WCU Pathophysiology final
After bronchoscopy and histologic examination of a suspected tumor, your patient is diagnosed with a bronchial carcinoma. Thus, the tumor
malignant
Patent ductus arteriosis is accurately described as a(n)
Communication between the aorta and the pulmonary artery
Effects of hypernatria on the central nervous system typically include
Confusion
After being diagnosed with hypertension, a patient returns to the clinic 6 weeks later...
Continue lifestyle modifications only
What reproduction tract disorder is most likely to be associated with urinary stress incontinence
Cystocele
Widespread activity of the clotting cascade secondary to massive trauma is called?
DIC
Chornic pancreatitis may lead to
DM
Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular?
Death
Diabetic neuropathy is thought to result from
Decreased myoinositol transport
Signs and symptoms of clinical dehydration include
Decreased urine output
A mjor modifiable risk factor for nephrolithiasis is
Dehydration
Lack of alpha 1-antitrypsin in emphysema causes
Destruction of alveolar septa
Your patient is scheduled for a staging procedure. She wants to know what that means. The correct response is which of the following?
Determining extent of the tumor spread
Patients with immunodeficiency disorders are usually first identified because they
Develop recurrent infections
Viral pneumonia is characterized by
Dry cough
The microorganism that causes the vast majority of urinary tract infections is
E coli
The organism most commonly associated with acute pyelophritis is
E coli
A disease that is native to a particular region is called?
Endemic
9) In older women, osteopoporsis is though to be primarily due to
Estrogen deficiency
Tumor markers (select all that apply)
Everything except (a) - produced by normal cells, determine cancer origin, idenitfy cancer progression, include anitgen
11) Paget's disease is characterized by
Excessive bone resorbtion followed by fragile bone formation
Cancer grading is based on
Extent of tumor
The prothrombin time (PT) and INR (international normalized ratio) measure the integrity of
Extrinsic pathway
The oliguric phase of acute tubular necrosis is characterized by
Fluid excess
Barret esophogus is a ___
GERD?
Untreated acute cholesystisi may lead to ____ of the gallbladder wall
Gangrene
It is true polycystic kidney disease is
Genetically transmitted
The characteristics of x-ray findings in tuberculosis include
Ghon tubercule
A thyroid gland that grows larger than normal is known as
Goiter
A patient with chornic gastritis would likely be tested for
H pylori
Red blood cells differ from other cell types in the body, because they
Have no cytoplasmic proteins
Which symptom suggest the presence of a hiatal hernia
Heartburn
Findings that should prompt an evaluation for renal cancer include
Hematuria
An important mediator of type I hypersensitivity reaction is
Histamine
A person who has hyperparathyroidism is likely to develop
Hypercalcemia
Decreased neuromuscular excitability is often the result of
Hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia
Risk factors for atherosclerosis include
Hyperlipidemia
Which disorder is caused by inhalation of organic substances
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
One of the most frequent causes of the chronic kidney disease is
Hypertension
A patient presents to the emergency department with a diastolic blood pressure of 132 mm Hg, retinopathy and symptoms of an ischemic stroke...
Hypertensive crisis
An increase in organ size and function due to increased workload is termed
Hypertrophy
Respiratory alkalosis is caused by
Hyperventilation
Which electrolyte imbalance cause increased neuromuscular excitability
Hypocalcemia
A patient has a history of falls, syncope, dizziness and blurred vision. The patient's symptomology is most likely related to
Hypotension
A patient experiences anaphylactic shock. The nurse expects to observe which signs and symptoms in the patient (select all that apply)
Hypotension, urticaria, angioedema, wheezing
Respiratory acidosis may be caused by
Hypoventilation
They body compensated for metabolic alkalosis by
Hypoventilation
The hallmark manifestation of acute respiratory distress syndrome is
Hypoxemia
The hypersensitivity reaction that does not involve antibody production is type
IV
The principle Ig mediator of Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction is
IgE
Allergic (extrinsic) asthma is associated with
IgE mediated airway inflammation
The pathophysiologic basis of acute glomerulnephritis is
Immune complex reaction
A major risk factor for the development of active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) disease is
Immunosupression
The most reliable indicator that a person is experiencing an acute myocardial infarction (MI) is
ST segment elevation
Hypertension with a specific, identifiable cause is known as ____ hypertension
Secondary
A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of?
Secondary prevention
Prerenal acute kidney injury may be caused by
Severe hypotension
Restriction of which electrolytes is recommended in the management of high blood pressure?
Sodium
Which complication of asthma is life threatening
Status asthmaticus
A patient receiving chemotherapy may be at a greater risk for development of
Stomatitis
C.Q was recently exposed to a group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently developed a pharyngeal infection...
