groups began to form all over the US. By 1995, there were groups in every state. Some groups had a religious basis, like the Branch Davidians, usually preparing for the apocalypse — the end of the world. Others were based on "white supremacy" — the belief that whites are superior to people of other races. White supremacist groups believed that there would soon be a war between black and white Americans.Fearing that war was near, many groups formed, calling themselves "militias." The groups claimed they had the right to do so under the Second Amendment. Many militias were under close watch by the FBI and other federal organizations. What did the militia groups have in common?

Sample Response: The militia groups all believed in a coming war, and did not support the US government.

Great Society Highlights, The Constitution does not give Congress power to control education. Until the 1960s, local and state governments ran public education in the United States without federal help.Starting with the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, the federal government began giving money to schools in low-income areas. It also supported after-school programs for "at-risk" youth, state departments of education, and university research on how to improve education.The ESEA was the largest education bill ever passed by Congress. Many people saw it as a way to make sure children of every race and class received a strong education. Others thought it might help America pull ahead of the Soviet Union.The federal government continues to influence public education. In 2001, the name of the ESEA was changed to the No Child Left Behind Act. Do you believe that the federal government should give money to public schools? Why or why not?

Sample Response: The money has helped many poor schools, but getting money often means giving up control of how the school is run.

Psychedelic art movement

Showed counterculture ideas

Birmingham Campaign

Showed economic power

Activist Communities In New York and Chicago, Puerto Ricans had become an established minority group by the 1960s. By then, nearly one-third of the island's population had immigrated to the United States.Earlier generations of Puerto Ricans had already fought for Puerto Rican independence. By the 1960s, urban issues like access to improved housing and fair distribution of social services became part of the community's goals. Dominican and Cuban immigrants contributed to these efforts.Puerto Ricans called for greater cultural pride, pointing to their rich artistic traditions and beginning new traditions, such as New York's Puerto Rican Day parade. What is the connection between the goals of Puerto Rican independence and the movement for civil rights for Latinos?

Sample Response: The movements merged around the ideal of liberation — from both colonialism and racism.

In 1990, the state of Russia declared its independence from the Soviet Union. On March 17, 1991, Russia and some other states of the USSR voted to create a new union. The New Union Treaty would create a federation of independent republics. How would the new government be different from the old USSR?

Sample Response: The new country would be smaller, with more independence for states.

Starting from Stonewall Some gays thought Stonewall was a dangerous turn for their community, but the new militant spirit caught on quickly. New groups like the Gay Liberation Front and the Gay Activists Alliance formed in New York, and hundreds of others popped up around the country. They gave rise to the gay rights movement.Instead of urging quiet assimilation, these groups encouraged their brothers and sisters to "come out" and unite as a political force. At a time when most newspapers still wouldn't print the word "gay," gay papers began to hit the streets. How do the origins of "gay liberation" reflect the idea that "the personal is political"?

Sample Response: The personal decision to "come out" or remain "in the closet" was connected to the political struggle to end discrimination and negative attitudes toward homosexuality.

The Politics of Women's Bodies Back before World War I, Margaret Sanger had started a women's campaign for safe, effective birth control. The clinic and organization she founded would evolve into Planned Parenthood. The first oral contraceptive (device to prevent pregnancy) — "the pill" — was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1960.The pill gave women an effective and private way to prevent pregnancy. It made possible a greater degree of sexual activity at a lower risk. In the 1965 Griswold v. Connecticut case, the Supreme Court invalidated a state law banning contraceptives, ruling that the law violated a couple's right to privacy. How did the pill help women advance educationally and professionally?

Sample Response: The pill allowed many women to delay marriage and parenthood, making it possible for them to complete their education and establish a career before having their first child.

Do you think the group of Black teenagers, called the "Scottsboro Boys" by the press, would be treated fairly by Alabama authorities and courts?

Sample Response: The racial climate of the 1930s made it difficult for African Americans in the South to be treated fairly within the legal system, especially when in cases of rape. Keep reading to learn about the interrogation and trial.

Robertson RunsIn 1988, Pat Robertson used his position as head of the Christian Broadcasting Network to launch a bid for president. In Iowa, the first primary, he finished second, beating the eventual nominee George H. W. Bush. However, Robertson's campaign quickly lost momentum and he dropped out of the race before the last of the primaries. Nonetheless, his presence during the campaign pushed the Republican agenda further to the right.The religious right gave its support to George H. W. Bush, who had been Reagan's vice president. The group was not very happy about Bush because its members did not think he was a true conservative. Bush won, but he didn't put forth all the changes that the religious right had wanted. How do you think the religious right responded to the Bush presidency?

Sample Response: The religious right kept looking for the new Reagan. It did not find him until 2000, when Bush's son, George W. Bush, ran for president.

Starting from Stonewall The Stonewall Inn in New York City served many gay customers. When the police raided the bar at 1 a.m. on Saturday, June 28, 1969, something unexpected happened. Those who escaped arrest didn't run away, but instead formed a crowd outside the door and started a riot. The police lost control of the situation.The crowd returned the next night and fought again, with the same mixture of anger and excitement. Why do you think the Stonewall rioters were excited?

Sample Response: The rioters felt empowered by standing up for themselves and being in solidarity with one another.

Houston, You've Got No Problems Alabama gave NASA a place to develop rockets. Florida provided a place to test them. But where would astronauts train? NASA had a list of nearly two dozen potential locations. In order to make a decision, NASA looked at climate, space, energy sources, and nearby colleges with high-level research facilities. In 1961, NASA chose Houston as the place to train astronauts. Do you think that the positions of Johnson and Thomas helped Houston become the training location?

Sample Response: Their power probably helped. It certainly didn't hurt.

Great Society Highlights The main bill of the War on Poverty was the Economic Opportunity Act, which passed in August 1964. It created several programs that still exist today, including:Job Corps: helps young people learn a trade, which they can use to start a career.VISTA (Volunteers In Service To America): helps fight the effects of poverty by sending volunteer teachers and workers to poor communities (now called Americorps VISTA).Head Start: provides free preschool for children from low-income families.Food Stamps: helps poor families buy food and supports U.S. agriculture. It was begun as a temporary program, but Congress made it permanent in 1964. What effects do you think these programs had on people's lives in poor communities?

Sample Response: These Great Society programs have certainly made a difference, especially in poor urban communities, where they were very popular.

Obama also signed two other bills into law soon after taking office: The Lilly Ledbetter Act made it easier for women to fight discrimination at work. The Children's Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act helped states pay for health insurance for children. President Bush had refused to sign both bills What was the primary impact of these bills?

Sample Response: These bills were important pieces of legislation; they were also symbols of "change."

