Web Tutorials

Intensive agricultural first began about ___________ years ago.

5,000

The Masai people live in ______________ .

Africa

Which of the following statements is true of human warfare?

As agriculture became more intensive and populations larger, the scale of war increased dramatically.

Ancient civilizations based on intensive agriculture developed in all of the following regions except:

Australia

Why do horticulturalists usually have a shifting pattern of field use? That is, why do they abandon their gardens after a few years and create new ones elsewhere?

Because production drops due to the inevitable depletion of soil nutrients in the old field

Where in the world is horticulture commonly used as a subsistence pattern today?

Central Africa and the Amazon Basin of South America

Which of the following statements is true of culture?

Culture is a powerful human tool for survival.

Which of the following statements is true concerning human evolution?

Culture is an adaptive mechanism for humans.

Which of the following statements is true?

Cultures usually allow a range of permissible behavior patterns.

Who first defined culture as "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society?"

E. B. Tylor

Which of the following Statements is true concerning foragers?

Foragers generally have a passive dependence on what the environment contains.

Equestrian foraging societies existed in which of the following regions?

Great Plains of North America grasslands of Southern Argentina

Which of the following were a consequence of the transition to intensive agriculture?

It became easier for contagious diseases to spread and reach epidemic levels.

Which of the following statements is true of a specialized foraging subsistence pattern?

It can be a very risky way of life in a changing environment.

What has happened to the global human population over the last 10,000 years?

It has grown explosively

What happened to the rate of culture change in the developed nations during the last two centuries?

It increased.

The most well known aquatic foraging societies in the Americas live on the

Northwest Coast of North America

In North America and other large-scale industrial nations, there have been major changes in the typical family during the last century. These changes include:

Nuclear family households have become more common.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the ancient civilizations?

Ownership of property shifted from the community to individuals.

Which of the following statements is true?

People usually are unconscious of their culture in their daily lives.

Which of the following pastoralists herded reindeer?

Saami or Lapps

Which of the following statements is true of the aquatic foragers of the Northwest Coast of North America?

Settlements were usually permanent rather than seasonal.

The Mongol pastoralists were. during the 13th and 14th centuries A.D

The Mongols were very successful conquerors. Their armies were able to wage prolonged wars because they were independent of lines of supply from home bases. They took their herds to war with them. In fact, they rode their horses into battle.

Which of the following statements is true concerning pastoralists?

The animals herded by pastoralists are rarely killed for family use alone.

In the U.S. and other economically powerful nations, we are now moving into a post-industrial information-based economy. Which of the following has been a result of this economic change?

The economic and political power of women has risen. There has been an increasing emphasis on mental rather than hard physical labor.

Which of the following things have usually occurred as cities became larger during the last two centuries?

The local micro-climate was altered.b)There was increased air pollution.c)The drinking water supplies became polluted.

Which of the following statements is true of pedestrian foragers?

The pedestrian foraging way of life was highly mobile.

What usually has happened to tropical horticulturalists when population pressure and/or governments prevented them from following their traditional shifting pattern of farming?

The productivity of their crops dropped dramatically due to extreme soil nutrient depletion and the people became impoverished.

As intensive agriculture based societies developed, which of the following things occurred?

There was an increase in the efficiency of food production.

During the 20th century, most national governments tried to force pastoralists to stop their migrations and to reduce the size of their herds in order to prevent over-grazing. What has been the result of this?

These efforts at controlling them have been consistently resisted by pastoralists.

Which of the following statements is true of historically known foraging societies?

They intentionally burned grasslands and woodlands.

Which of the following things happened as people changed over time from foraging to horticulture and eventually intensive agriculture?

They progressively had less of a passive dependence on their environment.

Which of the following traits are typical of pastoralist men around the world?

They tend to be cooperative with each other and aggressive towards outsiders. They usually have the ability to make important economic decisions quickly and to ad on them independently without hesitation.

Which of the following is true of North American cattle ranchers today?

They usually share with traditional pastoralists the same basic outlook on life and also value strong male personalities.

