Vascular Evolve (Online Ed 1-3 and Book )

A 54-year-old man is being admitted to the nursing unit following a motor vehicle accident in which the client's vehicle hit a tree and he has a slight concussion. The client is awake, alert, and oriented. Upon assessing the client, the nurse notes that the client has brown patchy areas of skin discoloration around his ankles. In order to collect more data, which question should the nurse ask? "Do you have a history of skin disorders?" "Do you have a history of venous disease?" "Do you have a history of cigarette smoking?" "Do you have a history of diabetes mellitus?

"Do you have a history of venous disease?"

A postoperative patient asks the nurse why the physician ordered daily administration of enoxaparin (Lovenox). Which reply by the nurse is most appropriate? "This medication will help prevent breathing problems after surgery, such as pneumonia." "This medication will help lower your blood pressure to a safer level, which is very important after surgery." "This medication will help prevent blood clots from forming in your legs until your level of activity, such as walking, returns to normal." "This medication is a narcotic pain medication that will help take away any muscle aches caused by positioning on the operating room table."

"This medication will help prevent blood clots from forming in your legs until your level of activity, such as walking, returns to normal."

A patient with varicose veins has been prescribed compression stockings. How should the nurse teach the patient to use these? "Try to keep your stockings on 24 hours a day, as much as possible." "While you're still lying in bed in the morning, put on your stockings." "Dangle your feet at your bedside for 5 minutes before putting on your stockings." "Your stockings will be most effective if you can remove them for a few minutes several times a day."

"While you're still lying in bed in the morning, put on your stockings." The patient with varicose veins should apply stockings in bed, before rising in the morning. Stockings should not be worn continuously, but they should not be removed several times daily. Dangling at the bedside prior to application is likely to decrease their effectiveness.

A male client has returned to the nursing unit after a short stay in the intensive care unit after a left femoral popliteal bypass graft. The surgeon has requested that ankle-brachial indexes (ABIs) be completed every 4 hours for the next 48 hours. The ABI results have been either 0.8 or 0.9 for the last 24 hours. With these results, the nurse expects to find what additional assessment data? 1+ Pedal pulses Left leg swelling Sluggish capillary refill Toes cool to touch

1+ Pedal pulses ABI is a commonly used parameter to check the overall extremity status. An ABI of 1.0 is the goal for circulation after a bypass graft. The client has a 0.8 or 0.9 during the last 24 hours you would expect to find at least 1+ pulses. After surgery, the expectation is that there will be swelling; however, the capillary refill should be brisk and toes should be warm to touch if the graft is functioning and blood is getting to the toes.

The nurse is reviewing the laboratory test results for a 68-year-old patient whose warfarin (Coumadin) therapy was terminated during the preoperative period. The nurse concludes that the patient is in the most stable condition for surgery after noting which INR (international normalized ratio) result? 1.0 1.8 2.7 3.4

1.0 The therapeutic range for INR is 2.0 to 3.0 for many clinical diagnoses. The larger the INR number, the greater the amount of anticoagulation. For this reason, the safest value before surgery is 1.0, meaning that the anticoagulation has been reversed.

The nurse is caring for a patient with a recent history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The patient now needs to undergo surgery for appendicitis. The nurse is reviewing the laboratory results for this patient before administering an ordered dose of vitamin K. The nurse determines that the medication is both safe to give and is most needed when the international normalized ratio (INR) is which result? 1.0 1.2 1.6 2.2

2.2 Vitamin K is the antidote to warfarin (Coumadin), which the patient has most likely been taking before admission for treatment of DVT. Warfarin is an anticoagulant that impairs the ability of the blood to clot. Therefore it is necessary to give vitamin K before surgery to reduce the risk of hemorrhage. The largest value of the INR indicates the greatest impairment of clotting ability, making 2.2 the correct selection.

Which client is most likely to be at risk for arterial vascular disease? A 28-year-old woman taking oral contraceptives A 55-year-old woman with a sedentary lifestyle A 76-year-old man who smokes one pack of cigarettes per day A 40 year-old man with a family history of coronary artery disease

A 76-year-old man who smokes one pack of cigarettes per day Nicotine in any form is a potent vasoconstrictor and is a major risk factor for cardiac disease. The remaining options are all risk factors for developing cardiac issues, but none is more important than knowing whether the client smokes and how long he has smoked.