Negatives

Spent fuel is dangerous if handled incorrectlyCost to build is very highMost plants can only operate for 30 - 40 years.Meltdowns can lead to catastrophic release of radiation and environmental issues

United States Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer was determined to prevent radical groups from hurting the security of the country. In his efforts, he made laws designed to protect individuals less important.In August 1919, 24-year-old J. Edgar Hoover got a job with Palmer to serve as the head of the new Federal Bureau of Investigation within the Department of Justice. (Hoover would later lead the FBI for 50 years.) In November 1919 and January 1920, at the height of the Red Scare, Palmer and Hoover organized the Palmer Raids, which sought to expel Socialists, anarchists, and other radicals from the country.During the Palmer Raids, the agents often beat the people they arrested in order to get information from them. More than 500 people were forced to leave the United States as a result of the Palmer Raids. But Palmer and Hoover couldn't send away as many individuals as they wanted because the Department of Labor's leaders did not agree with Palmer's methods. What can we learn about the attitudes of A. Mitchell Palmer and J. Edgar Hoover about law from their actions in the Palmer Raids?

Sample Response: These men didn't care what laws were broken in the effort to identify and deport individuals they saw as radicals and send them from the United States.

Many hippies gathered in the east section of Greenwich Village in New York City. But the main hippie enclave became the section of San Francisco, California, named Haight-Ashbury. As the fame of its hippies spread, the Haight attracted more and more young people. It reached its peak in 1967, the "Summer of Love," when tens of thousands of young people came to San Francisco seeking the promise of freedom and self-fulfillment. Why do you think many young people flocked to San Francisco for the "Summer of Love"?

Sample Response: They came for many different reasons. Some were curious, some hoped to gain new experiences, and some were trying to leave family situations they found unpleasant.

On August 4, Gorbachev went to his summer home, planning to return to Moscow to sign the new Union Treaty on August 20. Gorbachev had refused to declare a state of emergency in the USSR. A group of Soviet leaders went to his house and placed him under house arrest. Lines of communication to the house were cut by the KGB, and its agents prepared for the coming coup d'état. Why did the KGB cut lines of communication to Gorbachev's summer home?

Sample Response: They wanted to prevent the Soviet leader from speaking with the outside world.

ATF agents had permission to search the Branch Davidian religious compound near Waco, TX. The agents found themselves in a 2-hour gun battle in which 4 agents and 6 members of the religious group were killed. The religious group had gathered guns in the belief that the world was about to end. The FBI attacked the compound for 50 days. In the end, 76 people, including the group's leader, David Koresh, were killed as fire destroyed the compound on April 19, 1993. Why were ATF agents trying to search the Branch Davidian compound?

Sample Response: They were looking for weapons.

People around the world were excited by Obama's election, and they also expected him to bring a lot of change very quickly.One of his first foreign policy efforts was to reduce the number of nuclear arms in the U.S arsenal, but Republicans opposed him. The War on Terror was a very pressing issue and Obama followed through on his promise to bring U.S. troops home from Iraq while also planning to draw down troops in Afghanistan.He also declared that the prisoners kept in prison at Guantanamo Bay would be gradually released or brought to trial in the United States. What did all of these acts have in common?

Sample Response: They were plans and ideas for the future; none of them took effect right away.

Feminist groups compelled the nation to pay increased attention to rape and other violence against women. The movement gave some victims of sexual violence the courage to speak out publicly, shedding light on the issue. Women's groups demanded that the legal system treat rape not solely as a minor sexual offense but as a serious violent crime.During the 1960s, many people blamed rape victims for what happened to them by implying that they were "asking for it" with their dress or behavior. Feminists challenged this view. Susan Brownmiller's influential book Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape (1975) argued that rape is one of the main ways men maintain social control over women. In 1975, South Dakota became the first state to make it a crime for a man to rape his wife; all 50 states had banned marital rape by 1993.What's wrong with the theory that a rape victim was "asking for it" by, say, wearing a revealing outfit?

Sample Response: This idea denies that a man who commits rape is responsible for his behavior.

On July 12, 1917, vigilantes — individuals acting without government support — decided to take action against striking mine workers in the town of Bisbee, Arizona.The vigilantes captured these mine workers, many of them Mexican Americans, along with their supporters, and held them at a local baseball park.The vigilantes then forced their prisoners to ride cattle cars to Hermanas, New Mexico. The prisoners were left with no money or transportation and were told by the vigilantes not to return to Bisbee. This became known as the Bisbee Deportation. Do you think that the government supported the Bisbee Deportation? Why or why not?

Sample Response: Those who were forced to leave Bisbee tried to get President Woodrow Wilson to allow them to return to their homes. The president had a committee look into the matter. Later, the commission wrote, "The deportation was wholly illegal and without authority in law, either State or Federal."

communities across the country planned different celebrations for the Bicentennial.Ford and First Lady Betty Ford took part in many throughout the year: One of the benefits of being president in an election year is showing yourself in the middle of happy people while on the government's business.July 4, 1976, of course, would be the main event, a daylong national birthday party. Ford started the party in New York harbor by ringing a small model of the Liberty Bell. Do you think Ford's appearance in New York made New Yorkers feel any more warmly toward him? Why or why not?

Sample Response: Though he was taking part in a large celebration, it did little to help Ford's image.

How was this different from buying on credit?

Sample Response: Two types of plans existed to buy things over time: layaway and credit. Individuals who bought on credit were allowed to take their goods home immediately but had to pay back the money with interest. You likely know people who buy things on credit today.

Who did Joseph McCarthy accuse of being Communists?

Spying for the Soviets

Nixon used the divisions in the Democratic Party to get ahead in the race.He saw that much of the nation was against the war, but millions were also against the radical antiwar movement. Nixon called the movement a loud minority and said he represented the "silent majority." Nixon promised a return to orderHe also promised to bring "an honorable end" to the Vietnam War and said he had a secret plan to end the fighting. President Johnson tried to make a peace agreement days before the election, but the North Vietnamese walked out of the talks.Nixon received only slightly more of the popular vote than Humphrey, but won 301 - 191 in the Electoral College, with Wallace taking 46 electoral votes.

Sample Response: Voters who were against the war didn't want to put the party that began it back in power. Humphrey did not show he was different from Johnson, and his image was hurt by the violence in Chicago.

The WPA employed American citizens to complete public service projects. Typically, these workers built bridges, schools, and parks. The WPA also offered grants to writers, actors, and artists from a variety of backgrounds. Between 1937 and 1939, the WPA spent nearly $7 billion. How did the WPA benefit both those who received direct aid and those who did not?

Sample Response: WPA workers built bridges, schools, and parks that would be enjoyed by many. The workers used their earnings to pay for goods and services, which in turn helped businesses.

Soviet leaders called a state of emergency. Tanks rolled into Moscow, and independent radio stations were closed. Boris Yeltsin arrived in Moscow, but the coup leaders failed to stop and arrest him. This was a mistake on their part. Yeltsin climbed a tank and spoke to the people. Yeltsin and his supporters spoke out against the coup. Why did the coup leaders make a mistake by not arresting Boris Yeltsin?