Which of the following statements is true concerning equestrian foraging societies?

They were male dominated.

"Slash and burn" refers to:

a method of field preparation for farming

Approximately 8,000-10,000 years ago, our ancestors invented agriculture. Which of the following things was a consequence of this development?

a more controllable and dependable food supplyb)the creation of villages, towns, and ultimately citiesc)the emergence of new kinds of political systems.

When anthropologists study other societies, they need to suspend their own culture-based judgments. What is this kind of approach called?

cultural relativity

All human cultures evolve over time. Which of the following things is most responsible for this?

culture is cumulative

Which of the following is a likely consequence of cultural evolution?

culture loss

What happened to the political and economic power of most farmers in the ancient civilizations?

decreased

Culture change occurs as a result of ________________ .

diffusionb)invention

Human culture is ___________________ .

entirely learned

In which of the following variations of foraging would people most likely concentrate their subsistence efforts on hunting large mammals from horseback?

equestrian

Compared to what it was before the end of the last ice age (about 10,000 years ago), the rate of human culture change is now _______________ .

faster

Which of the following is the oldest human subsistence pattern?

foraging

Societies are ____________________ .

groups of interacting organisms

Which of the following would be examples of pastoralism?

herding large animals

With which of the following subsistence patterns are people most likely to intentionally produce a surplus of food to sell or exchange for things that they cannot produce themselves?

horticulture

Horticulture is most well suited to what kind of environment?

humid, tropical forests

Large-scale societies with cities obtain most of their food with which of the following subsistence patterns?

intensive agriculture

The subsistence pattern of pastoralists all around the world is based on maintaining herds of

large herbivores

The population density and community size of horticultural societies is usually _______________ pedestrian foragers.

larger than

Which of the following things characterize horticulturalists?

none of the above

Which of the following things would be cultural universals?(Think in term of the way "cultural universal" is used in this tutorial.)

none of the above

Which of the following statements is true of the San speakers of the Kalahari Desert in Namibia and Botswana when they were still living as foragers?

none of the above.

The term "subsistence pattern" refers to the sources and methods a society uses to

obtain food and other necessities

Ethnocentrism refers to the fact that _________________ .

people usually believe that their way of life is superior, and they are somewhat condescending or even hostile toward other cultures

The transition to intensive agriculture leading to the development of the ancient civilizations ultimately resulted in a number of inevitable major social changes including:

permanent year round settlements, much more complex division of labor, surplus crops

Which of the following kinds of agriculture is most likely to be found in the poor developing nations in tropical regions of the world?

plantation agriculture

Which of the following things are horticulturalists most likely to use in farming?

pointed sticks, hoes, or other hand tools

Which of the following traits would likely be found in pastoralists societies?

polygyny patrilineal descent older men are the leaders

Pastoralism is usually an adaptation to

semi-arid open country

For anthropologists, the word "horticulture" refers to:

small scale, low intensity farming

Which of the following things happened to human societies as we changed over time from foraging to horticulture and eventually intensive agriculture?

societies became more complex

A _________________ is a regional, social, or ethnic group that is distinguishable from other groups in a society by the fact that its members share a common identity, food tradition, dialect or language, and other cultural traits that come from their common ancestral background and experience.

subculture

Most historically known pedestrian foraging societies

subsisted mainly on vegetable foods rather than meat.

Which of the following statements is true?

the fact that cultural evolution can occur faster than biological evolution has altered the effect of natural selection on humans.

If you know what the subsistence base is for a society, it is usually possible to predict

the kinds of social and political systems that it can create the complexity of its science, mathematics, and technology the scale of warfare that it can sustain all of the above

Which of the following kinds of pastoralists would be most likely to have stable, permanent villages that they return to every year?

transhumance pastoralists

The break-up of the former empire of the Soviet Union into largely ethnic based nations is an example of ___________ .

tribalism

The transition to intensive agriculture was originally made possible by:

water management systems and the domestication of large animals for pulling plows