VTNE prep- Anesthesia

Which of the following catheters would allow the largest volume of fluids to be given over the shortest amount of time? 22g x 3/4" 16g x 1" [ Correct answer ] 18g x 2" 24g x 1"

16 g x 1" Catheters that are shorter in length and larger in diameter can deliever the largest volume of fluids in the shortest amount of time. This is known as Poiseuille's Law.

Anticholinergics can be used in small mammals as part of a preanesthetic protocol. Of the following, which anticholinergic is the best choice for use in rabbits? Glycopyrrolate Atropine Midazolam Diazepam

Both atropine and glycopyrrolate can be used in small mammals, but glycopyrrolate is preferred for use in rabbits. This is because the effect of atropine is less effective in this species because many animals have high levels of atropinesterase. Both diazepam and midazolam are benzodiazapines, not anticholinergics.

Padding is extremely important when a horse is under general anesthesia. When the animal is placed in dorsal recumbency, how much padding is required between the surgical table and the horse?

At least six inches of padding should be used to prevent neuropathies of the head, shoulder, and hip.

What is the most common location for placement of an arterial catheter (a-line) in a dog? Pulmonary artery Brachial artery Femoral artery Radial artery Dorsal metatarsal artery

Dorsal metatarsal artery

What is the most common location for placement of an arterial catheter (a-line) in a dog? Radial artery Pulmonary artery Brachial artery Dorsal metatarsal artery Femoral artery

Dorsal metatarsal artery

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is directly related to which of the following? Rate of blood flow to the kidneys Size of the kidneys Tubule secretion rate Albumin level in the blood

Rate of blood flow to the kidneys Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a test used to check how well the kidneys are working by estimating how much blood passes through the glomeruli each minute.

When anesthetizing a rabbit for anesthesia, which vein is most often used?

The auricular (ear vein) is most often used in rabbits when IV access is necessary. For short procedures in private practice, subcutaneous or intramuscular injectable anesthetics are are often given, or a gas induction is used.

What heart valve is responsible for separating blood between the left atrium and left ventricle?

mitral aka bicuspid

In a non-rebreathing anesthesia circuit, which of the following is NOT used? Unidirectional valve Oxygen Scavenger Reservoir bag

unidirectional valve- Non-rebreathing systems utilize high flow rates of fresh gas. They do not use unidirectional valves or soda lime since fresh gas is constantly flushing the system. The non-rebreathing circuit requires oxygen, a vaporizer, a scavenger, and typically has its own reservoir bag.

You are attempting to give an intra-jugular injection to a horse and insert the needle to the hub. Blood is forcefully pulsating and ejecting from the needle. What is the most likely explanation? The horse has hypertension The vein is spasming, and this is normal; it is okay to give the medication You are in the carotid artery This is normal when injecting medication into the jugular of a horse

you are in the carotid artery- This is typical of insertion into an artery. If this occurs, the needle should be removed immediately and pressure placed on the site for several minutes to assure hemostasis.

A cat is having a surgical procedure. How long should food be withheld prior to general anesthesia?

10 hrs- General anesthesia can decrease swallowing reflexes and esophageal sphincter tone. Patients may experience vomiting during or after anesthetic procedures. This predisposes them to esophagitis, esophageal stricture, or aspiration pneumonia. Domestic animals should be fasted prior to any anesthetic procedure. The amount of time varies by species, but in general food should be withheld for 8-12 hours in dogs, cats, and horses and 24-48 hours for cattle. Neonates should not be fasted prior to anesthesia and small patients (under 2 kg) should be fasted for shorter lengths of time. Water should be withheld for less time to avoid causing dehydration, which can be exacerbated by anesthesia; 2-4 hours is generally sufficient for dogs and cats.