Streptococcal infection
It can be explained to a patient that high blood pressure increased the risk of (select all that apply)
Stroke, renal disease and Ischemic heart disease
The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established is referred to as?
Subclincial
15) Pain is thought of as
Subjective and hard to measure objectively
Which disorder is associated with a type III hypersensitivity mechanism of injury?
Systemic lupus erythema
Individuals with end stage chronic renal disease are at risk for renal osteodystrophy and sponaneous bone fracture because
Vitamin D deficiency
A normal bleeding time in association with normal platelet count, and increased prothrombin time (PT) and (INR) is indicative of
Vitamin K deficiency
A newborn has melena, bleeding from the umbilicus, and hematuria. The newborn most likely is experiencing
Vitamin K deficiency bleeding
The expected treatment of a pregnant woman with hyperemesis gravidarum is
antihistamine?
A person who overuses magnesium-aluminum antacids for a long period of time is likely to develop
hypophosphatemia
A patient with forward effects of heart failure may present with which symptoms (select all that apply)
impaired memory, mental fatigue and confusion
A patient presenting with fever, hypotension, and lactic acidosis is most likely to be experiencing what type of shock?
septic
The majority of cases of anaphylactic shock occur when a sensitized individual comes in contact with
Antibiotics
A commonly ingested substance associated with prolongation of the bleeding time is?
Aspirin
Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of
B12
The philadelphia chromosome is a balanced chromosome translocation that forms a new gene called
BCR-ABL
A middle ages patient has a follow-up visit for a recorded blood pressure of 162/96 mm Hg taken 3 weeks ago....
Begin anti-hypertensive drug therapy
Which acid are the kidneys unable to excrete
Carbonic
Malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin are known as?
Carcinomas
Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia include
Confusion, lethargy ..
The primary source of erythropoietin is provided by the
Kidney
Dysfunction of which organ would lead to clotting factor deficiency?
Liver
A primary effector cell of the type 1 hypersensitivity response is
Mast cells
Diarrhea causes
Metabolic acidosis
Emesis causes
Metabolic alkalosis
Renal insufficiency is a common complication of which disease
Myeloma
The organism that causes pulmonary tuberculosis is
Myobacterium tuberculosis
Which group of clinical findings describes the typical presentation of ALL
Pain in long bones, infection, fever and brusing
A patient with heart failure who reports intermittent shortness of breath during the night is experiencing
Parixysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Autologous stem cell transplantation are usually first identified because they
Patients own blood
The direct cause of stress incontinence is
Pelvic muscle weakness
Hypotension associated with neurogenic and anaphylactic shock is due to
Peripheral pooling of blood
Restrictive respiratory disorders include (select all that apply)
Pneumothora, ARDS
A 17-year old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of
Primary prevention
Left sided heart failure is characterized by
Pulmonary congestion
The hypersecretion of mucus resulting for chronic bronchitis is the result of
Recurrent infection
Which are complications of diabetes mellitus that are microvascular? (select all that apply)
Retinopathy and nephropathy
12) The disease that is similar to osteomalacia and occurs in growing children is
Rickets
While hospitalized, an elderly patient with a history of myocardial infarction was noted to have high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDLs). What is the significance of this finding?
Risk of coronary artery disease
4) Rickets is characterizied by soft, weak bones resulting from a defiency of
Vit D
A 5-year old patient's parents report loss of appetite and fatigue in their child. The parents also state that the child refuses to walk due to pain...
ALL
Which type of leukemia primarily affect children
ALL
COPD leads to a barrel chest, because it causes
Air trapping
Regarding iron deficiency anemia, what laboratory are typically decreased (select all that apply)
All the ones that start with M
Clinical manifestations of pleural effusion include (select all that apply)
Dyspnea, diminished breath sounds, tracheal shift
Left-sided heart failure is characterized by
Pulmonary congestion
A patient with pure left-sided heart failure is likely to exhibit
Pulmonary congestion with dyspnea
Hypertrophy of the right ventricle is a compensatory response to
Pulmonary stenosis
Which causes of shock are considered to be obstructive (select all that apply)
Pulmonary, cardiac and tension
Cardiogenic shock is characterized by
Reduced cardiac output
All obstructive pulmonary disorders are characterized by
Resistance to airflow
The ___ system compensates for metabolic acidosis and alkalosis
Respiratory
A person with acute hypoxemia may hyperventilate and develop
Respiratory alkalosis
Metaplasia is
The replacement of one differentiated cell type with another
Your patient eats "lots of fat," leads a "stressful" life, and has smoked "about two packs a day for the last 40 years."...
Cigarette smoking
Which blood pressure reading is considered to be indicative of prehypertension according to the JNC-7 criteria
128/82
What indicator is most helpful in evaluating long-term blood glucose management in patients with diabetes mellitus?