A nurse is caring for a patient with a diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). The patient has an order to receive 30 mg enoxaparin (Lovenox). Which injection site should the nurse use to administer this medication safely? Buttock, upper outer quadrant Abdomen, anterior-lateral aspect Back of the arm, 2 inches away from a mole Anterolateral thigh, with no scar tissue nearby

Abdomen, anterior-lateral aspect

A male client is being admitted to the nursing unit. The nursing assistant is obtaining the vital signs for the nurse as instructed. The nursing assistant reports the vital signs as T 99.4, P 88, RR 20, and BP in right arm 150/72 and in the left arm 130/80. After reviewing the data, what action should the nurse take? Document the vital signs in the medical record. Alert the physician to the difference in blood pressures. Make a note that all subsequent blood pressures be taken in the right arm. Have the nursing assistant retake the blood pressures with a manual cuff.

Alert the physician to the difference in blood pressures. Blood pressures that have a 20 mm Hg difference between the arms could signify aortic dissection or subclavian artery stenosis and the physician should be aware. Once the physician is aware, then it is appropriate to note the differences and to use the arm with the higher pressure. All of this should be documented in the medical record.

A male client is being admitted to the hospital. The nurse has already begun the interview process when the client's wife enters the room. After the interview is completed, the wife follows the nurse out of the room and asks if her husband stated that he has pain in his right leg at night that wakes him up and at times he has had numbness and tingling in the same leg. What intervention should the nurse implement first? A. Document the data in the medical record as baseline. B. Assist the client to a comfortable position in the bed. C. Alert the physician to the potential arterial compromise. D. Compare the assessment from the right leg to the left leg.

Alert the physician to the potential arterial compromise. The symptoms signify arterial compromise, and perfusion could be reduced so the physician must be notified urgently. The remaining options are correct but do not have priority.

A 48-year-old male client complains of a burning aching bilateral lower leg pain after ambulating. His skin is pink, warm, and dry to touch. He complains of some numbness and tingling as well as a decrease in sensation. He has palpable pedal pulses and no edema is noted. The client's ankle-brachial index (ABI) is 1.0 or greater bilaterally. What should be the priority nursing diagnosis? Impaired Tissue Perfusion Altered Sensation Pain Activity Intolerance

Altered Sensation

A client whose status post left femoral popliteal bypass graft is having the graft evaluated by the vascular physician. Which diagnostic test does the nurse anticipate the physician will order? Air plethysmography Ankle-brachial index Arteriography Intravascular ultrasonography

Ankle-brachial index Ankle-brachial index (ABI) is a commonly used parameter for overall evaluation of the extremity status. The remaining options are diagnostic tests for the vascular system; however, the ABI gives the best data for analysis of vascular status.

A female patient with critical limb ischemia has had peripheral artery bypass surgery to improve her circulation. What care should the nurse provide on postoperative day 1? Keep the patient on bed rest. Assist the patient with walking several times. Have the patient sit in the chair several times. Place the patient on her side with knees flexed.

Assist the patient with walking several times.

A male client who is being considered for surgical bypass is admitted for a diagnostic workup for vascular disease. During the interview, the client states that he "breaks out" when he eats shrimp. What intervention should have the most priority? A. Document the food allergy on the initial history form in the chart. B. Note on the front of the chart a possible allergy to the iodine contrast. C. Alert the dietary staff to the food allergy. D. Alert the pharmacy staff to the allergy.

B. Note on the front of the chart a possible allergy to the iodine contrast. Allergies to shellfish may suggest an allergy to iodine. Iodine is sometimes used in the contrast dye for some of the diagnostic tests. Since the client is being consider for bypass surgery and he will be undergoing diagnostic tests that might include dye, it is best to note the potential allergy on the front of the chart. Documenting the food allergies and alerting dietary and pharmacy allows the client to receive the best care possible.