Perioperative antibiotics are essential in preventing unwanted infections. What is the best time to administer the antibiotic? Immediately after surgery At the time of the incision 24 hours prior to surgery 30 minutes prior to making an incision 1 hour prior to anesthesia

30 minutes prior to making an incision Research has shown that the best time to administer perioperative antibiotics is approximately 30 minutes prior to making an incision. This allows time for the antibiotics to have adequate circulating blood levels, resulting in good protection. By convention, most surgeons will repeat a dose of antibiotics every 90 minutes while in surgery. There is no literature to support the use of antibiotics after surgery in uncomplicated surgeries. If there is substantial contamination, break in technique, or other indication for continued use of antibiotics such as discovery of an abscess, then it is beneficial.

Perioperative antibiotics are essential in preventing unwanted infections. What is the best time to administer the antibiotic?

30 minutes prior to making an incision- Research has shown that the best time to administer perioperative antibiotics is approximately 30 minutes prior to making an incision. This allows time for the antibiotics to have adequate circulating blood levels, resulting in good protection. By convention, most surgeons will repeat a dose of antibiotics every 90 minutes while in surgery. There is no literature to support the use of antibiotics after surgery in uncomplicated surgeries. If there is substantial contamination, break in technique, or other indication for continued use of antibiotics such as discovery of an abscess, then it is beneficial

Which of the following is the best approximation of the typical tidal volume of a 20 kg dog? 800 ml 4 L 300 ml 8 L per minute 100 ml

300ml The tidal volume is volume of air that is normally displaced during inspiration and expiration. Typical tidal volume for a dog is about 15 ml/kg (slightly more for smaller dogs and slightly less for large dogs). Tidal volume can be used to help estimate minute volume and the necessary fresh gas flow rates with various gas anesthesia machines.

Which anesthetic breathing circuit should be used for rabbit anesthesia? As long as you are using a precision vaporizer the breathing circuit does not matter A breathing circuit with minimal dead space A breathing circuit with plenty of dead space As long as you are using a nonprecision vaporizer the breathing circuit does not matter

A breathing circuit with minimal dead space- As with small animal anesthesia, as a general rule, any patient under 7 kilograms should be placed on a nonrebreathing circuit. These offer minimal dead space, less resistance to breathing, and provide faster changes in anesthetic depth. Precision vaporizers should always be used in small mammal anesthesia, but this does not change the need for minimal dead space.

What is the neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle? Norepinephrine Acetylcholine GABA Acetylcholinesterase Dopamine

Acetylcholine (ACh) is the transmitter for skeletal muscle and is located at the terminal ends of each motor neuron. Acetylcholinesterase destroys ACh and thus turns off muscle activity. GABA and Dopamine are CNS neurotransmitters. Norepinephrine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in smooth muscle

What is the neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle? Acetylcholinesterase GABA Dopamine Acetylcholine Norepinephrine

Acetylcholine (ACh) is the transmitter for skeletal muscle and is located at the terminal ends of each motor neuron. Acetylcholinesterase destroys ACh and thus turns off muscle activity. GABA and Dopamine are CNS neurotransmitters. Norepinephrine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in smooth muscle.

While performing an epidural on a dog, your needle begins to fill with a clear pale straw colored fluid, what is the appropriate action? Aspirate and if there is no blood it is ok to administer half of the calculated dose of anesthetic. You must withdraw the needle completely and start over. This is normal and it is ok to aspirate, if there is no blood give the full calculated dose of anesthetic. You must withdraw the needle completely and no further attempts should be made.

Aspirate and if there is no blood it is ok to administer half of the calculated dose of anesthetic. The fluid is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); this means you have punctured the ligamentum flavum and the needle has entered the subarachnoid space. Only half of the dose should be administered.

While performing an epidural on a dog, your needle begins to fill with a clear pale straw colored fluid, what is the appropriate action? This is normal and it is ok to aspirate, if there is no blood give the full calculated dose of anesthetic. You must withdraw the needle completely and no further attempts should be made. Aspirate and if there is no blood it is ok to administer half of the calculated dose of anesthetic. You must withdraw the needle completely and start over.

Aspirate and if there is no blood it is ok to administer half of the calculated dose of anesthetic. Explanation - The fluid is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); this means you have punctured the ligamentum flavum and the needle has entered the subarachnoid space. Only half of the dose should be administered.