Sample Response: Yeltsin organized groups to work against to the coup.

In 1937, all but the four youngest Scottsboro Boys were convicted again of rape and sentenced to long terms. In prison, the remaining Scottsboro Boys faced harsh conditions and physical abuse. Haywood Patterson escaped from prison in 1943, and the rest were paroled between 1940 and 1950.None of the Scottsboro Boys were able to lead normal lives after their nearly decade-long ordeal. Several had continued problems with the law; some struggled with depression, mental illness, and addiction in their adult years. The youngest defendant, Roy Wright, had continued personal problems into adulthood and eventually committed suicide. The Scottsboro Boys were never officially pardoned for the crimes they had been falsely accused of. Imagine you are an African American living during the Depression. What is your reaction to the events that took place in Scottsboro, Alabama?

Sample Response: You would probably feel angered by the Scottsboro Boys' trial and treatment, but you would probably not be surprised. Injustice against African Americans accused of crimes was common during this period, particularly in the South.

Fear and hope Young Americans were more excited by "soft power." Kennedy believed that the United States should "pay any price, bear any burden [weight]" to support the cause of liberty [freedom]. This meant moving beyond military means.The president started several economic programs. The Alliance for Progress brought the US together with Latin American countries. The U.S. Agency for International Development helped the federal government fight poverty and support democracy around the world.In the Peace Corps, young Americans did two years of work in a poor country. They helped communities with education, farming, and more. The Peace Corps let Americans share knowledge about technology, but also improved America's image in other countries. Why did so many young Americans want to join the Peace Corps?

Sample Response: Young Americans were afraid of the arms race and tired of being afraid. The Peace Corps let them serve their country in a peaceful way.

Fear and Hope Only 90 miles from Florida, Communist rebels led by Fidel Castro took over the government of Cuba. U.S. spies tried to remove him from power, and Kennedy authorized a group of Cubans who opposed Castro to invade at the Bay of Pigs. Their public failure made Americans even more worried. In October 1962, the Cuban Missile Crisis almost led to nuclear war.At the same time, war almost broke out in Europe when the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev tried to force West Berlin to join Soviet-influenced East Germany, which surrounded it. Kennedy put the Army into action, and in August 1961, the Soviets built a wall to cut off transportation to that part of the city. For a moment, tanks from the US and East Germany stood face to face.The countries reached an agreement, but the wall remained a symbol of the If you were a young American in 1961 or 1962, how would you have responded to the rising Cold War tension?

Sample Response: Young people were afraid—and tired of being afraid. They did not see the military arms race as a solution.

Despite being raised in traditional white society, Obama said that he was "black when he hailed a taxicab," meaning that taxicabs wouldn't stop for him when they saw he was dark skinned. What did he mean by this?

Sample Response: Your experience of "race" is often a matter of how others perceive you.

As children leave their families to go to school and spend time with other kids in their neighborhoods, they pick up on the culture around them. Second-generation immigrants in America often speak without a foreign accent and dress like others in their neighborhood, no matter how their parents speak or dress. So why do so many people who support "America First" fear bilingual education?

School is the primary location of assimilation. Some worry that if second-generation children are not taught in English, they might not accept American principles or speak English "properly."

Brown v Board of Education

School segregation unconstitutional

Obama's largest problem was the division between conservatives, people in the middle, and liberal progressives. After Reconstruction, both parties had had liberal and conservative groups. Bills were more likely to have support from members of both parties.In the late 1960s, this began to change. Nixon worked to build the Republican Party in the Democratic south, and by the 1990s the party had moved far to the right.By 2008, Congress was divided between conservative Republicans and a Democratic party with a progressive majority and a group who represented the center-right. If you were a leader of the Republican party, what would you want your members to do?

Senators and Representatives should vote for each law the way they think best Focus on a few important differences with the Democrats Fight against every Democratic plan Create an alternative set of policies that could be used after the next election

The Mayaguez As if the bad news from Vietnam was not enough, Communists also took control of neighboring Cambodia that same spring. Two months later, Cambodian ships captured an American ship, the Mayaguez.After the failure in Vietnam, Ford and his administration thought he needed to act with force to show American power. He sent Marines. While the crew was released, the fighting cost 41 American lives. The crew, all of whom were saved, numbered only 38.Yet the operation was generally popular with Americans. Which statement best explains why the Mayaguez event was popular despite not being completely successful?

Since the crew was freed, it could be seen as a success.

Young people are more likely to be of diverse origins than older U.S. citizens. How might this affect issues such as immigration policy in the future?

Since young people are likely to be more diverse and make up a large portion of the population, they may want more progressive immigration policies when they reach voting age.

Big-box stores and large chains can offer more new goods, and because of their relationships with their suppliers, they can set lower prices for their products. They have taken over most suburban shopping centers, but independent stores still thrive in urban areas and in some malls. What advantages do these small businesses have over big-box stores?

Small retailers establish their customer base by offering unique or merchandise and personalized service.

Pop Art

Some artists practiced a style called Pop Art. They used common objects in their work, often items from mass-produced consumer culture. Andy Warhol was the top Pop Artist. His prints of consumer products were often placed next to the real items on exhibit. One famous work showed row after row of cans of Campbell's Soup. Another portrayed many faces of the actress Marilyn Monroe. His point was to show how Hollywood, the maker of movies, sold the images of their actors and actresses just like Campbell's Soup was sold.

The Antiwar Movement Even some soldiers decided to join the movement once they had completed their duty. Vietnam Veterans Against the War, founded in 1967, helped former soldiers deal with their experiences and get back into American society. But they also organized events against the war that made some people angry.

Some people feel that soldiers who fought in a war shouldn't speak out against it, but these soldiers often reply that they understand the problems better than anyone else. What do you think? Sample Response: Whether a soldier's duty to support the government's decisions is stronger than his right of free speech is a question still under debate.

Americans fight against Nazi ideas.

Some white Americans change how they treat African Americans.

In what part of the county were most conservative Democrats found?

South

Which two sections of the country are part of the Sunbelt?

South Southwest

SCLC

Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an American civil rights organization closely associated with its first president, Martin Luther King Jr.

Union-free labor force

Southern states had "right-to-work" laws that got rid of the practice of making workers join unions even if most of them were already union members. That helped businesses prevent unions from forming and kept wages relatively low in the South.

Tax breaks

Southern states had low business income tax rates. State governments sometimes offered companies several years of no taxes.

Nov. 5

Soviet Union threatens Britain, France, and Israel with military action if they do not withdraw; Eisenhower warns Soviets that he will respond if America's NATO allies are attacked.