A 40-year-old man tells the nurse he has a diagnosis for the color and temperature changes of his limbs but can't remember the name of it. He says he must stop smoking and avoid trauma and exposure of his limbs to cold temperatures to get better. This description should allow the nurse to ask the patient if he has which diagnosis? Buerger's disease Venous thrombosis Acute arterial ischemia Raynaud's phenomenon

Buerger's disease Buerger's disease is a nonatherosclerotic, segmental, recurrent inflammatory disorder of small and medium-sized veins and arteries of upper and lower extremities leading to color and temperature changes of the limbs, intermittent claudication, rest pain, and ischemic ulcerations. It primarily occurs in men younger than 45 years old with a long history of tobacco and/or marijuana use. Buerger's disease treatment includes smoking cessation, trauma and cold temperature avoidance, and a walking program. Venous thrombosis is the formation of a thrombus in association with inflammation of the vein. Acute arterial ischemia is a sudden interruption in arterial blood flow to a tissue caused by embolism, thrombosis, or trauma. Raynaud's phenomenon is characterized by vasospasm-induced color changes of the fingers, toes, ears, and nose.

In report, the nurse receives information about a 32-year-old woman with venous obstruction. From this information, which assessment data should the nurse expect to find? A. Pitting edema in the lower extremities B. Bounding dorsalis pedis pulses C. Unilateral swelling in the lower extremities D. Absent dorsalis pedis pulses

C. Unilateral swelling in the lower extremities Unilateral edema indicates venous obstruction. Edema resulting from cardiac disease is bilateral and occurs in dependent areas. Pitting edema is more from cardiac disease, and the arterial system affects the dorsalis pedis pulses.

The nurse is caring for a patient who has been receiving warfarin (Coumadin) and digoxin (Lanoxin) as treatment for atrial fibrillation. Because the warfarin has been discontinued before surgery, the nurse should diligently assess the patient for which complication early in the postoperative period until the medication is resumed? Decreased cardiac output Increased blood pressure Cerebral or pulmonary emboli Excessive bleeding from incision or IV sites

Cerebral or pulmonary emboli Warfarin is an anticoagulant that is used to prevent thrombi from forming on the walls of the atria during atrial fibrillation. Once the medication is terminated, thrombi could again form. If one or more thrombi detach from the atrial wall, they could travel as cerebral emboli from the left atrium or pulmonary emboli from the right atrium.

A 21-year-old woman has just returned to the nursing unit from the recovery room after irrigation and debridement of a right lower leg wound she received from an all-terrain vehicle accident last week. A nursing student is working with the nurse who will be receiving the client from recovery. Before the client arrives, the nurse asks the student to outline how she will perform her assessment of the client. Which data set is priority for this client? Assessing the dressing for hemorrhage and whether the dressing is intact Comparing the circulation from the right foot to the left foot Obtaining the client's temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure Assessing the client's level of consciousness and mental status

Comparing the circulation from the right foot to the left foot

The nurse is performing a cardiac system assessment on a client admitted to the nursing unit. The nurse uses the bell of her stethoscope to assess the carotids. The nurse notes a swishing sound at the left carotid. Which intervention should the nurse implement? A. Raise the head of the bed and reassess the carotids. B. Contact the physician and alert him to the finding. C. Document the swishing sound on the assessment and monitor for changes. D. Question the client for additional information regarding being dizzy or faint.

Contact the physician and alert him to the finding. A bruit is a swishing, whooshing type sound that may be soft or loud. It results from the turbulent blood flow from vessel wall irregularities. The presence of a bruit indicates arterial narrowing. The physician should be alerted to the bruit. Raising the head of the bed is not necessary to assess the carotids. Documenting the results, assessing for further clues regarding the effect that the bruit has on the client, and assessing whether the client feels faint are necessary to develop an individualized plan of care.

When the patient is being examined for venous thromboembolism (VTE) in the calf, what diagnostic test should the nurse expect to teach the patient about first? Duplex ultrasound Contrast venography Magnetic resonance venography Computed tomography venography

Duplex ultrasound

A 38-year-old female client who works on her feet all day is complaining of pitting edema from the shins to the ankles. The edema happens every day near the end of the day. The client also states that her legs feel heavy and at times she experiences leg cramps in the middle of the night. What intervention should the nurse implement to assist in improving the vascular stasis of this client? Encourage the client to exercise. Reduce the sodium in the diet. Decrease the amount of free water in diet. Encourage the client to eat foods high in potassium.