What is the major concern when a patient has a long recovery post-op and is laterally recumbent for an extended period of time?

Atelectasis -s collapse of all or part of a lung. In a patient who is recumbent for a long period of time, there is increased risk that the lung could collapse (usually the lung that is down). This is why it is so important to turn the patient every 15 to 20 minutes after recovery. Turning the patient will help them to recover more quickly and will help to prevent atelectasis.

What is the ideal time period to withhold food in large ruminants prior to general anesthesia for an elective procedure? 4-6 hours 24-48 hours Ruminants should not be fasted prior to anesthesia 8-12 hours

Bloat results from continuous fermentation in the rumen when the ability to eructate is absent. In general there is less risk of bloat if cattle are fasted for 48 hours prior to anesthesia. This may not always be possible in emergency situations, but ideally for an elective procedure should fast for at least 24-48 hours.

describe the flow of blood through the body

Blood flows from the right atrium, to the tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonic valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, then to the rest of the body.

In the United States: match the colors to their corresponding tanks nitrous oxide, CO2, medical compressed air, O2, nitrogen, helium.

Blue= nitrous oxide Gray = carbon dioxide Yellow = medical compressed air Green = oxygen Black= nitrogen Brown= helium

As a technician, it will be your responsibility to administer medications in most situations. Which of the following is not a common medication administered to horses post-operatively? Omeprazole Procaine-penicillin G Dexamethasone Banamine

Dexamethasone Dexamethasone is a steroid and is not a commonly used medication post-operatively. When this medication is noted as a treatment after surgery, the technician should double check with the clinician in charge. Inadvertent administration of steroids can result in immunosuppression and secondary infection at the surgical site. Banamine is a very commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory in horses. Procaine-penicillin G is a commonly used antibiotic which may be used by clinicians post-operatively. Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor that decreases the amount of stomach acid production in horses to help keep them from developing gastric ulcers.

As a technician, it will be your responsibility to administer medications in most situations. Which of the following is not a common medication administered to horses post-operatively? Procaine-penicillin G Dexamethasone Banamine Omeprazole

Dexamethasone- Dexamethasone is a steroid and is not a commonly used medication post-operatively. When this medication is noted as a treatment after surgery, the technician should double check with the clinician in charge. Inadvertent administration of steroids can result in immunosuppression and secondary infection at the surgical site. Banamine is a very commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory in horses. Procaine-penicillin G is a commonly used antibiotic which may be used by clinicians post-operatively. Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor that decreases the amount of stomach acid production in horses to help keep them from developing gastric ulcers.

What is the name for the blood pressure measurement when the ventricles of the heart are relaxed? Mean arterial pressure Systolic pressure Diastolic pressure Central venous pressure Mean corpuscular volume

Diastolic pressure - Diastolic pressure (DP) is the minimum arterial pressure during relaxation and dilation of the ventricles, which represents the pressure when the heart is resting. The systolic pressure (SP) is the pressure when the heart is contracting. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is essentially an average blood pressure that represents the perfusion pressure seen by the organs in the body. It is calculated by using the systolic and diastolic pressures as seen by the formula: MAP=DP + 1/3 (SP-DP) Central venous pressure (CVP) is the pressure of blood in the thoracic vena cava and is a good estimation of right atrial pressure. CVP reflects the amount of blood returning to the heart and the ability of the heart to pump blood. Mean corpuscular volume is a laboratory term used to describe average volume of a red blood cell that helps to classify an anemia as microcytic or macrocytic.

Which of the following description of the properties of an inhalant anesthetic is true? Drugs with low solubility (blood/gas solubility coefficients) are the most potent Drugs with high minimum alveolar concentrations (MAC) are the most potent Drugs with low minimum alveolar concentrations (MAC) are the most potent Drugs with high solubility (blood/gas solubility coefficients) are the most potent

Drugs with low minimum alveolar concentrations (MAC) are the most potent- MAC is a measure of anesthetic potency or, the concentration of drug required to prevent response to a stimulus in 50% of patients. Listed from lowest to highest MAC, inhalant anesthetics include methoxyflurane, halothane, isoflurane, enflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane. This means that methoxyflurane is the most potent, or, it requires the lowest percentage of gas to cause its effects. Desflurane is the least potent (requires the highest percentage of gas to cause its effects). Potency is not necessarily related to the speed of induction and recovery with an inhalant anesthetic; this property is determined by solubility.