Put these in order, top to bottom, from earliest to most recent

Soviets leave Afghanistan1989 Taliban take over Kabul1996 Al-Qaeda bombs U.S. embassies in Africa1998 Al-Qaeda attacks USS Cole2000 Al-Qaeda destroys World Trade Center2001 Congress passes USA PATRIOT Act2001 The United States attacks Afghanistan2001

Put these in order, top to bottom, from earliest to most recent

Soviets leave Afghanistan1989 Taliban takeover of Afghanistan1996 Operation Desert Storm1990 Bombing of USS Cole2000 9/11 Attacks2001 Creation of Department of Homeland Security2001 Invasion of Afghanistan2001 Operation Iraqi Freedom2003

The Pacific

Stalin promised to declare war against Japan by August 15. Just before the meeting began, American scientists had tested the world's first atomic bomb. Truman thought the bomb could force a Japanese surrender and issued a statement saying there would be terrible air attacks if Japan did not give up. However, Truman kept the test of the atomic bomb secret from the Soviet leader, Joseph Stalin, at the Conference.

If companies have to ship products from overseas, why doesn't the shipping make them more expensive?

Standardized containers mean big savings on the labor to load or unload goods at every stop.

Fair Deal Goals Not Met

Starting a national health insurance program Getting rid of the Taft-Hartley Act, which monitors labor unions Passing civil rights laws Providing federal aid to education

Cheaper land

States offered inexpensive land to companies that moved to a new area.

Americans Have Babies

Stay-at-home moms TV for kids Housing Boom

SALT

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, a 1972 agreement between the Soviet Union and the United States to limit the number of nuclear weapons that each country had.

SNCC

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, one of the major organizations in the civil rights movement of the 1960s. It played a major role in sit-ins, freedom rides, and the March on Washington.

Lead Up to Brown v. Board of Education Put these in order, top to bottom, from earliest to most recent

Supreme Court accepts segregation in Plessy v. Ferguson. NAACP hires Charles Hamilton Houston. NAACP Legal Defense Fund founded. Law schools are integrated. NAACP begins its attack on segregation in public schools.

How much do you and your friends talk about what you saw in the media the prior day or evening? Do you usually talk about TV shows or other types of media?

TV has much more competition than it used to and is no longer Americans' common reference point.

There were also, of course, dinners full of fine food. In the opening dinner, Zhou looked forward to good talks. "The gates to friendly contact have finally been opened," he said. In the final dinner, Nixon felt the trip had been a success. What do you think would be the most difficult point of the talks between the two nations?

Taiwan

Which of the following was part of Reaganomics?

Tax cuts for big business Trickle-down effect

Scopes trial

Teacher in Tennessee was accused of illegally teaching theory of evolution

Americans Have More Money

Teenage freedom Consumerism Car culture

Walmart purchases more goods than many small countries. Corporations of this size can control the entire manufacturing process. Say you own a factory in China that makes water guns to sell to American children. Walmart purchases most of your product, but one day, it announces it will pay you 10 percent less per water gun. Which of the following is not an option if you want to keep your business?

Tell Walmart you will end your contract if the corporation doesn't pay you a reasonable amount of money Individual suppliers have little influence with American retailers, especially Walmart. Workers and the quality of the product often suffer.

The Communist regime of Fidel Castro in Cuba had been a problem for the United States since 1959. American presidents were determined not to let another Communist come to power in Latin America.In 1970, Salvador Allende, a socialist, was elected president and quickly moved to change Chilean society. He took over the profits of American companies and had the government take control of Chilean industries. If you were Nixon, in the middle of trying to make friends with Communist China and the Soviet Union, what would you do?

Tell the CIA to stage a secret attempt to get rid of Allende. it took until 1973 for the attempt to be a success. Allende died in the fighting and a conservative military official took power.

Hollywood Ten

Ten people in the movie industry who refused to answer questions from the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). The questions were about their ties to the Communist Party. As a result, these people were blacklisted and not allowed to work in Hollywood again.

TVA

Tennessee Valley Authority, a New Deal government agency that was started in 1933. It was established to control floods, help shipping, and produce electricity for the Tennessee Valley.

Termination What effects would you predict on the lives of American Indians whose tribes underwent termination?

Termination had negative effects on most of the tribes it touched. Without federal assistance, some tribes had to go without quality medical care or schools. Large numbers of American Indians ended up on welfare. The end of tribal recognition and the poverty it caused was also devastating, leading to an increase in alcoholism and other problems.

Covert Action

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), led by Dulles's brother Allen, would be used to carry out secret missions around the world, helping friendly governments and working to get rid of unfriendly ones.

Look at this map to see how wind energy has become more important across the country. Though more and more states are developing wind power infrastructure, Texas is far ahead of the others. Why would Texas develop wind energy?

Texas is a major center for energy production. The state must move beyond oil to create a sustainable economy. Several important Texans who have made money in the oil business have put a lot of money into alternative energy sources. Texas has large open spaces, which are necessary for wind turbines.

African Americans want to take advantage of issues during a time of war.

The "Double V" campaign is started.

Brown v. Board of Education

The 1954 Supreme Court decision that said separate schools for Blacks and whites was not constitutional.

Gideon v. Wainwright

The 1963 Supreme Court decision that said the Sixth Amendment required courts to provide a lawyer for a person who was on trial if he or she could not pay for one.

Which of the following did President Kennedy create in his effort to give America a more positive image in other countries?

The Alliance for Progress The Peace Corps

While Harding was president, Supreme Court decisions helped big business.

The American Federation of Labor wanted only skilled workers to join it.

Controversial Weapons

The American planes did not drop only bombs. Two weapons were especially controversial: Napalm: Fire bombs that stuck to buildings and people and caused terrible burns. American planes dropped it across forests and villages. Agent Orange: Americans used this chemical to kill the plants and trees that helped the Viet Cong to hide. However, it not only destroyed the forests; it caused health problems for the soldiers that handled it, as well as for the civilian population on the ground. This included terrible birth defects and increased rates of cancer.

Apollo 11

The American space mission, or operation, that first landed men on the moon in July 1969.

What major change happened in Berlin in November, 1989?

The Berlin Wall came down.

Which statement best reflects the views of religious-right leaders toward people seeking answers in Asian religions?

The Bible provides the one true religion and Christianity the one true faith.

America has a need for farm labor.

The Bracero Program brings Mexican workers to the United States.

The Iranian hostage crisis

The Iranian hostage crisis began when Iranian radicals took over the American embassy in Iran's capital, Tehran. Fifty-three Americans were held hostage in the building for over a year. President Carter was not able to get them released.

What factors made it difficult for Truman to accomplish his agenda?

The Korean War, lost Congressional support, and attacks by McCarthy

Racism in the 1920s:

The Ku Klux Klan Rise in nativism African Americans' migration to the North

NAACP-LDF

The Legal Defense Fund, started by the NAACP to provide legal aid to African Americans and to civil rights workers.