A1C
Diabetes insipidus is a condition that
ADH deficiency
5) Risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke include
Acute hypertension
Absence of menstruation is called
Amenorrhea
Massive release of histamine with consequent vasodilation and hypotension occurs with what type of shock?
Anaphylactic
When a client diagnosed COPD type A asks, "Why is my chest so big and round?" the nurse responds that
Answer with air trapping
Acute right lower quadrant pain associated with rebound tenderness and systemic of inflammation are indicative of
Appendicitis
20) Systemic lupus erthematosus is a rheumatic disease attributed to
Autoimmune mecahnisms
14) It is true that encephalitis is usually
Because of viral infection in brain cells
A diagnostic laboratory finding in myeloma is
Bence jones protein in urine
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the
Block 1 to 2
Ulcerative colitis is commonly associated with
Bloody diarrhea
Signs and symptoms of extracellular fluid volume excuss include
Bounding pulse
An acute asthma attack is associated with (select all that apply)
Bronchoconstriction, bronchial mucosa edema, hypersecretion of mucus, hypoxemia
17) Although skin manifestations may occur in numerous locations, the classic presentation os systemic lupus erythematosus includes
Butterfly rash around face and nose
A common component of renal calculi is
Calcium
The most common type of renal stone is
Calcium
18) Complete healing of a bone fracture occurs when
Callus completely replaced with mature bone
A cause of thrombocytopenia includes
Chemotherapy
Most gallstones are composed of
Cholesterol
Causes of hypomagnesemia include
Chronic alcoholism
6) The common form of ostromyelitis is
Infection is bloodstream
In individuals who have asthma, exposure to allergens to which they are sensitized leads to which pathophysiological event?
Inflammation, mucosal edema and bronchoconstriction
It is true that the synthesis of thyroid hormones
Inhibited by iodine deficiency
The most likely cause of anemia in a patient with end stage renal disease is
Insifficient erythema
The primary cause of infant respiratory distress syndrome is
Insufficient pulmonary surfactant
The underlying pathogenic mechanism for type 2 diabets is
Insulin resistance and cell dysfunction
Coagulative necrosis is caused by?
Interrupted blood supply
What is necessary for red blood cell production?
Iron
A low mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) are characteristic of which type of anemia?
Iron deficiency
The cause of the most common form of anemia is
Iron deficiency
16) The most important determinate for prescribing therapy for acute stroke is
Ischemic vs hemorrhagic
After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy, which will?
Kill rapidly dividing cells
A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of this disease. This stage of illness is called
Latent
The most common types of uterine tumors are known as
Leiomyomas
Early manifestations of a developing metabolic acidosis include
Lethargy
Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces __ necrosis
Liquefactive
Jaudice is a common manifestation of
Liver disease
The most common site affected in Paget's disease is the
Lower spine
8) Healing of a fractured bone with a poor alignment is called
Malunion
It is true that gallstones are
More common in women
Common characteristics of sarcoidosis include (select all that apply)
NOT leukocytosis
All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except?
Necrosis
Premature infants are at greater risk for developing
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Many of the responses to stress are attributed to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by?
Norepinephrine
A patient is diagnosed with hairy cell leukemia. The patient's lab results would most likely indicate a decrease in (select all that apply).
Not WBC or melanocytes
Characteristics of asthma include (select all that apply)
Not alveolar collapse
10) Characteristics of scoliosis include (select all that apply)
Not common in boys - everything but that one
A patient is diagnosed with CML (chronic myeloid leukemia). The patient may experience which of the symptoms (select all that apply)
Not joint pain
____ is the most powerful predictor of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus
Obesity
13) A bone disorder that results from insufficient vitamin D is referred to as
Osteomalacia
Air that enters the pleural space during inspiration but is unable to exit during expiration creates a condition called
Tension pneumothorax
After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of?
Tertiary prevention
7) "Tell me again the name of the chemical that makes crystals when my gout flares up" askes the client.
Uric acid
A patient with gourty artritis develops renal calculi. The composition of these calculi is most likely to be
Uric acid crystals
Allostasis is best defined as?
The overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well being
Characterisitics of gout include (select all that apply)
Uric acid metabolism, crystal deposits, bony and connective tissue, cardiac and renal involvement
When assessing an individual during an acute asthma episode, you should expect to find (select all that apply)
Use of accessory, exp wheezing, chest tightness, cough
The primary functions of the circulatory system are (select all that apply)
Transport and remove waste
Acute coronary syndrome in the presence of thrombosis may present as (select all that apply)
Unstable angina, MI, sudden cardiac arrest
What problem is a patient liekly to experience in end-stage renal disease?
Uremia
19) One of the most common causes of acute pain is
headache
People who have osteoporosis are at risk for
fractures?
