Weeds: Chapter 1
IPM Guidelines
-There is no magic bullet. -The cropping system or facility is the management unit -Pest presence does not constitute a pest problem -When you kill natural enemies you inherit their work -Use of a pesticide is no substitnte for prevention
Which of the following pesticides can be absorbed by the plant and translocated within the plant? A. Systemic pesticide B. Contact pesticide C. Absorptive pesticide D. Volatile pesticide
A
Applied Controls
Applied controls include those methods under the control of humans. Their use is necessary when harmful pests have not or cannot be controlled by natural controls.
Pulling weeds and trapping gophers are an example of what kind of control? A. Natural control B. Mechanical control C. Physical control D. Cultural control
B
Which of the following is not classified and regulated as a pesticide in Idaho? A. Bactericide B. Fertilizer C. Desiccant D. Adjuvant
B
Biological controls
Biological controls involve the introduction, encouragement and artificial increase of plants, insects, and animals that are parasites or predators of a pest species
DDT was banned because of its: A. Acute mammalian toxicity B. Short residual action C. Stability and persistence D. Inability to accmnulate in animals
C
Legal controls use: A. Local volunteers B. Tortes C. Quarantines D. Petitions
C
Synthetic organic pesticides were introduced: A. Pre-1900 B. Early 1900 C. Pre-World War II D. Post-World War II
C
Which of the following pesticides was not used before the 1900's? A. Bordeaux mixture B. Nicotine C. DDT D. Sulfur
C
Which of the following would not be considered a natural pest control method? A. Wind B. Rain C. Cultivation D. Sunshine
C
Chemical controls
Chemical controls involve the use of naturally derived or synthetic chemicals called PEST I CID ES that kill, attract, repel or otherwise control the growth of pest plants, animals and microorganisms.
Cultural controls
Cultural controls are the routine management practices that can prevent pests from developing. These practices include rotating crops, tilling the soil, varying the time of planting, destroying crop residues, pruning, thinning and fertilizing plants
The use of temperature or humidity manipulation is a ___________ control method for insects. A. Cultural B. Biological C. Legal D. Physical
D
Which of the following is a cultural control method? A. Fertilization B. Planting time C. Pruning D. All of the above
D
All pesticides kill only the target pests. (True or False)
False
Piscicides are pesticides that control spiders. (True or False)
False
The goal of any Pest Management program is to eradicate the pest. (True or False)
False
Genetic controls
Genetic controls involve the use of plants and animals that are resistant to attack by pests.
Six major components are common to all IPM programs
I. Pest identification 2. Monitoring and assessing pest numbers and damage 3. Guidelines for when management action is needed 4. Preventing pest problems 5. Using a combination of biological, cultural, physical/mechanical and chemical management tools 6. After action is taken, assessing the effect of pest management
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an approach to pest control that combines physical, mechanical, biological, cultural, chemical, and other control methods to maintain pest levels below economically damaging levels. IPM provides cost-effective pest control that minimizes adverse impact on human health or the quality of environmental resources.
Legal controls
Legal controls limit the development of pest populations by restricting human activities. This is done by a series of laws at the federal and state levels. These laws establish a framework of inspections and quarantines to prevent the introduction of new pests into the United States or the spread of pests within the country
Mechanical controls
Mechanical controls are devices that prevent the spread or reduce the infestation of pests, primarily weeds, insects, and ve1tebrate animals. Mechanical controls include hand destruction, traps and mechanical exclusions (i.e. screens, nets and fences).
Economic injury levels (EIL) and economic thresholds (ET)
Numerical guidelines that identify when pesticide use is and is not necessary. The EIL is the economic breakeven point, where the number of pests that cause crop damage is equal to the cost of pest control. ET (also called the action threshold) is the time to take control action to prevent the pest population from exceeding EIL.
Systemic vs contact pesticides
Pesticides also can vary in their mobility upon contact with a host. Systemic pesticides are absorbed through foliage or the roots and translocate through the vascular system of the treated plant. In contrast, contact pesticides are neither absorbed by nor translocated within treated plants or animals. The pest must contact a treated area to be affected.
Physical controls
Physical controls are widely used in pest control and include manipulation of water, humidity or temperature, and the use of electric shock, light or other radiant energy.
Nonselective vs selective pesticides
Some pesticides, such as fumigants, are generally nonselective. These pesticides control a wide variety of pests - fungi, insects, weeds, nematodes, etc. Others kill only a limited number of pests, or a certain stage of a pest's development. These pesticides are referred to as selective pesticides
Herbicides and insecticides are both pesticides. (True or False)
True
One of the earliest uses of chemicals as pesticides was the burning of sulfur. (True or False)
True
One responsibility of the US EPA is to protect humans and environmental health. (True or False)
True
DEFOLIANTS
chemicals that cause leaves or foliage to drop from a plant
DESICCANTS
chemicals that promote the drying or loss of moisture in plant tissues
GROWTH REGULATORS
substances (other than fe1iilizers or food) that alter the growth or development of a plant or animal
ADJUVANTS
substances added to pesticide formulations and tank mixtures to increase safety or effectiveness