Loving v. Virginia (1967)

The Loving decision got rid of state laws against marriage between people of different races. An African American woman named Mildred Loving had been forced to leave Virginia because she was married to a white man. The court found the Virginia law to be unconstitutional and stated that all laws banning interracial marriage were unconstitutional.

Which of the following was a Soviet response to the Marshall Plan?

The Molotov Plan.

Strike for Equality

The Montgomery bus boycott was the civil rights movement's first important use of nonviolent methods. The boycott was difficult, but the protestors eventually won. This action was effective for several reasons: African Americans were the main people who used the city bus system. When they refused to ride, the bus company lost money. The vast majority of Blacks in the city joined the boycott. The Black community stuck together and organized carpools to give African Americans needed transportation. Click through the timeline to see how the bus boycott was handled — and won.

What group began as the Niagara Movement?

The NAACP

NAWSA

The National American Woman Suffrage Association, a women's rights organization formed in 1890. It supported many women's rights issues but mainly worked for women's right to vote.

NAACP

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, an organization founded in 1909. Its purpose is to work for equal rights for all people and stop hatred between races.

NWSA

The National Woman Suffrage Association - Headed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, Opposed the 15th amendment and accused abolitionists and Republican supporters of instituting black civil rights at the expense of women's rights

NWP

The National Woman's Party, an organization established in 1913 to fight for women's suffrage, or the right to vote. During the 1960s, the NWP worked for the addition of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution banning gender discrimination.

NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, formed in 1949 by a number of European countries and the United States. Its purpose was for defense against possible military action by the Soviet Union.

Perestroika

The Russian term for the changes made to the Soviet Union's political and economic policies during the late 1980s. The economy became more open to competition and foreign involvement.

What do you think happened next?

The Scottsboro Boys were ordered to stand trial again.

SEC

The Securities and Exchange Commission, a New Deal agency started in 1934. Its responsibility is to watch over and make necessary rules for the securities industry. Securities are documents, or papers, such as stocks, bonds, and banknotes that have financial value.

Molotov Plan

The Soviet plan for aid to Eastern Europe, created in response to the United States' Marshall Plan.

Which event took place in the same year that Communist forces took over China?

The Soviets successfully tested an atomic bomb.

Why didn't the Marshall Plan benefit Eastern European countries?

The Soviets would not let those nations accept it.

Tinker v. Des Moines School District (1969)

The Tinker v. Des Moines case confirmed that children still have First Amendment rights while they are at school. Three students had been suspended from schools in Des Moines, Iowa, for protesting against the Vietnam War. They sued and won their case.

USSR seeks influence in Iran, Turkey, and Greece

The Truman Doctrine defines the goal of containment

What was the Iran-Contra Scandal?

The U.S. government sold guns to Iran in secret and used the funds to aid fighters in Nicaragua.

Truman Doctrine

The U.S. policy for dealing with the Soviet Union, as stated by President Truman in a speech in 1947. That policy was to slow the Soviet Union's spread of Communism, which Truman believed put the United States and other democracies in danger.

The USS Cole

The USS Cole bombing happened on October 12, 2000. The warship, which was at a port in the middle eastern country of Yemen, was severely damaged in the attack that left a 40-foot gash in the hull. Seventeen sailors died and 39 others were injured. Osama bin Laden bragged about this attack in an Al-Qaeda video.

What international organization did the Allies agree to create at the Yalta Conference?

The United Nations

Bonus Army March

The protest organized by World War I veterans who were demanding payment of the service bonus they had been promised after the war.

Which of the following were reasons that some people were critical of the suburbs?

The communities all looked the same. The move to suburbs represented "white flight."

October 28

The crisis is ended when Khrushchev accepts the offer in Kennedy's letter of October 27th. He promises to take the missiles out of Cuba if America will promise to leave Cuba alone. Kennedy quickly lets the public know about the agreement.

Three-Part Plan

The debate was long and difficult, but finally, in 1965, a three-part plan was passed. The government would help older Americans pay hospital bills with money from Social Security taxes. Medicare allowed older Americans to join a government insurance plan at a lower rate to help pay for doctor's visits. Medicaid allowed the government to give states money for programs to help younger people in poverty pay for health care.volume_up

détente

The easing of the tense Cold War relationships between the United States, the Soviet Union, and China.

Fordism

The economic and social consequences of Henry Ford's development of mass production. Lower production costs allowed ordinary people to buy more goods.

Reaganomics

The economic policies of President Ronald Reagan in the 1980s. These policies included reducing government spending, lowering tax rates for businesses and wealthy people, and reducing government regulation (or rules) on business.

Media companies gather statistics about whether Americans agree with their elected leaders or major political decisions. In June 2010, less than 50% of Americans agreed with Obama. Except for the "surge" in Afghanistan, people were not upset about actions he had taken, but ways he had failed to act. Which of the following had the greatest impact on American's changing opinion of Obama?

The economy Obama had promised Americans he would bring change. He made them hope he would do things that a president does not have the power to perform.

What goals of the March on Washington indicated a change in the main goals of the civil rights movement?

The effects of poverty and war

Which event led to a Soviet blockade of Berlin?

The establishment of a common German currency.

Ping-Pong diplomacy

The exchange of Ping-Pong players between the United States and China. The event marked an improvement in the relations between the two countries.

second Red Scare

The fear of Communists infiltrating American society and government following World War II. Also known as "McCarthyism" after Senator Joseph McCarthy who made many unfounded charges of Communist activity.

Hundred Days

The first 100 days of President Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. It was during this period that he started the programs of his New Deal to help the country out of the Great Depression.

Jackie Robinson

The first African American to play baseball in the major leagues

Shirley Chisholm

The first African American woman elected to Congress

The Cuban Missile Crisis

The following year, 1962, tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union over the issue of Soviet missiles in Cuba brought the world close to a nuclear war.

digital divide

The gap that exists between people who use technology, such as Internet services, and people who do not. This gap occurs in income, education, and access to a variety of opportunities.

Which of the following was a possible risk to people who bought stock on margin?

The price of the stock would fall. People would be unable to pay back the money they had borrowed and end up deep in debt.

suburbanization

The growth of populated areas on the edges of cities.

Immigrants are often described by generation — "first generation" means they themselves immigrated, "second" means that their parents did, and "third" means their grandparents did. Why would the generation that someone belongs to matter?

The idea is that with each generation, immigrant families become more assimilated — or fit in more with — the majority American culture.

trickle-down economics

The idea that providing tax cuts to businesses and wealthy people will indirectly benefit the general population.

United Farm Workers

The largest among several groups on strike was the National Farm Workers Association, organized by Cesar Chavez. They helped turn the strike into a civil rights campaign as well as a labor struggle. Chavez spoke publicly about the problems faced by Latino and Asian farm workers and asked the public to boycott grapes. Millions responded nationwide, and grape sales went down noticeably. The group, renamed the United Farm Workers, won pay increases and the produce industry's first union contract for their members in 1970. The farm workers had become a national symbol of the struggles facing Latinos in America, and Chavez became a civil rights hero. He proved the truth of the union's slogan: "Si, se puede" — "Yes we can," or "Yes, it can be done."