Which of the following statements regarding inhalant anesthetics is true? Drugs with low solubility (blood/gas solubility coefficients) produce rapid induction and recovery rates Drugs with low minimum alveolar concentrations (MAC) produce rapid induction and recovery rates Drugs with high minimum alveolar concentrations (MAC) produce rapid induction and recovery rates Drugs with high solubility (blood/gas solubility coefficients) produce rapid induction and recovery rates

Drugs with low solubility (blood/gas solubility coefficients) produce rapid induction and recovery rates The solubility of an inhalant anesthetic determines the speed of induction and recovery. Low solubility drugs produce rapid induction and recovery. Listed from least to most soluble, inhalant anesthetics include desflurane, sevoflurane, isoflurane, enflurane, halothane, and methoxyflurane. Therefore, desflurane has the fastest induction and recovery rates, and methoxyflurane has the slowest. MAC is a measure of anesthetic potency or the concentration of drug required to prevent response to a stimulus in 50% of patients.

Which of the following statements regarding inhalant anesthetics is true? Drugs with high solubility (blood/gas solubility coefficients) produce rapid induction and recovery rates Drugs with low minimum alveolar concentrations (MAC) produce rapid induction and recovery rates Drugs with low solubility (blood/gas solubility coefficients) produce rapid induction and recovery rates Drugs with high minimum alveolar concentrations (MAC) produce rapid induction and recovery rates

Drugs with low solubility (blood/gas solubility coefficients) produce rapid induction and recovery rates The solubility of an inhalant anesthetic determines the speed of induction and recovery. Low solubility drugs produce rapid induction and recovery. Listed from least to most soluble, inhalant anesthetics include desflurane, sevoflurane, isoflurane, enflurane, halothane, and methoxyflurane. Therefore, desflurane has the fastest induction and recovery rates, and methoxyflurane has the slowest. MAC is a measure of anesthetic potency or the concentration of drug required to prevent response to a stimulus in 50% of patients

The main stimulus for ventilation is the partial pressure of which of the following gases? Carbon dioxide Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon monoxide

Elevations of carbon dioxide are the main stimulus for respiration. Low levels of oxygen can also stimulate ventilation; however, carbon dioxide is a more potent stimulant.

Which of the following is true regarding anesthesia of reptiles? Fasting is not usually necessary The skin should never be scrubbed but rinsed only with antiseptic Because reptiles are cold-blooded, heat support is not necessary Perioperative antibiotics are not recommended due to reptile sensitivity to these drugs

Fasting is not usually necessary- Regurgitation during anesthesia is not a concern for reptiles, and thus fasting is not usually necessary unless they are undergoing gastrointestinal surgery. The rough nature of reptile skin makes it difficult to aseptically prep for surgery. A stiff brush with antiseptic solution should be used for preparation of the skin. Reptiles are prone to hypothermia. They are ectothermic and hold their breath so heat support is extremely important for better control of anesthesia. Reptiles are susceptible to microbial infections; stress from surgery may potentiate these infections (and the skin is difficult to sterilely prep). Perioperative antibiotics are almost always warranted.

Which of the following is an indicator that a spinal needle has successfully been placed into the epidural space in a horse? Fluid bubbles immediately when placed on the hub of the needle Fluid is immediately drawn in when placed on the hub of the needle There is moderate resistance when pushing fluid through the spinal needle Spinal fluid fills the hub of the needle

Fluid is immediately drawn in when placed on the hub of the needle A horse epidural should be placed between the last sacral and first coccygeal vertebrae or between the first and second coccygeal vertebrae. When placed correctly, fluid will be drawn into the hub. Spinal fluid is a sign that the needle is not in the epidural space. The push of fluid into the spinal needle should be very smooth. Any resistance is an indication that the needle is probably not in the epidural space.

