Ventricular System

Basal Ganglia

A region of the base of the brain that consists of three clusters of neurons (caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus) that are responsible for involuntary movements such as tremors, athetosis, and chorea.

The nucleus accumbens (NAc or NAcc),

Also known as the accumbens nucleus or as the nucleus accumbens septi is a region in the basal forebrain rostral to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus. The nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle collectively form the ventral striatum, which is part of the basal ganglia.

Cauda equina

At the base of the spinal column, near the first lumbar vertebra, is a collection of nerves called the cauda equina. They are called this because they resemble a horse's tail.

Mamillary bodies

Each mammillary body joins the pretectum, thalamus, and other parts to make up the greater diencephalon part of the brain. These bodies are connected directly to the brain, and they relay impulses to the thalamus. The overall route, from the amygdalae to the thalamus, is often referred to as the Papez circuit.

Frontal Horn

The anterior horn of lateral ventricle or frontal horn, passes forward and to the side, with a slight inclination downward, from the interventricular foramen into the frontal lobe, and curves around the front of the caudate nucl

Brain Stem

The brain stem is located at the lower, back part or posterior of the brain. It connects the brain with the spinal column. All motor and sensory nerve connections from the brain go through the brain stem to the rest of the body. The brain stem is important in regulating the cardiovascular, respiratory, and central nervous systems.

Cerebullum

The cerebellum is located behind the top part of the brain stem (where the spinal cord meets the brain) and is made of two hemispheres (halves). The cerebellum receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements. The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity. It is also important for learning motor behaviors. It is a relatively small portion of the brain -- about ten percent of the total weight, but it contains roughly half of the brain's neurons, specialized cells that transmit information via electrical signals.

Cerebellum

The cerebellum receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements. The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity.

Aqeduct of Sylius

The cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius) is the structure within the brainstem that connects the third ventricle to the fourth. It is located within the midbrain

Choroid plexus

The choroid plexus is a plexus of cells that produces the cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain. The choroid plexus consists of modified ependymal cells

Conus medullaris

The conus medullaris (Latin for "medullary cone") or conus terminalis is the tapered, lower end of the spinal cord. It occurs near lumbar vertebral levels 1 (L1) and 2 (L2), occasionally lower. The upper end of the conus medullaris is usually not well defined

Diencephalon

The diencephalon of the brain consists of structures that are lateral to the third ventricle, and includes the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the epithalamus and the subthalamus

External Capsule

The external capsule is a series of white matter fiber tracts in the brain. These fibers run between the most lateral segment of the lentiform nucleus and the claustrum.

Formix

The fornix is a C-shaped clump of fibers located in the brain. Its function is to carry signals from the hippocampus to the different parts of the brain.

Flow of CSF

The four cavities of the human brain are called ventricles.[1] The two largest are the lateral ventricles in the cerebrum; the third ventricle is in the diencephalon of the forebrain between the right and left thalamus; and the fourth ventricle is located at the back of the pons and upper half of the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain. The ventricles are concerned with the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid[2]

Ventricules

The four cavities of the human brain are called ventricles.[1] The two largest are the lateral ventricles in the cerebrum; the third ventricle is in the diencephalon of the forebrain between the right and left thalamus; and the fourth ventricle is located at the back of the pons and upper half of the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain. The ventricles are concerned with the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid[2]

Foramen of Luschka and Magendie

The lateral apertures (of Luschka) are two of the foramina in the ventricular system and link the fourth ventricle to the cerebellopontine cistern. Together with the median aperture (of Magendie) they comprise two of the three ways that CSF can leave the fourth ventricle and enter the subarachnoid space.

Pituitary

The main endocrine gland. It is a small structure in the head. It is called the master gland because it produces hormones that control other glands and many body functions including growth. The pituitary consists of the anterior and posterior pituitary

medulla oblongata

The medulla oblongata is located in the brain stem, anterior to (in front of) the cerebellum. This is a cone-shaped, neuronal (nerve cell) mass in the hindbrain, which controls a number of autonomic (involuntary) functions.

pons

The pons is part of the brainstem, and in humans and other bipeds lies inferior to the midbrain, superior to the medulla oblongata and anterior to the cerebellum.

Occipital Horn

The posterior horn of lateral ventricle or occipital horn, passes into the occipital lobe. Its direction is backward and lateralward, and then medial ward. Its roof is formed by the fibers of the corpus callosum passing to the temporal and occipital lobes.