Lend-Lease Act of 1941

The law that allowed the United States to supply the Allied countries with war material during World War II. This was a way for America to help without entering the war, until it was forced to by the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Which of these events helped bring democracy to Poland?

The leadership of Lech Wa³êsa The lack of Soviet interference Support from the Catholic Church Free elections The creation of a trade union

Poland

The line between Germany and Poland was set where the Soviets wanted it. Poland gained land, meaning millions of Germans would have to move west out of Poland and into Germany. In addition, the Soviet Union gained land from eastern Poland.

Pearl Harbor

The location of the surprise attack by Japanese war planes on December 7, 1941, targeting the U.S. naval base in Hawaii. Eight battleships were sunk or damaged, other ships and aircraft were destroyed, and more than 3,600 people were killed or wounded. The Japanese intended for the attack to make the U.S. Navy too weak to enter World War II; instead, it quickly brought the United States into the war in the Pacific and in Europe.

The end in Vietnam began late in 1974, when the North Vietnamese attacked troops in South Vietnam.Ford, who had promised to help the South Vietnamese, asked Congress for aid money. Congress, though, did not want to send any more money to Vietnam. The success of the North Vietnamese and the lack of American response to South Vietnam, led the North to begin a major attack in 1975.The South quickly lost, government leaders left, and Ford had to order any remaining Americans to get out fast. The Vietnam War was finally over, and the North had won. Which statement probably explains why Congress did not want to send aid to South Vietnam?

The majority did not want the United States to get involved again.

Nixon arrived in China on February 21, 1972. There was no huge crowd, just Prime Minister Zhou Enlai and several other officials. At first, Nixon's people wondered if the president was being insulted, but an hour after getting to the home where he would stay, Nixon was asked to come see Mao Zedong. Usually Mao met with foreign leaders later in their visit. What message should an American take from these events?

The meeting with Mao made up for the welcome at the airport.

Operation Desert Storm

The military name for the military operations carried out against Saddam Hussein's Iraqi forces in Kuwait and Iraq by U.S. and coalition forces between 1990 and 1991 during the Persian Gulf War.

Many large American industrial cities, such as Detroit and Flint, Michigan, where cars are made, face rising unemployment and shrinking populations. Causes include:

The move of jobs and businesses to the South. Competition from Japanese and German auto companies. Foreign-owned auto companies setting up plants in other parts of the United States. Outsourcing by U.S. companies in pursuit of lower labor costs overseas.

white flights

The movement of white people out of neighborhoods when minorities such as African Americans or Hispanics move in.

What was the New Frontier?

The name for Kennedy's programs

Fair Deal

The name given to the social and economic programs of President Harry Truman. It called for increased spending for jobs and health care, and set rules about pay for workers.

Gulf of Tonkin incident

The name given to two events in the Gulf of Tonkin off the coast of Vietnam on August 2 and August 4, 1964 . Ships belonging to the United States and North Vietnam fired on each other. This led the U.S. Congress to pass the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, giving President Johnson the power to respond to attacks.

Which issues were major factors in the rise of radical student movements in the 1960s?

The nuclear arms race The belief that American democracy could involve more people The civil rights conflict in the South

Latinos

The number of American-born and immigrant Latinos in the United States rose from about 4 million to 9 million between 1950 and 1970. A large number of Latinos settled in major urban centers, particularly in the Southwest. Some were attracted by the Bracero Program, which invited workers from Mexico to find jobs on American farms. Others settled in cities like Los Angeles or New York. In both urban and rural America, Latinos faced discrimination and inequality in hiring, pay, housing, and schools. volume_up

Industrial Revolution

The period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when significant technological developments caused the economy to shift dramatically from being agricultural and artisan-based to relying more heavily on manufactured products.

Reagan Doctrine

The policy of President Ronald Reagan that supported using U.S. intelligence operations to sponsor and support guerrilla warfare overseas with the goal of preventing the spread of Communism.

Vietnamization

The policy of making South Vietnamese forces responsible for the defense of South Vietnam in order to withdraw U.S. troops.

nativism

The policy of protecting the interests of people already living in an area over the interests of recent immigrants.

Cold War

The political conflict and military tension between the Soviet Union and the Western powers, especially the United States. It was called the "Cold War" because actual war between the two countries never broke out. It lasted from the end of World War II until the government of the Soviet Union fell apart in 1991.

McCarthyism

The practice of charging people with not being loyal to the United States. The name comes from a time when Americans were afraid of Communism, and Senator Joseph McCarthy made these charges against people without proof.

blacklisting

The practice of not allowing certain people rights, privileges, or services for one reason or another. In the United States, this term usually refers to writers and actors who were suspected of having ties with the Communist Party in the late 1940s.

Who established internment camps for Japanese Americans during World War II?

The president

immigrationvolume_up

The process in which people move into a country where they were not born.

Sunbelt

The region across the southern United States that has long summers and mild, or gentle, winters. Many businesses and people moved to the Sunbelt from the 1950s through 1970s.

Judges in ActionDespite the conservatives on the Supreme Court, it did not get rid of Roe v. Wade. In 1992, in fact, O'Connor and Kennedy worked together to keep the right to abortion in a key decision, Planned Parenthood v. Casey. The ruling did allow some state limits on abortion but made sure the basic right remained.As early as 1985, O'Connor joined the Court majority in striking down a state school prayer law. Kennedy joined her in a similar decision in 1991 and again in 2000. In 1994, Kennedy wrote the decision, in which O'Connor joined, striking down a Colorado constitutional amendment that would have gotten rid of equal rights for gays. Nine years later, the two joined in striking down a Texas law that declared sex between two men a crime. What do you think the religious right thought about these decisions?

The religious right was not pleased.

Resistance

The rising gay rights movement faced opposition from conservative quarters. Several cities voted to overturn gay rights laws. From 1980 onward, the Republican Party has used anti-gay attitudes to gain conservative political support, while Democratic politicians take a more moderate view. volume_up

Bolshevik Revolution

The second rebellion to take place in Russia in 1917, also known as the October Revolution. The government was overthrown by the Bolsheviks, or Communists. Power then belonged to the workers, and then later to the state, which owned everything in the name of the people.

Teapot Dome scandal

The secret leasing, or renting, of oil-rich government land to certain oil companies. The government official who was responsible, Interior Secretary Albert B. Fall, was convicted for taking money in return for making these leases.

Oil Crisis of 1973

The shortage of oil that resulted when oil-producing countries stopped selling oil to the United States. The oil-producing countries were protesting U.S. support for Israel in Israel's war against Egypt.

Great Society

The social programs suggested by President Lyndon B. Johnson. The results of the program included federal money for education and medical care for older people.