Which of the following is an indicator that a spinal needle has successfully been placed into the epidural space in a horse? Fluid is immediately drawn in when placed on the hub of the needle Fluid bubbles immediately when placed on the hub of the needle Spinal fluid fills the hub of the needle There is moderate resistance when pushing fluid through the spinal needle

Fluid is immediately drawn in when placed on the hub of the needle A horse epidural should be placed between the last sacral and first coccygeal vertebrae or between the first and second coccygeal vertebrae. When placed correctly, fluid will be drawn into the hub. Spinal fluid is a sign that the needle is not in the epidural space. The push of fluid into the spinal needle should be very smooth. Any resistance is an indication that the needle is probably not in the epidural space.

A dog under anesthesia has an end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) reading of 60 mm Hg. What should be done?

Give the patient a breath, or ventilate, to lower the ETCO2- If the patient has an ETCO2 greater than 55, the patient is hypoventilating. Giving the patient some breaths, or ventilating the patient, will help to lower this value. Increasing the oxygen flow rate would increase the amount of anesthetic flowing through the circuit. Atropine would increase the heart rate. Typically, a patient in a light plane of anesthesia would be hyperventilating and may have a lower ETCO2 (less than 30).

When cattle are placed in lateral recumbency during general anesthesia, how should the head be positioned to decrease the risk of aspiration?

Head and oral cavity lower than the neck During general anesthesia the esophageal sphincter relaxes, and if regurgitation occurs the fluid can be aspirated. Positioning the head and oral cavity lower than the neck paired with a properly inflated endotracheal cuff can reduce this risk.

when taking indirect blood pressure- if the cuff is too large or too small, what effect does it have on the readings?

If the cuff is too large, the reading will be inaccurately low. If the cuff is too small, the reading will be inaccurately too high. It is best to take an average of several readings for the most accurate measurement.

Which of the following sedative or anesthetic drugs would NOT frequently cause hypotension (low blood pressure)? Acepromazine Propofol Ketamine Isoflurane

Ketamine-effects on the cardiovascular system include increased cardiac output, increased heart rate, and increased blood pressure. These cardiovascular effects are secondary to increased sympathetic tone. Isoflurane and other inhalant gases can cause profound hypotension. Acepromazine and propofol also very commonly cause hypotension.

Which of the following is NOT a contraindication of epidural placement in the dog? Fractures of the sacrum or pelvis Coagulopathy Skin infection in the area of the needle insertion Obesity

Obesity is not a contraindication, but it may make finding the landmarks difficult while placing an epidural. Occasionally fractures of the sacrum or pelvis can cause abnormal anatomy and an epidural should not be attempted. If a coagulopathy exists, an epidural should not be attempted to avoid potential bleeding. Skin infections at the epidural site can lead to systemic infections if bacteria is introduced to the epidural space by the needle.

For which species is it most common to clip and clean the surgical site prior to anesthetic induction? Cat Dog Horse` Ferret

Out of the species listed, the horse is most amenable to being clipped and cleaned prior to surgery. Clipping and cleaning prior to anesthesia will help reduce the amount of total anesthesia time.

While the surgeon is focused on the task at hand, it is the anesthetist's job to make sure the patient's vitals are maintained at a normal plane. Which of the following is not suggestive of significant blood loss? Weak pulses Rapid respiratory rate Rapid heart rate Cyanotic mucous membranes

Patients suffering from substantial blood loss can be expected to have tachycardia, tachypnea, and weak pulses. In addition, pale/white mucous membranes as opposed to cyanotic mucous membranes would be noted. Cyanotic mucous membranes are seen when the patient lacks oxygen.