Encourage the client to exercise. The client is experiencing problems with the venous circulation. Exercise and elevation improve venous return to the heart and generally relieve the discomfort and swelling. Even though decreasing the free water and reducing the sodium in the diet do reduce the extra water in the system and prevent some swelling, these two interventions may in themselves cause additional problems. Even though the client is complaining of muscle cramps, the client is not necessarily suffering from low potassium.

A 72-year-old male client is being evaluated for peripheral vascular disease. Which data provides the best indication that the client has peripheral vascular disease? The ankles swell when both are dependent for a long period of time. Both feet become dusky red when he stands or sits for a long time. He experiences pain in his legs when walking in the park during the day. Elevation of the feet decreases the swelling, promoting a paler color.

He experiences pain in his legs when walking in the park during the day. Pain in the legs when ambulating is called claudication, and claudication is used to determine the extent of the vascular disease. Swelling in the ankles can be from other conditions such as congestive heart failure. The skin color of a dark dusky red when dependent can give the hint that the client may be experiencing vascular issues, but it is not as definitive as the symptom of claudication. Anytime the ankles are swollen, elevating the ankles would reduce the swelling and assist in the venous return.

A male patient was admitted for a possible ruptured aortic aneurysm, but had no back pain. Ten minutes later his assessment includes the following: sinus tachycardia at 138, BP palpable at 65 mm Hg, increasing waist circumference, and no urine output. How should the nurse interpret this assessment about the patient's aneurysm? Tamponade will soon occur. The renal arteries are involved. Perfusion to the legs is impaired. He is bleeding into the abdomen.

He is bleeding into the abdomen. The lack of back pain indicates the patient is most likely exsanguinating into the abdominal space, and the bleeding is likely to continue without surgical repair. A blockade of the blood flow will not occur in the abdominal space as it would in the retroperitoneal space where surrounding anatomic structures may control the bleeding. The lack of urine output does not indicate renal artery involvement, but that the bleeding is occurring above the renal arteries, which decreases the blood flow to the kidneys. There is no assessment data indicating decreased perfusion to the legs.

A 56-year-old female client has intermittent claudication and can only walk about 25 feet before pain sets in. How should the nurse plan to position the client when in bed? A. High-Fowler's with knees extended B. Semi-Fowler's with knees extended C. In Trendelenburg's position D. In reverse Trendelenburg's position

In reverse Trendelenburg's position Arterial problems reduce the blood flow to the lower extremities. Having the client in reverse Trendelenburg's position means that gravity pulls on the body and the blood, pulling it toward the feet. The remaining options do not increase blood flow to the lower extremities.

Assessment of a patient's peripheral IV site reveals that phlebitis has developed over the past several hours. Which intervention should the nurse implement first? Remove the patient's IV catheter. Apply an ice pack to the affected area. Decrease the IV rate to 20 to 30 mL/hr. Administer prophylactic anticoagulants.

Remove the patient's IV catheter. The priority intervention for superficial phlebitis is removal of the offending IV catheter. Decreasing the IV rate is insufficient. Anticoagulants are not normally required, and warm, moist heat is often therapeutic.

The nurse is caring for a newly admitted patient with vascular insufficiency. The patient has a new order for enoxaparin (Lovenox) 30 mg subcutaneously. What should the nurse do to correctly administer this medication? Spread the skin before inserting the needle. Leave the air bubble in the prefilled syringe. Use the back of the arm as the preferred site. Sit the patient at a 30-degree angle before administration.

Leave the air bubble in the prefilled syringe. The nurse should not expel the air bubble from the prefilled syringe because it should be injected to clear the needle of medication and avoid leaving medication in the needle track in the tissue.

A moderately obese male client with vascular ulcers has been admitted to the nursing unit. The nurse is developing a plan of care. What should the nurse place as the priority goal? Maintain ideal body weight. Increase venous return. Decrease weight by 50 lb. Increase arterial flow.

Maintain ideal body weight. A client who is either underweight or overweight can be at risk for compromised healing and progression of vascular ulcers; therefore it is essential that the ideal body weight be determined and then maintained. The ideal body weight may include a loss of 50 lb; however, the main goal would be to maintain ideal body weight. Increasing venous return or arterial flow will not solve the problem

A nurse is taking the blood pressure (BP) of a client. The nurse notes a BP of 148/78 in the right arm and a BP of 138/80 in the left arm. What action should the nurse implement? A. Retake the blood pressure in the left arm and compare. B. Document the readings in the medical record. C. Make a note to others to take BP in the right arm. D. Recheck the blood pressures with a manual cuff.