Potsdam Declaration

The statement made from the Potsdam conference in 1945 calling for the surrender of Japan to end World War II. Japan did not surrender, and U.S. planes dropped atomic bombs on two Japanese cities.

Which two of these were potential sources of conflict between the United States and China?

The status of Taiwan America's role in Vietnam

Solar

The sun provides a lot of energy, but using it as a power source has been a struggle. Solar energy can be turned into electricity, but the equipment is expensive and requires a lot of maintenance. Solar technology is improving, but most large-scale solar projects involve heating water and are usually limited to desert areas. Also, since solar plants only operate during the day, a back-up system must be used at night.

Holocaust

The term used to describe the murder of 6 million Jews by the Nazi government of Germany during World War II. The German goal was to rid the world of all Jews. At the same time, the Germans murdered millions of other people. The total number of Holocaust deaths is between 11 and 17 million people.

theory of evolution

The theory that all living things slowly change and grow over time to be able to survive better.

Sacco and Vanzetti trial

The trial of two Italian immigrants who were convicted of murder and eventually executed, or put to death. They were members of an anarchist group, or a group of people who do not believe in government. Many people felt that the trials were not fair.

terrorism

The use of violence or the threat of violence against people for political gain.

Red Summer

The violent conflicts that took place during the summer of 1919 in over 30 American cities between blacks and whites. Most of these riots involved attacks on African Americans by whites, including white police officers and soldiers. During the conflicts, over 50 African Americans were killed, and hundreds more were injured.

Which of the following was true when Truman met Stalin in Potsdam in 1945?

The war in the Pacific was still being fought.

Great Plains

The wide area of mostly flat prairie and grassland between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. Much of America's farmland is located here.

first Red Scare

The widespread fear of communism that gripped the United States after World War I. The success of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, along with accusations of violence committed by American communists, led U.S. authorities to investigate, search, and arrest thousands of suspected communists.

Like many immigrant communities before them, recent immigrants have tended to live near and establish businesses with others from their country. How does this change the process of assimilation?

These communities allow first-generation immigrants to live with others who share their culture, but their children often leave these areas and join the larger community. On the other hand, many former "Chinatowns" have become home to a variety of Asian immigrants.

In 20 words or fewer, why would American companies outsource jobs to foreign nations?

They are looking to cut costs and avoid labor regulations that the United States requires.

Mistreated? It is March 1931. A group of young hobos has hopped a freight train along the Southern Railroad. Among them are nine African American teenagers; the youngest is 12 years old.Four of the teens are from Chattanooga, Tennessee, and five are from various cities in Georgia. They are headed to Memphis, having heard about well-paying government jobs in the logging industry.Also on the train are four white teenagers — two male, two female — from Huntsville, Alabama. They are headed home from Chattanooga, where they were unsuccessful in finding work in the cotton mills. Which of the following statements best describes hobos?

They are men, and sometimes women, who hop trains in search of work.

Which of the following is true of U.S. cities?

They are often culturally diverse.

Which statement is true about young people in the 1960s?

They became more involved in politics.

In 25 words or fewer, why would some companies support fair trade even though it costs more money?

They believe that their customers are willing to pay more to help increase the standard of living in developing countries.

The meeting with Mao was brief — only about an hour. Mao spoke for most of the time. He covered all the points that would come up in the week's meetings. In those meetings, Nixon and Kissinger met with Zhou to discuss the broad principles on which they could agree. Then other officials worked out the details and wrote them into a document. Why did Nixon and Zhou both want Kissinger at their meetings?

They both had a good relationship with him.

To prevent a Communist government, the United States blocked elections in:

Vietnam

When Walmart decides to cut prices, individual suppliers can only find ways to deal with the company's decision, because they depend on Walmart's business to survive. However, Walmart relies on Chinese suppliers for most of its stock. What do you think would happen if the Chinese government added a 10 percent tariff to all goods exported from China?

Walmart would raise prices in the United States. Walmart would look for suppliers in other countries. Walmart would accept a lower profit margin to keep prices low. Actions that affect the Chinese economy as a whole have immediate repercussions for American retailers, but China wants to maintain its position as the dominant supplier of U.S. consumer goods.

George H. W. Bush

War against Iraq Recession problems Tax increase

Bonus Army

War veterans who marched on Washington

The members of the Eastern Bloc took part in the:

Warsaw Pact

Madison Avenue

Was the advertising capital of the country

search engines

Ways to look for information on the Internet. When a person types a subject into a search engine, the results are usually presented in lists of Web pages related to that topic.

trade union

Were not strong during the 1920s

outsourcing

When a company purchases products or services from an outside supplier, rather than performing the same work within its own facilities, in order to cut costs.

Nixon's Challenges

When he took office in the late '60s, Nixon faced two major foreign policy problems: In the campaign, he had promised to end the Vietnam War. While Americans would not expect results immediately, he needed to change the war's direction. The nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union was expensive and made the world a more dangerous place. Nixon wanted to slow or end it, which meant getting an agreement with the Soviets. As Nixon took office, the Soviet Union was suffering from a shortage of food. Nixon hoped that a trade agreement to sell wheat to the Soviet Union might help the two countries work together.

WTO

World Trade Organization, an institution that supervises international trade and promotes free markets.

Which of the following was one of Reagan's goals when he entered office?

Which of the following was one of Reagan's goals when he entered office?

Termination How would you expect American Indians to feel about the Termination Policy?

While some tribal leaders were in favor of this policy, most Indians bitterly opposed it. American Indians wanted some say over their own future: they wanted self-determination.

What is the term for movement to the suburbs that is caused by race?

White flight

Americans Have New Jobs

White-collar society Sunbelt migration Suburban migration

The Antiwar Movement Much antiwar resistance was organized at colleges. Some groups supported debate about the war, but others moved to act.In April 1965, Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) led a march in Washington against the war. SDS would soon become one of the largest antiwar groups in the country.

Why did the antiwar movement have so much support at colleges? Sample Response: Students led numerous radical causes in the 1960s, but Vietnam touched youth especially because college students were of draft age.

AIM's Exploits In November 1969, dozens of American Indians sailed to Alcatraz Island in the middle of San Francisco Bay, site of the famous prison. The group announced it wanted to buy the island — for $24 worth of beads, in reference to the sale of Manhattan Island, which Europeans were said to have bought from American Indians for the same price. The activists stayed for a year and a half in an attempt to call attention to termination, broken treaties, and related issues. While they were there, President Richard Nixon announced the official end of the Termination Policy.

Why did the occupiers call $24 in beads a fair price? Sample Response: By recalling to the famous "purchase" of Manhattan Island, the activists pointed out the ways in which American Indians have been exploited throughout history.