Which of the following pieces of information should the technician be most aware of prior to inducing a patient for anesthesia? When the patient urinated last When the patient last had an anesthetic procedure When the patient defecated last When the patient ate last

Patients that are anesthetized with a full stomach have a higher incidence of vomiting or regurgitating at the time of anesthesia. Therefore, it is very important to have patients fasted prior to anesthesia. Depending on the species, some patients may be fasted anywhere between just a few hours to over 12 hours

Which is true regarding blood flow in the heart? Pressure in the left atrium is greater than the right atrium, so blood flows left to right Pressure is equal across both atria to prevent backup of blood in the heart Pressure in the left atrium is greater than the right atrium, so blood flows right to left Pressure in the right atrium is greater than the left atrium, so blood flows right to left

Pressure in the right atrium is greater than the left atrium, so blood flows right to left- Blood flow to the heart is explained below. Blood in the heart flows right to left, and the pressure in the right atrium exceeds the pressure in the left atrium. Right side: Blood (oxygen-poor) enters the heart through the vena cava into the right atrium. It then flows into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. It then goes to the pulmonary artery and to the lungs to become oxygenated. Left side: The pulmonary vein empties blood (oxygen-rich) from the lungs to the left atrium, where it proceeds to the left ventricle through the mitral valve. Blood leaves the heart into the aorta through the aortic valve to reach the rest of the body.

Myositis in a horse can occur as a result of which of the following? Prolonged recumbency during anesthesia Intraoperative hypertension will result in myositis A blood lactate level of 1.0 mg/dl and higher will result in myositis Administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories prior to anesthesia will result in myositis

Prolonged recumbency puts a horse at a high risk for developing myositis. It is extremely important for the anesthesia team to provide appropriate padding by means of rubber pads, inflatable tubes, or even an inflatable water bed to help decrease the pressure exerted on muscles as result of recumbency. Intraoperative hypotension can contribute to myositis due to lack of blood flow and subsequent ischemia at the level of the muscle. Myositis can result in extreme muscle pain and soreness. In severe cases, horses can develop myoglobinuria which can cause renal damage. The blood lactate level of 1.0 mg/dl is actually in the normal range; however, an increasing blood lactate level is a sign of anaerobic metabolism, which may be secondary to poor muscle oxygenation; the cause should be investigated and addressed.

Oxygenated blood returning from the lungs travels in which blood vessel? Aorta Pulmonary artery Vena cava Pulmonary vein

Pulmonary vein- Vessels that contain blood moving toward the heart are known as veins despite their oxygenation status. The pulmonary vein is responsible for returning oxygenated blood to the heart (via the left atrium) for distribution the rest of the body. The pulmonary artery contains deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle that is moving toward the lungs for oxygenation.

Which of the following is the "minute volume" of a patient under anesthesia? Oxygen consumption multiplied by tidal volume Respiratory rate multiplied by tidal volume Respiratory rate multiplied by lung capacity Tidal volume divided by lung capacity

Respiratory rate multiplied by tidal volume Explanation - Minute volume is the volume of air that is inspired by a patient in one minute. It is calculated by multiplying tidal volume by the number of breaths per minute. The tidal volume is the volume of air that is inspired on each breath. The respiratory rate is the number of breaths per minute. Tidal volume is usually considerably smaller than the total lung capacity.

Name the heart chamber responsible for pumping blood toward the lungs.

Right ventricle

In what order does an electrical impulse travel through the heart?

SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers- The sinoatrial node (SA node) is the pacemaker of the heart located in the wall of the right atrium. It generates an electrical impulse that is carried to the atrioventricular node (AV node) which is located between the atria and ventricles. The impulse is then relayed down the conducting tissues, or the Bundle of His, and branches to the paths that supply the right and left ventricles (the right and left bundle branches). Purkinje fibers are reached last and are conductive fibers within the walls of the ventricles that relay the impulses to the cells that cause contraction of the ventricles. This process of impulse travel is known as depolarization.

A dog under anesthesia is hypoventilating. This means which of the following is true? The CO2 level is low The CO2 level is high The oxygen and the CO2 levels are high The oxygen level is high

The CO2 level is high- Hypoventilation (inadequate respirations) causes an increase in carbon dioxide levels (hypercapnia) and respiratory acidosis. If the end tidal CO2 is climbing, the patient should be given a breath or may need to be placed on a ventilator (especially if the ETCO2 climbs over 50).