Make a note to others to take BP in the right arm. Auscultate the blood pressure in both arms. Document the asymmetrical readings. All subsequent pressure needs to be taken from the arm with the highest blood pressure. The remaining options are things that would or could be done.

The nurse would determine that a postoperative patient is not receiving the beneficial effects of enoxaparin (Lovenox) after noting what during a routine shift assessment? Generalized weakness and fatigue Crackles bilaterally in the lung bases Pain and swelling in lower extremity Abdominal pain with decreased bowel sounds

Pain and swelling in lower extremity Enoxaparin is a low-molecular-weight heparin used to prevent the development of deep vein thromboses (DVTs) in the postoperative period. Pain and swelling in the lower extremity can indicate development of DVT and therefore may signal ineffective medication therapy.

A patient was just diagnosed with acute arterial ischemia in the left leg secondary to atrial fibrillation. Which early clinical manifestation must be reported to the physician immediately to save the patient's limb? Paralysis Paresthesia Crampiness Referred pain

Paresthesia The physician must be notified immediately if any of the six Ps of acute arterial ischemia occur to prevent ischemia from quickly progressing to tissue necrosis and gangrene. The six Ps are paresthesia, pain, pallor, pulselessness, and poikilothermia, with paralysis being a very late sign indicating the death of nerves to the extremity. Crampy leg sensation is more common with varicose veins. The pain is not referred.

The nurse is preparing to administer a scheduled dose of enoxaparin (Lovenox) 30 mg subcutaneously. What should the nurse do to administer this medication correctly? Remove the air bubble in the prefilled syringe. Aspirate before injection to prevent IV administration. Rub the injection site after administration to enhance absorption. Pinch the skin between the thumb and forefinger before inserting the needle.

Pinch the skin between the thumb and forefinger before inserting the needle.

The nurse is caring for a preoperative patient who has an order for vitamin K by subcutaneous injection. The nurse should verify that which laboratory study is abnormal before administering the dose? Hematocrit (Hct) Hemoglobin (Hgb) Prothrombin time (PT) Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

Prothrombin time (PT)

Which intervention should the nurse implement to promote vasodilation in a client with peripheral vascular disease? A. Provide the client with smoking cessation materials. B. Place a heating pad on the lower legs twice a day. C. Have the client ambulate daily, progressively increasing the length of the walk. D. Massage the lower legs with lotion twice a day.

Provide the client with smoking cessation materials. Nicotine in any form is a potent vasoconstrictor, so quitting smoking would promote vasodilation. Application of heat would not be appropriate because the client might have decreased sensory perception, thus increasing the potential for a burn. Ambulation is a great intervention to assist in building endurance, but it does not promote vasodilation. Massaging the legs with vascular problems could cause additional problems, possibly deep vein thrombosis.

The patient has CVI and a venous ulcer. The unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) decides to apply compression stockings because that is what these patients always have ordered. What assessment by the nurse would cause the application of compression stockings to harm the patient? Rest pain High blood pressure Elevated blood sugar Dry, itchy, flaky skin

Rest pain Rest pain occurs as peripheral artery disease (PAD) progresses and involves multiple arterial segments. Compression stockings should not be used on patients with PAD. Elevated blood glucose, possibly indicating uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, and hypertension may or may not indicate arterial problems. Dry, itchy, flaky skin indicates venous insufficiency. The RN should be the one to obtain the order and instruct the UAP to apply compression stockings if they are ordered.

What medications should the nurse expect to include in the teaching plan to decrease the risk of cardiovascular events and death for PAD patients (select all that apply)? Ramipril (Altace) Cilostazol (Pletal) Simvastatin (Zocor) Clopidogrel (Plavix) Warfarin (Coumadin) Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)

Simvastatin (Zocor) Ramipril (Altace) Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)

A 62-year-old Hispanic male patient with diabetes mellitus has been diagnosed with peripheral artery disease (PAD). The patient is a smoker and has a history of gout. What should the nurse focus her teaching on to prevent complications for this patient? Gender Smoking Ethnicity Co-morbidities

Smoking

What is a priority nursing intervention in the care of a patient with a diagnosis of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI)? Application of topical antibiotics to venous ulcers Maintaining the patient's legs in a dependent position Administration of oral and/or subcutaneous anticoagulants Teaching the patient the correct use of compression stockings

Teaching the patient the correct use of compression stockings CVI requires conscientious and consistent application of compression stockings. Anticoagulants are not necessarily indicated and antibiotics, if required, are typically oral or IV, not topical. The patient should avoid prolonged positioning with the limb in a dependent position.

