Waxman practice questions and answers

select all correct The intermediolateral gray column 1 contains preganglionic neurons for the autonomic nervous system 2 is prominent in the thoracic region 3 is prominent in the upper lumbar region 4 is prominent in the cervical region

1 2 3

The basic neuronal signaling unit is- the equilibrium potential action potential resting potential supernormal period

action potential

Select all correct answers Na, K-ATPase- 1 utilizes ATP 2 acts as an ion pump 3 maintains the gradients of Na+ and K+ ions across neuronal membranes 4 consumes more than 25% of cerebral energy production

all are correct

Select all correct answers Neurotransmitters found in the brain stem include 1 acetylcholine 2 norepinephrine 3dopamine 4 serotonin

all are correct

Generation of the action potential- depends on depolarization caused by the opening of K+ channels depends on hyperpolarization caused by the opening of K+ channels depends on the depolarization caused by the opening of Na+ channels depends on hyperpolarization caused by the opening of Na+ channels depends on second messengers

depends on the depolarization caused by the opening of Na+ channels

The equilibrium potential for K+ in neurons is ordinarily nearest- the equilibrium potential for Na+ resting potential reversal potential for the EPSP the peak of the action potential

resting potential

Select all correct A delta and C peripheral afferent fibers 1 terminate in lamina I and ii of the dorsal horns 2 convey the sensation of pain 3terminate in lamina V of the dorsal horn 4convey the sensation of light touch

1 2 3

Select all correct the long term consequences of a left hemisection of the spinal cord at mid thoracic level would include 1 loss of voluntary movement of the left leg 2 loss of pain and temp sensation in the right leg 3 diminished position and vibration sense in the left leg 4 diminished deep tendon reflexes in the leg

1 2 3

Select all correct answers Fine diameter dorsal root axons of L5 on one side terminate in the 1 marginal later of the ipsilateral dorsal horn 2 ipsilateral substantia gelatinosa 3 ipsilateral lamina V of the dorsal horn 4 ipsilateral dorsal nucleus of Clarke

1 2 3

select all correct answers The dorsal spinocerebellar tract 1 arises in the dorsal nucleus of Clarke and above C8 in the accessory cuneate nucleus 2carries information arising in the muscle spindles Golgi tendon organs touch and pressure receptors 3ascends to terminate in the cerebellar cortex 4projects without synapses to the basal ganglia and cerebellum

1 2 3

Select all correct answers Most synaptic terminals of axons that form chemical synapses in the CNS contain- 1 synaptic vesicles 2-presynaptic densities 3 neurotransmitters 4rough endoplasmic reticulum

1 2 3 correct

Select all correct answers Norepinephrine is found in the 1 sympathetic trunk 2 locus ceruleus 3lateral tegmentum of the midbrain 4neuromuscular junction

1 2 3 correct

Select all correct answers The brain stem includes- 1 the midbrain 2 pons 3 medulla 4 telencephalon

1 2 3 correct

Select all correct answers Astrocytes- 1 may function to buffer extracellular K+ 2 are interconnected by gap junctions 3 can proliferate to form a scar after an injury 4 migrate to the CNS from bone marrow

1 2 3 correct

Select all correct Signs of upper motor neuron lesions include 1 Babinskis sign 2 hypoactive deep tendon reflexes and hyporeflexia 3 spastic paralysis 4servere muscle atrophy

1 AND 3

Select all correct The following are correct 1 the diaphragm is innervated via the C3 and C4 roots 2 the deltoid and triceps are innervated via the C5 root 3 the biceps are innervate via the C5 root 4 the gastrocnemius is innervated via the L4 root

1 AND 3

Select all correct answers Axons in the spinothalamic tract 1carry information about pain and temperature and light touch 2 carry information about pain and temperature 3decussate within the spinal cord within one or two segments of their origin 4synapse in the gracile and cuneate nuclei

1 AND 3

The following rules about dermatomes are correct select all correct 1 the C4 and T2 dermatomes are contiguous over the anterior trunk 2 the nipple is at the level of C8 3 the thumb middle finger and 5th digit are within the C6 C7 AND c8 dermatomes respectively 4 the umbilicus is at the level of L2

1 AND 3

Select all correct answers The cell layer around the central canal of the spinal cord 1 is called the ventricular zone 2 is the same as the pia 3 encloses CSF 4 is called the marginal zone

1 and 3

Select all correct answers The neurotransmitter dopamine 1 is produced by neurons that project from the substantial migrant to the caudate and putamen 2 mediates transmission at the neuromuscular junction 3is depleted in parkinsons disease 4is the major excitatory transmitter in the CNS