What part of the brain controls heartbeat, respiration, and blood pressure? Hypothalamus Brain stem Cerebral cortex Cerebellum

The brain stem is made of the midbrain, pons, and medulla. It controls basic vital functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure.

What is the approximate minute volume of a 4 kg cat?

The minute volume is the volume of air inspired during one minute of respiration. In cats, the typical minute volume is 180-380 ml/kg/min. For a 4 kg cat, the choice of 1 L per minute is the only one that is close to this range.

Which anatomic structure is the passageway for both the respiratory and digestive systems?

The pharynx leads from the oral and nasal cavities to the larynx and esophagus. It helps to get food to the esophagus and air to the lungs.

You are responsible for autoclaving surgical packs in the hospital. You are using a steam sterilizer and heat to a temperature of 250 degrees Fahrenheit (121 degrees Celsius) for 30 minutes. What minimum humidity level is needed in order to provide adequate sterilization?

The relative humidity in the steam sterilizer must reach 97-99% humidity in order to provide proper sterilization.

pproximately 5ccs of an inhalant anesthetic is spilled while the vaporizer on an anesthetic machine is being filled. What course of action should be taken? The vaporizer should be closed and the room well ventilated Nothing, continue filling the vaporizer The hospital should be evacuated The fire department should be called The spill should be cleaned up using paper towels and bleach Dilute the spill 1:1 with water and then wipe up with a towel

The vaporizer should be closed and the room well ventilated The fire department should only be summoned if a significant amount of inhalant (gas) anesthetic is spilled, such as an entire bottle being dropped or broken. The hospital does not need to be evacauated unless there is no way to seal off the area where the spill occurred. Bleach is very reactive with a great number of chemicals and should never be used to clean up any chemical spill. Continuing to fill the vaporizer will expose staff to inhalant as the anesthetic evaporates. The best course of action would be to close the vaporizer, leave the room/area for 5-10 minutes and allow the air in the room to circulate either by opening an external door or increasing the air flow into the room using a fan or air conditioning unit.

Approximately 5ccs of an inhalant anesthetic is spilled while the vaporizer on an anesthetic machine is being filled. What course of action should be taken? The fire department should be called The hospital should be evacuated The spill should be cleaned up using paper towels and bleach Dilute the spill 1:1 with water and then wipe up with a towel The vaporizer should be closed and the room well ventilated Nothing, continue filling the vaporizer

The vaporizer should be closed and the room well ventilated - The fire department should only be summoned if a significant amount of inhalant (gas) anesthetic is spilled, such as an entire bottle being dropped or broken. The hospital does not need to be evacauated unless there is no way to seal off the area where the spill occurred. Bleach is very reactive with a great number of chemicals and should never be used to clean up any chemical spill. Continuing to fill the vaporizer will expose staff to inhalant as the anesthetic evaporates. The best course of action would be to close the vaporizer, leave the room/area for 5-10 minutes and allow the air in the room to circulate either by opening an external door or increasing the air flow into the room using a fan or air conditioning unit.

When performing anesthesia in the horse, which of the following should always be done prior to induction and intubation? Float the molars Throughly rinse the oral cavity Apply a small amount of lidocaine to the larynx Insert a tube into the esophagus so that you are able to place the endotracheal tube properly

Throughly rinse the oral cavity- The oral cavity should always be rinsed to remove food particles to prevent introducing foreign material into the trachea.

In regards to rabbit anesthesia, which of the following best explains why the use of sedative premedications should be given prior to inducing anesthesia using a mask or induction chamber to deliver gas agents such as Isoflurane? Anesthesia in rabbits can not be achieved by gas agents alone To cause an increase in heart rate Allows intubation prior to induction To help prevent breath holding

To help prevent breath holding- Because rabbits often hold their breath and struggle when exposed to gas anesthetics, premedications such as dexmeditomidine, diazepam, or midazolam will facilitate smoother inductions.