The nurse is admitting a 68-year-old preoperative patient with a suspected abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). The medication history reveals that the patient has been taking warfarin (Coumadin) on a daily basis. Based on this history and the patient's admission diagnosis, the nurse should prepare to administer which medication? Vitamin K Cobalamin Heparin sodium Protamine sulfate

Vitamin K

A 32-year-old female client will be discharged to home in 2 days. The client had a PICC (peripherally inserted central catheter) line inserted into the antecubital area of the left arm 3 days ago. The line was cleared by x-ray for use, and the nursing staff began using the PICC for the client's multiple doses of antibiotics. Today the client complains of pain in the arm and the arm is swollen. The site is unremarkable and the blood return is present in both lumens. What does the nurse suspect might be happening? The antibiotic is leaking into the surrounding tissue causing the edema and pain. There is a positioning issue because the antecubital fossa is bent at the elbow. This is common after the use of multiple antibiotics; elevation and heat will help. The left arm has a blood clot from the PICC line causing the pain and swelling

The left arm has a blood clot from the PICC line causing the pain and swelling

A 56-year-old man is being worked up for peripheral arterial disease as a complication of his long history of diabetes. What assessment data should the nurse expect to find upon physical examination? A. Client complains that his legs feel heavy at the end of the day. B. The skin on the client's shins is thin and without leg hair. C. The client's feet are cyanotic in color when his feet are dependent. D. Client complains of itchy, scratchy skin on both legs.

The skin on the client's shins is thin and without leg hair. Because of the reduction of nutrients and waste removal that occurs in arterial disorders, the skin becomes thin and the leg hair disappears, leaving a shiny lower extremity. In venous disorders, the client complains of heavy legs at the end of the day, the feet are somewhat cyanotic when the feet are in a dependent position, and dry, flaky skin causes pruritus.

A 60-year-old female client with a fractured hip had a repair done 3 days ago. The client is in severe pain and refuses to get out of bed for any length of time despite therapies and the nursing staff's best efforts. The client was started on low-molecular-weight heparin injection and sequential compression boots to the knee. What diagnostic test would the nurse plan for the physician to order? Ultrasonic duplex scan Computed tomography (CT) Impedance plethysmography Contrast arteriography

Ultrasonic duplex scan The client is at risk for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and the physician has started prophylactic treatment by ordering the heparin and the SCDs (sequential compression devices). The ultrasonic duplex scan provides the best method of determining whether there is a DVT. The CT enables the physician to look at the cross section of the vessel walls and other structures. The impedance plethysmography is used to measure venous blood volume changes in the extremities. Arteriography allows the physician to see arterial lesions.

The patient had aortic aneurysm repair. What priority nursing action will the nurse use to maintain graft patency? Assess output for renal dysfunction. Use IV fluids to maintain adequate BP. Use oral antihypertensives to maintain cardiac output. Maintain a low BP to prevent pressure on surgical site

Use IV fluids to maintain adequate BP. The priority is to maintain an adequate BP (determined by the surgeon) to maintain graft patency. A prolonged low BP may result in graft thrombosis, and hypertension may cause undue stress on arterial anastomoses resulting in leakage of blood or rupture at the suture lines, which is when IV antihypertensives may be used. Renal output will be assessed when the aneurysm repair is above the renal arteries to assess graft patency, not maintain it.

The patient reports tenderness when she touches her leg over a vein. The nurse assesses warmth and a palpable cord in the area. The nurse knows the patient needs treatment to prevent which sequelae? Pulmonary embolism Pulmonary hypertension Post-thrombotic syndrome Venous thromboembolism

Venous thromboembolism The clinical manifestations are characteristic of a superficial vein thrombosis. If untreated, the clot may extend to deeper veins, and venous thromboembolism may occur. Pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, and post-thrombotic syndrome are the sequelae of venous thromboembolism.