1 and 3

Select all correct Gamma efferent motor neurons 1 are located in the intermediate lateral cell column of the spinal cord 2 cause contraction of intrafusal muscle fibers 3provide vasomotor control to blood vessels in muscles 4are modulated by axons in the vestibulospinal tract

2 4

Select all correct In humans the spinothalamic tract 1 carries information from the ipsilateral side of the body 2 exhibits topographic organization 3 arisies principally from neurons of the same side of the cord 4 mediates information about pain and temperature

2 AND 4

select all correct In adults 1 there is very little myelin in the spinal cord 2 the dorsal column and lateral columns are heavily myelinated 3 the spinal cord terminates at the level of the S5 vertebrae 4 the spinal cord terminates at the level of the L1 or L2 vertebrae

2 AND 4

select all correct Large diameter dorsal root axons of one side of L5 terminate in the 1 marginal later of the ipsilateral dorsal horn 2ipsilateral gracile nucleus 3 ipsilateral cuneate nucleus 4ipsilateral dorsal nucleus of Clarke

2 AND 4

Select all correct answers Inhibitory transmitters in the CNS include 1 glutamate presynaptic inhibition 2 GABA presynaptic inhibition 3glutamate postsynaptic inhibition 4GABA postsynaptic inhibition

2 and 4

Select all the correct answers Glutamate 1 is the transmitter at the neuromuscular junction 2may be involved in excitotoxixity 3is a major inhibitory transmitter in the CNS 4 is a major excitatory transmitter in the CNS

2 and 4

Select all correct answers A ganglion is defined as a- 1 part of the basal ganglia 2 group of nerve cell bodies within the hypothalamus 3layer of similar cells in the cerebral cortex 4group of nerve cell bodies outside the neuraxis

4

Select all the correct answers Decussations are 1 aggregates of tracts 2 fiver bundles in a spinal nerve 3 horizontal connections crossing within the CNS from the dominant to non dominant side 4 vertical connections crossing within the CNS from left to right or vice versa

4

select all correct Second order neurons in the dorsal column system 1 convey info about pain and temperature 2 cross within the lemniscal decussate 3cross within the pyramidal decussation 4convey well localized sensations of fine touch vibration two point discrimination and proprioception

4

Select all correct The dorsal column system of one side of the spinal cord 1 is essential for normal two point discrimination on that side 2 arises from both dorsal root ganglion cells and dorsal horn neurons 3 synapses on neurons of the ipsilateral gracile and cuneate nuclei 4 consists primarily of large myelinated rapidly conducting axons

ALL ARE CORRECT

Select all correct answers The myelin sheath is 1 produced within the CNS by oligodendrocytes 2 produced within the PNS by Schwann cells 3 interrupted periodically by the nodes of Ranvier 4 composed of spirally wrapped plasma membrane

all are correct

A sign of an upper motor neuron lesion in the spinal cord is severe muscle atrophy hyperactive deep tendon reflexes flaccid paralysis absence of pathologic reflexes absence of withdrawal responses

hyperactive deep tendon reflexes

The peripheral nervous system- includes the spinal chord is sheathed in fluid filled spaces enclosed by mebranes includes cranial nerves does not include spinal nerves is surrounded by bone

includes cranial nerves

The lateral column of the spinal cord contains the lateral corticospinal tract direct corticospinal tract lissauers tract gracile tract

lateral corticospinal tract

The spinal subarachnoid space normally lies between the pachymeniz and the arachnoid lies between the Pia and the arachnoid ends at the caudal equina communicates with the peritoneal space is adjacent to the vertebrae

lies between the Pia and the arachnoid

The somatic nervous system innervates the blood vessels of the skin blood vessels of the brain muscles of the heart muscles of the body wall muscles of the viscera

muscles of the body wall

Myelin is produced by- oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS Schwann cells in the CNS and oligodendrocytes in the PNS oligodendrocytes in both CNS and PNS Schwann cells in both CNS and PNS

oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS

The following fiber systems in the spinal cord are ascending tracts except for the cuneate ventral spinocerebellar spinothalamic spinoreticular reticulospinal

reticulospinal

The cerebrum consists of the- thalamus and basal ganglia telencephalon and midbrain telencephalon and diencephalon brain stem and prosencephalon cerebellum and prosencephalon

telencephalon and diencephalon

Axons in the spinothalamic tracts decussate in the medullary decussation in the medullary lemniscus within the spinal cord 5-6 segments above level where they enter within the spinal cord within 1-2 segments of the level where they enter in the medial lemniscus

within the spinal cord within 1-2 segments of the level where they enter