You are monitoring a 2 kg kitten being spayed at the humane society; she is intubated and is on isoflurane gas for maintenance. She is on IV fluids at 10 mL/hr. Her blood pressure starts to drop during the procedure. You have already given her a bolus of fluids. Which of the following should you do first to try to increase her blood pressure? Turn off the heat support to prevent peripheral vasodilation, which decreases blood pressure Turn down the anesthetic gas Give a dose of atropine Give a 90 ml/kg bolus of a crystalloid fluid intravenously

Turn down the anesthetic gas- Anesthetic gas is a potent vasodilator and causes profound hypotension, especially in small patients. Decreasing the vaporizer setting in addition to crystalloids and colloids can help to facilitate raising the blood pressure. If the pressure cannot be managed by these simple measures, drugs such as dobutamine may be needed to help with blood pressure during the procedure. A dose of atropine will not increase blood pressure directly; it will only increase the heart rate. Good heat support actually helps to keep blood pressure more stable and is especially important in small patients to prevent hypothermia. A 90 ml/kg bolus would be a "shock dose" of fluids for a dog but is too much for a cat, and this cat is hypotensive for other reasons.

Which of the following is not a complication associated with the placement of an epidural in a dog that is under anesthesia? Hypotension Respiratory depression Vomiting Urinary retention

Vomiting Vomiting is generally not observed after placement of an epidural in the anesthetized patient. Dogs may however experience respiratory depression, urinary retention, and hypotension as a result of using epidural anesthetics such as opioids and alpha-2 agonists.

Which anesthetic gas would be most likely to induce a cardiac arrhythmia? Oxygen Isoflurane Halothane Sevoflurane

While any of the inhaled anesthetics may cause cardiac arrhythmias, they would be more likely to occur with the use of Halothane gas. Because of this, most veterinary practices have moved toward the use of Isoflurane or Sevoflurane for anesthetic maintenance during procedures.

describe "Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome"

elongated soft palate, everted laryngeal saccules, and stenotic nares (narrow nostrils)

Gas exchange occurs between air and blood by diffusion through which structure?

he alveoli are the site of gas exchange. They are tiny air sacs in the lungs that exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen and are located at the last branching of the respiratory tract. They are lined with simple squamous epithelium. The oxygen diffuses through the epithelium and the capillary endothelium in the exchange. The upper airway is lined mostly with pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

An example of a clean-contaminated surgery would be which of the following? Splenectomy Nephrectomy Intestinal foreign body removal Ovariohysterectomy

intestinal foreign body removal- A clean-contaminated surgery is surgery in an area that cannot be made sterile. This includes elective opening of respiratory, gastrointestinal, biliary or genitourinary tracts with minimal spillage.

Certain drugs may cause a rapid rise in temperature during anesthesia. This is known as malignant hyperthermia. Which species is at greatest risk for this condition? Porcine Equine Canine Caprine

porcine- Pigs are at greatest risk for malignant hyperthermia. It is thought that this condition may be hereditary. During anesthesia in pigs, this must be monitored very closely as early detection is essential to prevent fatality. Cooling measures, Dantrolene, and oxygen are all implicated in treatment.

describe in detail the pumping of blood through the heart

the right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cava. This blood is then pumped into the right ventricle (passing through the tricuspid valve) which then gets pumped into the lungs (passing through the pulmonary valve) via the pulmonary artery for oxygenation. The newly oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary vein. Once in the left atrium, the blood is pumped into the left ventricle (passing through the atrioventricular valve) from which it is then pumped into the circulation via the aorta (passing through the aortic valve).

The somatic nervous system is responsible for which of the following functions? Contraction of the intestines Regulation of heart rate Voluntary motor movement Secretion of saliva

voluntary motor movement- Secretion of saliva, contraction of the intestines, and regulation of the heart rate falls under the responsibility of the autonomic nervous system. More specifically, the heart rate is influenced by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, both of which are branches of the autonomic nervous system.