Temporal posterior Horn

The posterior horn of lateral ventricle or occipital horn, passes into the occipital lobe. Its direction is backward and lateralward, and then medial ward. Its roof is formed by the fibers of the corpus callosum passing to the temporal and occipital lobes.

Pulvinar

The pulvinar nuclei or nuclei of the pulvinar are the nuclei located in the thalamus. As a group they make up the collection called the pulvinar of the thalamus, usually just called the pulvinar. The pulvinar is usually grouped as one of the lateral thalamic nuclei in rodents and carnivores, and stands as an independent complex in primates

Ventricular system

The ventricular system is a set of four interconnected cavities (ventricles) in the brain, where the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced. Within each ventricle is a region of choroid plexus, a network of ependymal cells involved in the production of CSF. The ventricular system is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord (from the fourth ventricle) allowing for the flow of CSF to circulate. All of the ventricular system and the central canal of the spinal cord are lined with ependyma, a specialised form of epithelium. Contents [hide]

Ventricular foramin

There are several foramina, openings acting as channels, that connect the ventricles. The interventricular foramina (also called the foramina of Monro) connect the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle through which the cerebrospinal fluid can flow.

amygdaloid bodies

This is an oval structure located within the temporal lobe of the human brain. The structure is a small part of the brain and is closely associated with the hypothalamus, cingulated gyrus, and hippocampus

Parenchyma

This is in contrast to the stroma, which refers to the structural tissue of organs, namely, the connective tissues. In the brain, the parenchyma refers to the functional tissue in the brain that is made up of the two types of brain cell, neurons and glial cells.

Substantia nigra

a basal ganglia structure located in the midbrain that plays an important role in reward and movement

Corpus callosum

a broad band of nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres of the brain.

Filum terminale

a delicate strand of fibrous tissue, about 20 cm in length, proceeding downward from the apex of the conus medullaris. It is one of the modifications of pia mater. It gives longitudinal support to the spinal cord and consists of two parts: The upper part, or filum terminale internum, is about 15 cm long and reaches as far as the lower border of the second sacral vertebra. ... The lower part, or filum terminale externum, closely adheres to the dura mater.

Hypothalmus

a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions. One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis

The limbic system

a set of brain structures located on top of the brainstem and buried under the cortex. Limbic system structures are involved in many of our emotions and motivations, particularly those that are related to survival. Such emotions include fear, anger, and emotions related to sexual behavior.

globus pallidus

a sub-cortical structure of the brain. It is part of the telencephalon, but retains close functional ties with the subthalamus - both of which are part of the extrapyramidal motor system.[1] The globus pallidus is a major component of the basal ganglia core

claustrum

a thin, irregular, sheet-like neuronal structure hidden beneath the inner surface of the neocortex in the general region of the insula

The internal capsule

a white matter structure situated in the inferomedial part of each cerebral hemisphere of the brain. It carries information past the basal ganglia, separating the caudate nucleus and the thalamus from the putamen and the globus pallidus

cerebral aqueduct

cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius) third ventricle fourth ventricle

Thalmus

either of two masses of gray matter lying between the cerebral hemispheres on either side of the third ventricle, relaying sensory information and acting as a center for pain perception.

right and left lateral aperture (Luschka)

fourth ventricle subarachnoid space via the cistern of great cerebral vein

median aperture (Magendie)

fourth ventricle subarachnoid space via the cisterna magna

The red nucleus or nucleus ruber

is a structure in the rostral midbrain involved in motor coordination. It is pale pink in color; the color is believed to be due to iron, which is present in the red nucleus in at least two different forms: hemoglobin and ferritin.

interventricular foramina

nterventricular foramina (Monro) lateral ventricles third ventricle

hippocampus

the elongated ridges on the floor of each lateral ventricle of the brain, thought to be the center of emotion, memory, and the autonomic nervous system.

interthalalmic adhesion

the joining of the two thalami in the center of the third ventricle. Called also thalamic intermediate mass.

hindbrain

the lower part of the brainstem, comprising the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. Also called rhombencephalon.

Putamen

the outer part of the lentiform nucleus of the brain.

Mesencephalon

the short part of the brainstem just above the pons; it contains the nerve pathways between the cerebral hemispheres and the medulla oblongata, as well as nuclei (relay stations or centers) of the third and fourth cranial nerves. The center for visual reflexes, such as moving the head and eyes, is located here.

caudate nucleus

the upper of the two gray nuclei of the corpus striatum in the cerebrum of the brain.