Humphrey ran against Republican former Vice President Richard M. Nixon. However, former Alabama governor George C. Wallace also joined the race.Wallace's support for segregation and negative comments about the antiwar movement made him popular with working-class whites in many parts of the country. His running mate, General Curtis LeMay, had called for the use of nuclear weapons against North Vietnam.Wallace made competition in the South even higher. Nixon fought for votes with somewhat racist speeches, while Humphrey hoped to hold onto the states that Democrats had won since Reconstruction.Wallace won five southern states in November.

Why do you think Wallace won nearly 10 million votes — 13.5 percent of the popular vote in the 1968 election? Sample Response: Wallace represented a conservative response against the civil rights and antiwar movements. Many people in the South thought these movements had gone too far, and believed both Republicans and northern Democrats would force the South to end segregation.

Obama's first big move was based in the same economic theory that created the New Deal.Obama signed a large stimulus bill. The federal government took on debt to pay for major public works and infrastructure projects across the country. These projects would give Americans jobs.Obama limited the size of the stimulus, because he worried that the Senate would not agree to a larger amount. Many people thought that only a much larger stimulus would be effective.

Why would the administration spend billions of dollars when the government was already in debt? Sample Response: Keynesian economics, the basis for the New Deal, said that the government had to spend money while in debt to fix economic problems.

Wind

Wind power has been used for centuries. Turning wind into a commercial electricity source requires wind turbines large enough to catch strong, constant winds. Because these enormous structures can be seen for miles, many communities do not want them nearby. However, wind "farms" have grown up in many areas of the United States. volume_up

WPA

Works Progress Administration, later named Works Projects Administration, the largest New Deal agency. It was founded in 1935 and was responsible for giving jobs to millions of workers on public works projects.

What does 'Si, se puede!' mean?

Yes, we can!

You are an American consumer. You buy retail goods, and you make choices about where and how to get them. As you answer these questions about how you spend your time and money, ask yourself whether the answers would be the same for your parents. What about when your parents were your age? How do you think American consumers have changed since then? You are shopping for a couple of new shirts for spring. Where do you go first?

You might get clothes in all of these places, but many Americans stick to a particular shopping pattern.

The draft

Young men had to sign up for the draft, which meant they could be forced to join the military and serve in places like Germany, Korea, or Vietnam.

The Cold War

Young people had heard about the struggle between the US and the Soviet Union since their birth. The threat of a nuclear war that could destroy the whole world was a real possibility. As time went on, the conflict in Vietnam became a major concern as well.

What two Chinese leaders were important in carrying out the new policy of closer relations with the United States?

Zhou Enlai Mao Zedong

A. Philip Randolph helped Pullman employees form the Brotherhood of Sleeping-Car Porters. The union helped African American railway workers gain

equal treatment in the workplace.

In the 1920s, women were challenging the traditions that had been in place for many decades. Women were seeking careers in fields that had always been men's work. Some younger women, referred to as

flappers, were pushing the boundaries of acceptable public style and behavior.

hard power

flexible response, nuclear strategy

The NAACP was the country's biggest civil rights organization during the 1920s. Led by W. E. B. DuBois, the group

fought against segregation.

The Viet Cong knew the land and the people of South Vietnam, which made it easy to hide

from the American troops, and hard for those troops to attack.

Aviation (Flying) The South also became involved in building commercial and military airplanes. Texas had several aircraft factories and many more companies that made parts. In the early 2000s, it had more aircraft-making jobs than all but two states (Washington and California).In Georgia, both Marietta and Savannah became home to a plant that built military planes and other aircraft. Florida and Alabama are other leading states in the industry.Which was the leading southern state in the aviation (flying) industry?

texas

Marcus Garvey was the founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association. Garvey was a Black nationalist who believed

that African Americans should take pride in their culture.

Winning the 1964 election by so many votes gave Johnson the ability to increase

the American presence in Vietnam, even though it was not popular.

dolf Hitler was the chancellor of Germany. Benito Mussolini was the dictator of Italy. Joseph Stalin was the secretary general of

the Communist Party in the Soviet Union.

Many people thought President Truman would not win reelection because:

the Democratic Party was split.

Late in 1977, Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Menachem Begin of Israel showed they were willing to meet, though they were unable to make a peace agreement. Carter brought the two leaders to the presidential vacation spot at Camp David in September of 1978 and spent the better part of two weeks pushing the two parties into a peace agreement.Under the Camp David Accords, Israel agreed to pull its troops off Egypt's land and Egypt promised to recognize Israel's right to exist. Sadat and Begin later won the Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts. What part of the world was involved in the Camp David peace agreement?

the Middle East

The Americans gave the name "Viet Cong" to a fighting force who called themselves...

the National Liberation Front (NLF).

The most important reason why Great Society legislation slowed down in 1967 was...

the Vietnam War took up more and more of the government's time and money.

The belief that one nation's fall to Communism would lead to others was called:

the domino theory

Many of the successful businesses started in the postwar period found opportunities in:

the growth of suburbs.

soft power

the peace corps, alliance for progress, the space race

Which region gained the most seats from 1960 to 1980?

the west

Some conservative women resisted the ERA because:

they thought it would take some rights away from women.

Fordism is the idea that workers should be paid enough

to buy products made by businesses.

What was the Reagan Doctrine?

to fight Communism abroad regardless of Soviet influence.

A goal of the fair trade movement is:

to improve living standards in developing countries.

The goal of Operation Rolling Thunder was...

to limit North Vietnam's ability to attack the South.

A. Philip Randolph started the first African American labor union, representing porters of the Pullman

train company.

Betty Friedan's book The Feminine Mystique said that femininity:

trapped women in a stay-at-home lifestyle.

Communists demonstrated their power in the Great Depression by forming

unemployed councils.

The Taft-Hartley Act affected what part of the New Deal coalition the most?

union members

What did Margaret Sanger want women to do?

vUse birth control.

The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement based in New York City. Writers like Langston Hughes and actors like Paul Robeson contributed to this

vibrant movement.

Bayard Rustin

was a civil rights activist. While he was in college, he joined the CPUSA, convinced that they supported civil rights. Although Rustin soon left the Communist Party, the FBI continued to watch him. Rustin worked closely with such leaders as A. Philip Randolph and James Farmer. He believed in nonviolent tactics in fighting for civil rights and became a supporter of gay rights later in life.

W. E. B. Du Bois

was a professor and civil rights leader. He helped start the NAACP, and he spoke out against Black Codes, segregation, and lynching. He was also against European imperialism in Africa. As Du Bois grew older, he began to accept more Communist ideas. He also supported radical labor unions. When Soviet leader Joseph Stalin died in 1953, Du Bois wrote that he was "a great man." His comments got him in trouble with HUAC and the FBI, and his passport was taken away. Despite this, Du Bois officially joined the CPUSA in 1961. He left the United States for Ghana in 1961 where he died two years later.

In Brown the Court ordered states to begin desegregating schools

with deliberate speed.